Dust in the Solar System and Other Planetary Systems

427 Pages·2002·8.5 MB·English

by  S.F. Green

COSPAR COLLOQUIA SERIES
VOLUME 15
DUST IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
AND OTHER PLANETARY SYSTEMS
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
DUST IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
AND OTHER PLANETARY SYSTEMS
Proceedings of the 1,4 U Colloquium 181
held at the University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.
4-10 April 2000
Edited by
S.F. Green
Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute
The Open University
Milton Keynes, U.K.
I.P. Williams
Astronomy Unit, School of Mathematical Sciences
University of London
London, U.K.
J.A.M. McDonnell
Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute
The Open University
Milton Keynes, U.K.
N. McBride
Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute
The Open University
Milton Keynes, U.K.
2002
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PREFACE
This joint IAU and COSPAR Colloquium, held at the campus of The University of Kent at
Canterbury from April 10 to 14, 2000 brought together 129 scientists from 18 countries. It
was a continuation of the tradition of holding meetings at regular intervals of a few years in
order to review the progress in a broad range of disciplines that are relevant to the study of
interplanetary dust and to help to unify progress made through observations, both in situ and
from the ground, theory and experimentation. The series of meetings started in Honolulu,
Hawaii (USA) in 1967, followed by Heidelberg (Germany) in 1975, then Ottowa (Canada) in
1979, Marseilles (France) in 1984, Kyoto (Japan) in 1990 with the last being in Gainesville,
Florida (USA) in 1995.
Since the Gainesville meeting, there have been dramatic changes in the field resulting from
in-situ space experiments, Earth orbiting satellites and ground based observations. The
brightest comet since the early years of the twentieth century, comet Hale-Bopp, appeared,
giving an invaluable opportunity to see in action one great source of interplanetary dust.
Similarly, the Leonid meteor shower has been at its most active since 1966, producing
spectacular displays of meteors and allowing for an array of observational techniques, not
available in 1966 to be used, while theory has also been refined to a level where very accurate
predictions of the timing of meteor storms has become possible. Prior to the meeting we
observed a total eclipse of the Sun in SW England and Northern Europe, traditionally a good
opportunity to observe the Zodiacal cloud. Our knowledge of the Near-Earth Asteroid
population has also increased dramatically, with the increased study arising from the
heightened awareness of the danger to Earth from such bodies. Extrasolar planets have been
discovered since the last meeting and it is recognised that we can now study interplanetary
dust in other Planetary Systems. Since much of the dust observed in such systems is at a
distance of order 100 AU from the star, this brings into focus the production of dust in the
Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt of our own system. Recent years have seen a recognition of the
importance of dust originating outside our own system, that is now present in the near-Earth
environment. As is always the case when great strides take place observationally, much
theoretical work follows, and the same is true in this instance.
While data about the interplanetary medium from Venus to Jupiter was beginning to be
available at the last meeting, the data from both Galileo and Ulysses have now been more
fully analysed, with a corresponding increase in our knowledge. Since then however
information from SOHO and MSX have become available, giving new insight into the dust
population close to the Sun. In addition, ISO allowed us to study the radiation emitted from
dust (as opposed to its more normal obscuring properties). There are also new space missions
in various stages of planning, Particularly STARDUST and ROSETTA, that will produce a
whole new dimension to our knowledge of dust production in the Solar system.
The scientific Organizing Committee was responsible for defining the scientific content
and selecting the invited reviews. These proceedings contain 13 invited reviews and invited
contributions, and 46 contributed papers. The papers reflect the thematic approach adopted at
the meeting, with a flow outwards (from meteors in the atmosphere, through zodiacal dust
observation and interplanetary dust, to extra solar planetary systems) and returning (via the
Edgeworth-Kuiper belt and comets) to the Earth, with laboratory studies of physical and
chemical processes and the study of extra-terrestrial samples.
Simon Green, Iwan Williams, Tony McDonnell, Neil McBride.
-V-
SCIENTIFIC ORGANISING COMMITTEE
I.P. Williams (UK, Chair)
J.A.M. McDonnell (UK, Co-chair)
W.J. Baggaley (New Zealand)
E. Grtin (Germany)
M.S. Hanner (USA)
P. Lamy (France)
A.C. Levasseur Regourd (France)
T. Mukai (Japan)
V. Porubcan (Slovak Republic)
H. Rickman (Sweden)
E. Tedesco (USA)
N. Thomas (Germany)
LOCAL ORGANISING COMMITTEE
J.C. Zamecki (Chair)
M.J. Burchell
B.J. Goldsworthy
S.F. Green
N. McBride
J.A.M. McDonnell
M.L. Watts
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Colloquium was sponsored by IAU Commission 22 (Meteors, Meteorites and
Interplanetary Dust) and supported by Commission 15 (Physical Study of Comets and Minor
Planets), Commission 20 (Positions and motions of Minor Planets, Comets and Satellites),
Commission 21 (Light of the Night Sky) and Commission 51 (Bioastronomy: search for
Extraterrestrial Life) and also by COSPAR.
We are indebted to several organisations for financial support: The Intemational
Astronomical Union, COSPAR, The Royal Astronomical Society, The University of Kent at
Canterbury and Unispace Kent. This support allowed us to provide travel grants for students
and key speakers who would otherwise have been unable to attend.
It is a pleasure to thank all the members of the Local Organising Committee, as well as
many individuals who worked so hard behind the scenes to make the meeting a success:
Esther Aguti, Margaret Fowler, James Galloway, Nadeem Ghafoor, Jon Hillier, Michael
MUller, Jo Mann, Naveed Moeed, Manish Patel, Tim Ringrose, and especially Jane
Goldsworthy and Mary Watts; Andrew Thompson and his team for flawless organisation of
the local tours and Sir Harry Kroto for entertaining us as guest of honour at the conference
dinner. Finally, we thank Louise Hobbs, Michael Mucklow, James Garry, Mary Watts and
Michael Willis for assistance with preparation of these proceedings.
- vi-
33 YEARS OF COSMIC DUST RESEARCH
"Welcome to Canterbury 2000", extended to the Interplanetary Dust community, was
phased to mark progress in research over 33 years at Kent. The group, founded by Roger
Jennison and myself in 1967, commenced research with space dust experiments involving
collaboration with Otto Berg of NASA GSFC, later taking a big stride forward with the
NASA and USSR Lunar Sample analyses. Deep space experiments on Pioneers 8 and 9,
developed by Merle Alexander and Otto Berg showed the potential, and high reliability,
needed for measurements in sparsely populated interplanetary space. With dust accelerators
then at Kent and at Heidelberg, experiments such as those on Ulysses and Galileo were able to
be proposed and, vitally, calibrated; impact detectors for the Giotto Halley Mission, for
Cassini and now for Stardust followed. Results, which will be flowing for many years,
provide that vital in-situ link between distant regions and observations at planet Earth.
Equally vital to this "ground truth", albeit in space, are the fields of modelling, laboratory
measurements, radar studies and extended astronomical measurements such as those of the
Zodiacal Light. Without these different approaches and the different data acquired, each
would be the weaker. These proceedings underscore the breadth and strength which has
developed since that first coherence was created in "Cosmic Dust" (1978).
The Canterbury welcome coincided with farewells from the majority of space academics
who, with their equipment, expertise and experience, joined the well established lines of
success developed by Colin Pillinger at the Open University, Milton Keynes.
Success for a research group is very much due to the efforts and response of each
individual; the essential contributions are not confined to academics. I thank therefore all of
the group members throughout my time at Kent and all of the UK and International colleagues
who have been both a stimulus and pleasure in sharing a career at Canterbury.
From The Open University ..... where even greener pastures may unfold!
~176
- VII -
LIST OF ATTENDEES
S. Abe V. Haudebourg I.S. Murray
P. Abraham R.L. Hawkes H. Ntibold
E. Aguti S. Helfert H. Ohashi
D.J. Asher M.K. Herbert R. Ohgaito
P.B. Babadzhanov J.K. Hillier E. Palomba
D.E. Backman T.-M. Ho C. Park
W.J. Baggaley E.K. Holmes M.R. Patel
L.R. Bellot Rubio S.S. Hong A. Pellinen-Wannberg
S. Benzvi J.E. Howard S.B. Peschke
D.E. Brownlee S.I. Ipatov T. Poppe
M.J. Burchell M. Ishiguro H. Rickman
A. Bursey D. Janches F.J.M. Rietmeijer
M. Burton S. Jayaraman T.J. Ringrose
B.C. Clark P. Jenniskens S. Sasaki
L. Colangeli E.K. Jessberger G. Schwehm
M.J. Cole T.J.J. Kehoe H. Sdunnus
J. Crovisier H.U. Keller Z. Sekanina
S.F. Dermott S. Kempf H. Shibata
V. Dikarev K.V. Kholshevnikov N.R.G. Shrine
C. Dominik H. Kimura A.A. Sickafoose
J.R. Donnison D. Koschny M.B. Simakov
G. Drolshagen A.V. Krivov R. Srama
E. Epifani N.A. Krivova D.I. Steel
F. Esposito H. Krtiger M. Sttibig
G.J. Flynn J. Kuitunen H. Svedhem
S. Fonti S.M. Kwon S. Takahashi
M. Fulle P.L. Lamy H. Tanabe
D.P. Galligan M. Landgraf E.A. Taylor
J. Galloway M.R. Leese S.P, Thompson
M.J. Genge A.-C. Levasseur-Regourd K. Torkar
N.A.L. Ghafoor G. Linkert P. Tsou
F. Giovane J-C. Liou R. Vasundhara
B.J. Goldsworthy C.M. Lisse R. VickramSingh
M.M. Grady K. Lumme K.W.T. Waldermarsson
G.A. Graham J.C. Lyra M.K. Wallis
A.L. Graps Y. Ma I.P. Williams
S.F. Green J. Mann M.J. Willis
I.D.S. Grey M. Matney J.-C. Worms
K. Grogan N. McBride H. Yano
E. Grtin J.A.M. McDonnell S. Yokogawa
B./k.S. Gustafson N.S. Moeed J.C. Zarnecki
E. Hadamcik M. Mtiller
Y. Hamabe K. Muinonen
M.S. Hanner T. Mukai
- viii -
CONTENTS
I Meteors and Meteoroid Streams
Meteoroid streams and meteor showers. 3
I. P. Williams. (Invited)
Thermal gradients in micrometeoroids during atmospheric entry. 15
M. J. Genge and M.M. Grady.
Direct determination of the micrometeoric mass flux into the upper atmosphere. 19
J. D. Mathews, D. Janches and D. D. Meisel.
The size of meteoroid constituent grains: Implications for interstellar meteoroids. 23
R.L. Hawkes, M.D. Campbell, A.G. LeBlanc, L. Parker, P. Brown, J. Jones,
S.P. Worden, R.R. Correll, S.C. Woodworth, A.A. Fisher, P. Gural, IS. Murray,
M. Connors, T. Montague, D. Jewel1 and D.D. Babcock.
Radar meteoroids: advances and opportunities. 27
W.J . Baggaley. (Invited)
Dynamical and orbital properties of the Arecibo micrometeors. 34
D. Janches, D.D. Meisel and J.D. Mathews.
Update on new developments of the advanced meteor orbit radar AMOR. 38
J. Baggaley, R.G.T. Bennett, S.H. Marsh, G.E. Plank and D.P. Galligan.
Wavelet enhancement for detecting shower structure in radar meteoroid data 42
I methodology.
D.P. Galligan and W.J. Baggaley.
Wavelet enhancement for detecting shower structure in radar meteoroid data 48
II Application to the AMOR data.
D.P. Galligan and W.J. Baggaley.
Predictability in meteoroid stream evolution. 61
D. J. Asher. (Znvited)
A dust swarm detected after the main Leonid meteor shower in 1998. 73
Y.-H. Ma, Y.- W. He and I.P. Williams.
Meteor Showers associated with Near-Earth Asteroids in the Taurid Complex. 77
P.B . Babadzhanov.
Dust Trails along asteroid 3200 Phaethon’s orbit. 83
S. Urukawa, S. Takahashi, Y. Fujii, M. Ishiguro, T. Mukai and R. Nakamura.
I1 Observations of the Zodiacal Light
CCD imaging of the zodiacal light. 89
T. Mukai and M. Ishiguro. (Invited)
WIZARD: New observation system of zodiacal light in Kobe University. 98
M. Ishiguro, T. Mukai, R. Nakamura, F. Usui and M. Ueno.
Brightness distribution of Zodiacal light observed by a cooled CCD 103
camera at Mauna Kea.
C. Yoshishita, M. Ishiguro, T. Mukai and R. Nakamura.
High spatial resolution distribution of the zodiacal light brightness. 107
S.M. Kwon, S.S. Hong and J.L. Weinberg.
Zodiacal light observations with the Infrared Space Observatory. 111
P. Abraham, C. Leinert and D. Lemke. (Invited)
- ix -