Durante muitos seculos, a maior parte dos pens adores negou a possibilidade de urn vacuo ...

21 Pages·2011·1.31 MB·Portuguese

EM BUSCAD O NADA:C ONSIDERAC;OESSO BRE
OS ARGUMENTOSA FAVORD O vAcuoOU DO ETER
RobedretA on draMdAeR TISNl
• RESMUO:E staer tdiigsoc aup toesb siiliddoav daec aubos ol-ouuts oje ad,eu me spaneoqo u anla o
exista qsuuabalsnqtcuAie maro. t ivdaeesaesos et ued0 coo ntreansttarqe eu ausnea nimiddoasd e
f6islo,fa otDsee satcrecso,n tap roas sibidlovi adca-udoeem au adneoac ornrois deac XVuIlIoq, u ando,
ap ardteei srt uedxopse rimdeeTn otrariiesPc aesllclp,aia ssoaua -ecsieta pa ors bsiiliede axdies tencia
efetdiovv aac uCoo.tn rariaao npdion aitauoma ali cso mu,me staerg toip rocmuorsat qruaeur m a
concepheoajeoem dcersedniact ioe n-cadi eau me t-erep refearc iocvneeple daeuo m v acupoo,r
varmioovtsio .sE mp rimleuigrpaoor r,q nuaeso e p odmeo stermapri,r ic,aq mue0e en ttneeareo x ties;
ems egulnudgopa orr,q uumev aceui om pens;ea mvt eelrrcope,oi rqauc eoc nepedaeo eumt eeu rt il
ac ompreednofssea no6 mefsniioc;seo ,es mq uarltuogp aorr,q auh ei p6tdeaes xies tednecu imea t er
eme spaaepoasr entevmaeznietou est a io!p rogressdoa c fiuetnu0c raiora t.ip groo cmuorsat rar
tambqeumne e nhauvma nreeoc ednact iee naclitaee rsosauan st icgoansc lueqs uoneee sn hauvma neo
futpuordoae l rtae-.l as
• UNITEORSME:sp ae;vo ac;ue ot;ec ronheciamp erinotoroib ;s eriv;sea pviestleomgoia.
1.E teoru v acuor:a zaoou e xperiEmcia
Duramnutiet soeuscl ,o smaa ipoarr tep ednaosds o rneesg oap uo sbsiiliddea de
urnv aucoA.f irvmaa-qsueet odeos paaQpoa rentevmaeznitoe o(sce osmpoa Qos
celestest)o teasltmpaervneate en cphOaiIld gou smuab stainmcpiear ce-p0et ti.ev rel
Arsit6tneelgeo0svu a c;ut oodaae slcaostniecgao0 vu a c;uD oecsartteabsme m0
neg.oA utuaelnm,tp eelcoo ntiroaa,g r ranmdaei odroicsai ent(iifssti,acq sou sicmoi,s
astronaodmm iotse) qquuaets ued eov ac:uo ose spaiQnot-stra oamiscaovosa z;i os
ose spaiQnotse resstapeorl aatriecsa vmaezni(tocesou mm ap artipcOquIul ial ometro
cubi;c ope)o sevs epilr od,ua zriitcriifatleme,es npaeQvoasc unaodl oasb oiraoCt.o6 mro
osfl i6fsoocso nfnioacsmi ent,ti asmtbapesams rsaamaa credintapa orss ibdialddieo
vaceun oai niesxtednoec ti.eaT r eraa ciemnocsitarq audoeos f 6 ioslfossee nganaram
redondtaema,eon n eagreamp ossibildiodv aadceuQ ou?e mc onehce puornu cdoe
1.Gr updoeH iste6T reioard iaCa i encDiRaC CI FGWU NICAMP1 0381 CampinSaPs
- - - - - -
7
Trans/ForSma/PoAa cual1oo6,7, :- 21799,3
histd6arc iiae nciqau esa acabie et ad<;:aovo a csueod eeu rnd uaest apparsi nc.i pais
Nos Euklo XVoIse Ixe,pr imednetT oosr ri,P caesl,cBl aioylleeo utrmoossr tarqaume
aN atruenzaato e "rno hrraoovr a c"uc,oo msoea rcedi:te aravapa arentpeomsesnitvee l
produvzaicrua orsit iciaf,ia stradveeb sar oemtrsoresi,an sgb,o mbdaesv acueot. c
(Manrst1,i89 9.N) oe nttaoan,p 6usrnp eri(ondsooe u clXVoI InIoq) u ala ciaet ad<;:oao
vacfuoogi e neirzaa,l0d ea teforri e irnotduzaitvdreoads o ess tu6dpotsi ece olseo t­r
magnteic,no oss ecuxrxl2o.A pencaosrn a a ceitdaa<;:t aeood rair ae liadtdaienv,o
inidcosi oeu clXXo, 0e tleurnm iifeee rloe tromafgotniae mtbiaecbmoa ndooMn.aa ds
oa banddoon oe et eaarc i eta<;:daovo a ucoe,rn c aduam ad esseatpsaa sp,o dtee r
sibdoe rnj usitciafdoouns a .o0 conseonuas p oer feenrcdioacs i entpiosurtm aais d eia
nasoi ginciqafu e feobliea rn f nudamteanda.
Nav erddeaa,t heoj eM, f siicqousre ee jitaa mt edocirr eilaa tievd iedfaeednrned
ae xsitendceui rnae te.Mr a3se stseaso geravlimspetenoltscoe is e nt"ionsrtmaa"si s
comeox center,ais vc eozs,et rsatcaodmoposa rpiealsso esuc so le.g aScsaooni sd­e
radcoosm poe rtencaeon tmeess mod ogsr udqpeuofe e nadt eemo draiT ae rorcaea
outraobss ursdeoemsl han.t es4
Estea rtaipgsroee tnaorsaa rgumefnutnodsa meenrnqt uaeai,ts r advoessse u cl,o s
sefu ndamentoasdr eafme nseoo rsae dsv eirosdsao vr ac;u ouamnaa lfiis6lefio cs,a
dicsutionslirnd iot es dseap osnsiobsi ldiecd oahndeec, de erfendpeorsai (<;:aqa usoee i
sehroe jm uiitmop opudleqa urae)r azsaeoo p oaeo dse fensovraecseu q odu oeo s
arugmentboass iqcuomeso srtaim sjsaoe s tavcalmam ruoist soeuscl os .a tras
Estaer teiu gmoah omenaagD eemcs aers.t Nator adsteeua rn t rabhailshto6 rico
es etue arnn aeo oab rdaeD ecsar.tN eoes nttaon0,p ondteo vaiqsutaiad otea do
claramfeanvtoeerl na,ovc aseos pceiifcqou ee sutdaa, umpao siq<;:uaepo o de ser
denomi'naraicdoani as'ltn:aa eop reciiarso lo a borpaatr6sraedi eot ermsie0vn aacru o
exsitoeun a;on osrsaaz paood meo srtaqru 0ev aceui om psoisv.Ie slnsaoqo u edri zer
quaeo bservea e<;:axa epor imensteaj<;:saaemom pdries pveen;ism saasq uedri zqeure
urne mpirciesgmeoo pupreard deat epmoe,rn c erqtuaess tfonuedasm ent.Pa aisscal
femzu iteoxespr imeend teofse nade exius tednovc iauaco D.e csaersts,e ms ed edicar
ae xperimesnetemolsht ae,nms asa ceitoasen xpdeor imeanlthoecsio omsco o rtro,es
nego0uv acueao f ir0me otu.e rPsourca o ncleup sealsooe mue to"dicae ncto"i,fi
Pascaatlri amie diataas miemnptadete ui rnap esuqisamdoodre ,mq oueet entaa do
diz:"e rCoitaddeos Dseecs aersts,6d isbsoeb ag!eN"na sov amonsea gr0 v aldoor
traalbhdoe P as;cm aalsv amopsrc ourmaors t0ra "urot rloa doI"s.spo er mirtai,
espmeor,sau mam elhcoorm preednops aapoe l dnaa rcaiz.ea noc ia
2. a0rg umenteom pirico
Serpao ssivmeols trr-aseem,p ciarmiteena, e xistednocvi aac uEos?t ea a
primqeuiersaat asode irs cuatqiu.d iaPp aordade irs ic-ueItn ae,c eis,ose arnpr rimeiro
8
Trans/ForSma/PoAa Qual1oo6,7,: - 21799,3
lug,ea csrlar0eq cuesergi niicf"aav cou." Ugmaar rvaafzania aao p resuernnv tauaco .
Poqru ?eP orque evlaazd ieela si itqdau,mo asc hedieaa .rU rnv aceuu orn e spa<;o
totalmevnatz,eni ooq uanla eox iste neennt.Ph eaureman tfiazeasrss ei gincia,fd o
podet-asmeb feaml eam"r av cuaob so"lq,uut peoo dseec ro ntracsotmua rnd" oav cuo
relvao"t ui-rn espaq<;uoan lan eoox s iteaml gutpniosd se e nets.
Podei-masgei nqauer, sneuocl XVIoI , Torri,P caeslcelao ilu trmooss traar am
existednovc aicaeu mop ciarmiteenm,o straae nxidsot edneuc rnie as pat<;oot almente
vaz,pi roodunzoit doop o bdaorso moesAt. qr uesbtaasoi ncoea n,t taoen,s ee sse era
urnv acaubos olouurt eolv aot.i
E necersi,sio anicitaele,mcs elnaruerncp eorn tboa s:iu crnof siicnoa opo de
mosatrer,ms elua boir,oad tiorreetnat,qm eu0ev aceuxios .tA eop roduurnze isrp a<;o
vaz(icoou mm ab ombdaev acouuo quaoluqtudreiors ptvoios,)i peos siveexli ubrni r
lugoanrdn ea Mo soloisld,i quoiudg oassp eescr epti5vo,eu si jesau ,rnv acrueotl viao;
masq uae scteatnor naalo e se.s D aecsaratdemsi qtuei,nao v azpiroo duezmiu drno
barormoen,ta hoa vmiaat esreinas .iM vaesal dmiqtuieeax is0et tioeaur m atersiua.t il
Ous eaj:m ostrqauree mc erltooc naaloe xistem cteirpdtoeoss su bstancias
conhecniadpoar sovq au nea eoxi snteen huma scaui.b stan
A impsoisibdialddaee xperiednovc aizaai bos olecu otlo occaldaar ampeOnIt e
Kan,pt OeIx em:p lo
Podemos tpeerlqmaui ensabtrea rnoc onhecdiedvaea:-d smei etsipra vgaozsin oom su ndNoa?o
sep odceo ntessutaa srpi obsilpioditasod deaa;ss fodramg aatse ria 0 eesxpiagegec omo meos se
espacgoom poarsct oan didgepo reosp agdaegsasfoaog sra esl,ne e cersisaameanntcteee d teo da
matieaAr.s siamtb,ru iia-m saet eurmiafa o rdgeaa t rangama eod iedmaq ueel oac uuprnae spago
emt ordneo,lp aelaat rasgeanmoo e, n tapnrteoe nc;eh sese-esl poapgoodp eo rtsaenctroo ne cbido
comvoa zio moends eam m oa teargiepa;o iesln aa aot uaaip ofro rrgeapsu lesp iovratsan natoo
o prnecehNeo.e ntanntean,h uemxapr eicein,an enhucmoan clau psaarodt eliarn ,e nhuma
hip6nteescee snsoaasru itao raia zdammi tir veaszpciaoogmsroo es a Tiosde.ax peenrcidieaf t,aa ,
apennaossf aczo nheecsepra groelsa tivvaamzeieno ptsoee d -seex pclai-lpoesr feitamente,
qualqquuesejre sae gur apue,lp ar opriqeudaeam daet etreidrnae p reensceheues rp apgoour m a
fordgeea xp ansqauoe aumoeudn itmais neumip aroie n fienn iastoeo t enrne nhunmeac essidade
dee spavgaozsi( oKasn1 7t9,1p ,1.1 -676)
E interneostqsauarKen a tneat f irimsans oof idmo s euclXoV I-IIe mu mae poca
em qsuefe a lcaovmga r anldieebr daadcee rdcova a ceun oa soev inae nhpurmo blema
nisso.
A argumenptaar<;aaaf oi rame axirs tednoc ivaa tceu,rnpo or ta,nd tooilsa d.o s
Urnd elceosr resapoocsno dneh ecimeemnpctiooressis btealecniosd eouscl XoV IeI
quep odesme cro locsaodbos sgea u inftomera: peos sipvreold uezsiprav <;aozsi os
macroscnoopqsiu caonisas o setxeaimss ubstamnactiearpsie careipst icvoenih­se ci
da.sP OeImm,e smaod midtoi-nisse,sr oes0ts ae gunemd aoi dsii fcil :ep xacsl,su oir
ap artdiaria e ,x sitendceiu am as ubstainmcpiepart cie(ve0elt enre)s seessp a<;os
aparteenmenvtaez iepo osd eenrt aafoi rqmuaeer l esa bsslaouoat mneetv azi(oosu
sjea0:v acaubos ol.u to)
Trans/ForSma/PoAa gual1oo6.7, :- 21799,3 9
Pascal ingeancrueadmietqnautveoea s " naitg"o aspenaacsr ietdavnaam
impsoisbaidldeio vd acpuoonr a poo srseuomis c onheciemmepnriitcoodsso mso der­
no.sC hegasa u egrir, s qeAu reist6vtievleeesmss es eupaco a, iatcaaree ixain scitae
dov aucoM.a s0 c onchiemeenmtpoi raipceonp aosdm eo srtaurrn varzeiloao tui vo
apart.eeC nompoa ssdaaario v azaibos oluto?
Pascaarlg umenat faavvado orv acudoeu maf ormqau ep odsee ars sim
esqueimzaa:td a
Ai- Exisetsepm aac;poasr entvemaezni(tonesoq su aniaso osbes eare vxias tencia
des 6li,ld ioqsuoiudg oass .e s)
A2- Esseessp avc;aozsis oatsoo talmveanztideoeq s ua lquseurb stEombecsrivaa vel
(naso6 s ubstajnacc ioansh ec,mi adsad seq ualqsuuebrs cti,aam nesmo
deschoencipdecare,p t.i vel)
Portt,oa n
Vi- Esseessp asc;aoaosb oslutamveanzt;ioe ou ss jeae:x i0svt aeuc o.
A primperiermas iaes (am iqcuaee d iretaemsetnatbee pleelecaxpi edrai e.n cia
A segun(dAa2 ) eg eunmeiarz aalc;eamop irqiucepa o dsee sru bmetait deeass t,
embonraao pospsrao vspaeodnrrae hnumc onjufnitndoie te oxe primteo.nPs acsal
deasfiaavqau elqeusen egvaam0 vacuao m ostrqaureh aviaal gnoo e spac;o
aparentevmaezenid toie z qiua,ee nquannatoto h meo stransasd,eea ml tei n0h a
diredieat dom tiiqru e0 e spaec;sovt aaa bsolutvaamze.nHi toane,o e nttaonu,m a
lacunneas srea cciion.i ocAo nclunsaaoso a iim edtiamaendtaesp resmsi.aE s
necersi,sao aledmeA ie A 2,a dmittaimrb equmoe ndnea Mo nadoab esrvanvaeol
M nadnao seanbtsiod.loO u ut josa0e:r acciiondieovs eec ro mpleatsasd:io m
Ai- Exisetsepma ac;poasr entevmaezni(tonesoq su aniaso osbes eare vxias tencia
des 6li,ld ioqsuoiudg oass .e s)
A2- Esseessp avc;aozsis oatsoo talmveanztideoeq s ua lquseurb staonbcsiear vavel
(naso6 s ubstajnacc ioansh ec,mi adsad seq ualqsuuebrs t,am necsimao
descoindh,pae eccrept.i vel)
A3- Naeoxi stseumb stainncoeibrasvvsea .i s
Portt,oa n
Vi- Esseessp asc;aoaosb oslutamveanzt;ioe ou ss jeae:x i0svt aeuc o.
Essaer gumeern itgoo nroos seon tdieqd uoe ,se a sp remiAsis,A a2se A 3s ao
aceaisat,c onclVuids eavose et ra mbneemc seasriamaecinet.tNa eoe nta,pn otdo-ese
fugaie rs scao nclnuesgaaon dom epneoulsmo a dparsem i.s sas
o ponctrou cei paarl e miAs3.sV aa monso dse ter, o nu,e lmaeaxiast eantme,
nas uaap claic;aaooc asdooe t.e r
Seu mac oiesi an oebrsva,v enlapoo dsmeeo srtar eqlueaes team u rnl oc.a l
Ma,sp elmoe smmoo ti,v �napoo dsmeeo stqruaer ela enma ou lrneo sc:eta all a
escaaop bas ec;rav.oPa oirs ,s poar emaiA s3ns a poo dseeu rm ac onclfunusdamaoe n-
10
Trans/ForSma/PoAa �ual1oo6.. : 71-9923 7.
tadn aoa b serv-aagsasoci omm noa os ep odpeo,or b saegrav,ao firomuan re gaa r
presedneug rnaa noje rnu rnl coa.Cl om,oe nt,as oep oderfinuada menrt paar opo­
sigAa3o?
Asa lternsaat:oio vuaa sp remiAs3sn aa ot ernf nudamenotuto e rnu rn
fundamneaneotm op cio.rN iaoh8. outarlat aetvria:na firqmuaAer3 t efrnnu damento
empireui rnce or .rP oela fosruama,p rae miAs3es m ae tiasfieco an toilc6Eagl.sa 6
podesreifrnau d amenatp aardtadi eor u trporse ssupmoestitasofisec ,hoo seje m d,i a
serdiiaf qiuceirflenu rd amenact iaern pceilmaae tiaisfca.
Ed ifviecri l cAo3mp ood ersieafr nu damen.tM aad,ssa ee lnaa op odsee r
fundaamdeann,at soe p odreee jitaae rxi stednec" ilaag o"e snpoaa gpoa rentemente
vazeip,oo rntt,apo odea-csieeta ae rxi stedneuc rniea t oeurm atesrui.taS i enl enhum
outarrog umefnoatrdo i cdiooa,na aceitoaugn aeog agdaoeo t esre r,ei nat,au oma
quesdteam oe rpar eefnecrpieas soal.
Masp od-esseu bstAi3tp uouirmr a v ersmaaoia st ueand.Aa oi nvdeesa f irmar
quaeq uqilueoei nobvsaevnrealeo xi s,tp eodea-fsier qmuaearq uiqluoeei nboser­
vavnealo psoeodrbee j tdoee stupdeolc ai einaAc.s s,i0 me fefiitnsoae ilra0 m esm:o
elim0ien taedrra c ien.c iMa0aa sr gum,ea noit novdeess eorn toilc6togo,nr a-se
epistecmo.oP loe6dg-isieg,um aeln,ti envo0cv aerl phroi ncdieqp uieno a soe d eve
multiopsle inctsaeersmn ecesesiE.ds ateuda m ar egmreat odoclaI6.ng diiccoam0 o
sehru madneov per ocedecro mea on naatou ree.z a
Vamoess qeumati0az ragru mecnottnro0a e t,es roebs ta fnoorvmbaaa ,s eado
ems uian obseravd:ae bilid
Bl- 0 etesru popsetloqo usea firmame xisstueann acoio abe es rva,ov ues ljeae:
invisiimvppeaallv,;e lnao aifnesttar uomdseem n etdoisnd eam soesn otsi.d
B2- Aquiqluoee i noebrsvanvaeol podee xtsietre ntsceuisaat : an daaose p ode
estabeulrnec crietree mripicrooip artae sstea re csosieass atp ar etseeo nun ao
em celrotc.oa l
B3- Aquqiulneoa eot easvtenla eoo bejtdoe d iscucsinsetaiofe di ecva,e pios,rs o
seerx cludiacd ioei nac.
Portt,oa n
V2- 0 etedre ve exscelr udiacd ioei nac.
Tatli pdoea rgumefnoutito zi aldipoo Eri nsteeo iunt r(oMsai rn,ts1 8910) .
arugmnet,od et ippoos iti,v isese temal7haanout tezi aldipoo Err nMsatc pha ra negar
oe spaagbos oldueNt eowt onea, o u tzialdipoo Ors twapladrn ae agro sa tomnoas
quicmaei,mf idnoss euclXoIX 0. argum,ec notnofoersumqeem atiazcmaiadu,ot i iz:la
umap resmsisao b0re et er (Bald)m iqtpuieedl paoer s 6 pdreifoesn sdooe rte;eus rm a
analdiosc eo nictedoe stteadbaidl(eiB 2e) u rnc riteepriisot emo(lB63qg)ui ec o
demarccoan ceciiteoncsto disef c iocneintaocosi einct,ois sfeemlhaanoot pee cri­ao
nalidseBm irod gm.a pnAr emaiA s3ds oa rgumeannttioeo arrt,e nueat draao nrsmfada
TranslAFr;oar,Som alPo a ulo7,- 211769,:9 3 11
comfooi in dicaacmdiaod, e vseec ro mpreecnodmieodqu ai valaeB n2Bt+3eo; us jea:
deverisaumsbtois-t lpuaoi: r
A3' S-ubmsctiEianso bvsaevresiacsoi einctaeimnftienc aeitsa.v ei
e caon cludseaevos erre formauslsa:id ma
Vi' Cei-niticfame,en stseeessp adgeovses mec ro nsidearbasdoolsut teva amze;in os
ous jeac:i einctaimfte,e0n v aceuxios .t e
Ous jead:ea corcdoorne sspao si,g ansoaepo o daef irqmua0erv aceuxoi es te
sim eqsuese a cao nclcuiseainoct daie,fn tdreuo m ac erctoan cepdgeca ioe ncia
(postita;fi) ovrdiaes ssa co(npcoeerxp egma,poe l rnou mad iscumsestfaaiocs a,in) ao
sep odenreigaaa e rxi stednecs iuab stainncoibasvsee r.iv sa
Estar efmourlagdaoo arguemd eacn otnoc lpuosdapeoa rescuiefcri entemente
fotr.eA fai,lnn aeos taamqouistin e resesrna dmoeists aiefsc iam ceirne n:qc uiearemos
sabseeor s c iesnttais beesrnjt uaisoift cadeornns e g0ae rt eee rrn a fir0mv aarc .u o
Noe nta,n itemo ptoarnntoet qaure c oanl cusdaeop deena,g o,dr eam odoc ruc,i al
deu mad etermicnoandcae pdgeca ioe inaec; e xistdeimfe enrtceosn cepdgeo es
cien-csiean 0dpo o tsiiviaspmeon uamsad el.a sPtaordaoo ssf 6 isloosfq uee staa o
padro dse esnvolvirmceeennttoesfs i ldoads aoc fiiean,p c oidaepraar edceesrn eces­
sareinotf iazeasrtp eo n.tO ocorren,o e nttaonq,u ee ntorsec ientait srtaadsi gao
positiaviinsedtsaat f aie rmmenetner aipzoanrda aao p arenceenrh uamlat ernativa
conselnmseunaatcieet .a mAa ipoarr dtoefs ii scoasi nidmaa gqiun0eao peraciona­
lisemu om ac oncepvgaalois doabc roene citeom se didearnfs i csaiV.a laep en,a
portt,oac nhamaa art engpaaore as tpeo n:tn ooa rgumeanntaol iascamidao,e
essieanalca ceitdaeg auocm oan cepegpaios teimc;oa le6es gtcao ncepeig naaod ­
miseslis,vo 0bp ondteov isfltioas i6c.fo
Inifzelmteend,ic suteisrsa es pencotlsoe valroinag e id.s emEealnev otlovdaea
concepsgoab0orq e u eo ue0 q ue ncaioe inect eoie ,fxt rap0om load estteom a deste
aritg.o
Embo0rp ao tsiisvmiot enshiada eba ndoneae dnota edr,oir snsaoso gi niicfqau e
todass uaaissd eeisatsna eoc ersisaameenrtrea. Ed p arsescoi, ptoodr,itc saunteirnr
detaqluhteei dpeof nudamentpaogdaesore idraa daae ssparse msia,ess rnp arti,c ular
parvae risfeip coadres mer re almreeenjittea .d as
3.O si nobservaveea i csi Emcia
Vamorse toard niasrc udsosv aaoc eud oo e t,ea rnaslainndooc onxttedee ssa
discuaspseanoaa lsg uanssp ecetpoiss tecmoo.sRl e6ofgrimuleama orusgm entagao
cont0er tade ar segfuoiranm:"t uTed aoq uqiuleeoi noebrsvaevi enlu, st oi0blp onto
dev isctiae inct;osi efrpiear ddeat emptoe nitcnalru eisrs caosi snaacs i einapc,a is
12
Trans/ForSma/PoAa Cual1oo6,7, :- 21799,3
nasore vepma rnaa d.aC"ab e-ndoicssu tciormu rnp oucmaoi sd edtea alsnh OeoQ es
de" boservvealed "e " tuilicdiaedineact ."i f
Had iefrenttiepdsoe is n oebrsveaiv.s0 c8oncmeaiitesol emedneit naoreb rsvavel
(i"nobsesrevnoarsv"ieea)l0 l d ea lgqou e pnoadose e cra ptpaedloso nestd io.s0 ar
eu rni nobvsaevvreils .u0 a ilntedreui rnoc ro roppoa ec oi nobsseersnvoarvieall mente
(am enoqsu eel seea jq uebroauad boe r.0t loa)doecu ldtoaL ueai noebrsvapvareal
queems tane ajT er.Ur rnan ucldeeuo m ac eleupliat eei lnioabls earo vlahnvou.eU lrn
eleteir nooneb rsvasveeonlrs iatl.emA eson nddaesr adeio osr aiXo ssai on oebrsvaveis
seonrslimaen.t e
Or,at odos seaseosx eesm pdleo sc oiinsoabss erqvuanev ienigsuc eomn sidera
cieinctaimfeanbtseu r.Dd eavseemxi s,tp iorrtt,oad niefrenctleass dseie nso bserva­
ve,is sea lgusnasao d misseio vuetirpsor so ib(ioduo si nnuact ieeiinsaOc).u s jeas:e
oe tfesors ien admvienslas iciencia pmoerr iasnmeoeerbrn svtae,iv sessliog nificaria
qubea ssteair n obvsaevprealrs aei rn admvienslasc iien-ceti oad oosis n oebrsvaveis
acirmeal acisoenraidiagomus a lmiennatdem iis.sOs sci ovneterxae-mpilnodsi ocua m
queaa tidtegu ereai ln coer(eeqn uteee l etsa mebmd eversieabrman idoosuq) u e
naboa ssteair n obvsaevprealrs aeb ra niddaco i en.c ieAanpaasl guinnsoe brsvaveis
(utrni pooue spceidee)v ersieaerml imindaacd ioeisna c.
Parcao natsr,te exmainemosc ausernoxr tem.Io maginaee mxoiessnc t id aeu rn
mund"oap ral"a eoln oossoc,o ntemnadtoie asr,e rveisv eocts.p ,o resme mq ualquer
posbsiiliddeac doem uniccaoQncaooosp, o ers t"amer o utdriam en"sS.au oponhamos
quees siam possibdieil nitdearedaneQt oarsose e resd odimosus n dsojesia n troa­nsp
nievlN.e sscea s,po arna6 ,s0 o utmruon deo i nobvsaevreemlp rinc:ji mapaiios
poderetmeiorns f aoQromeemsp irdiicraoesuti an diretlaimgeaands taueesa x tiesn;c ia
see ldee ixadsees xei osuts iorrfe sqsuea lqauletQrea r,oa npaood erisabameo-,spI oois
essas mundaaaonf Qeatsan roisamsmuo n d.No escsaes eoxr tem,o deii fciimlai gnar
quael gcumi enstieds etdais qeurei amade incstuetc iorms oe reisasm eu ndeo dciustir
sueax iesnitcaE.st ee xem,pa liloa,s eo sfofa:mou it zialdipooH re isem(b91e5r6pg)a r a
jsutif0ip crairn cdieip nictoee rzeamu, m ad es uaosb r.a s
Estec aspoe rteaun rnct ei peos pceidaeli nobseir:sav qauveeqluees ensatoa o
conectcaaduossa l(mperonertl ea dQeoc easu es ae faeoi tnoom)su snodo ob sevre.vl a
Hai nobserqvuea,ve emibso ercsaa peamsn osssaesn seasQp,or oduzefeemi tos
observeas vae,opi osir s ,sp oardteen osmsuon dfosi ic-coo moos r aiXo.Is s teo:
podemcoasr actneorssio mz uanrd fosi icnoa os 6c omaoq uiqluoep ercebemos
senrsioalmmeanstt aem bem conteqnudeno a poee nrbtceeemso, m sasq uea tuam
soboruet rqoupsee rbceeomsd,i roeuti an direentt.Sa eeme xcrlmuoidsom undfoi sico
certeonsti enso bsveer,ihv saavefrnea6 menionse xcpalviiesp,o is nacoa utsear ao
pertenacome unntdefo ic so.i pAr atciicean tuisfuiaacdlam ietsest ei pdoei nsober­
vav,ne alc osntQraudoa quqiuleo poddeemnoosm i"nmaoerdl ocsi einctoisf s­ubstan
ciia"s t-eorciaapsa dzeee sxp lircgeaurl daardieobss ervcaovm0e ui ssa ednet es
inoebrsva.v euAit silicdinaetidicefda e sseenstn easeo s teams urae ladQiaroce otma
nosdsoom isneinoors ,im aalsn a exapa9liodc esmsuen dsoe nvse.iUl rn inovbasveerl
TranslAF�oarSoma,lPo a ul1o67,:- 2179,9 3 13
qu,e pparri niconi,ap o ctoernnx eacoa usdailr,oe uti an dtiarc,eo m n0o smsuon do
sensinvaetole ,rnu tdialdieem m odelsousb sctiasanj,iaq ue pnoadoee x lpicfaart os
do musnednovs e.il
Ap ardteisrat naas levi,e -qsuees, o bp o0n dteov isdteca o mprseaedono m undo
sens,i vueet alii ln trodduecg earott poiosds e i noebrsva.vE eliesss6s aion utseei s
napoo ssuemc paauspnaeoll m usnednovse .il
Esspao siagqaudoie c srietp aa rdtaep ratciiceain ct;nai ofe nttaone,a tacada
pafrli 6osfoqsu dee sjaeriealmi mdian acri ,ea nomc aixaiomt,o deol emeanrtboio t.r ari
Naos ep odaes seguapra arr,dt aio rb servdaecg earoft eomnseo n,oq suaasl u a causa
inobsvee:rsl veampsraepo o svseiviasr mioodse sluobss itaacinoscn ftlei,cst paaanzes
ded acro ndtoams e smofse nonmo.esE ssaar bietdraaddreoi mso delfoo0si q ue
motivEorun Msatc he PierDrueh eam n ega0r p apeexlp licdaotsmi ovdoe los
subsctiaaeni saa b andoneam-f Iaovdsoe ru mac ienfcneioam eniocl,aq6 ugen ao
prociuarrl ee dmo fsne omenoobessr vavede eis su arseu gldaarid.eM sasp odemos
realmdeenstiiers tdod eustssioepd oem odelos?
Penseemmu rne spetadcemu algoi, ec maq uuern p rsetidigfiatgaaapd acorerer
"oda "ru mas erdiece i gaarcreoss.N o ossssoesn tindaoons o s mosato rraimg em
dessceisgo as;ri rmagionsae,mn t,am oeacnisomcousl pteolsqo usa eilsep so dreiam
tesru rg.Pi edloo pqoudee moobssv ea,rrn oe nta,ne tnoquaenstpcoet ad,on raeeos
posisvsealb qeurad lev areixpalsi caeg coaoe rsr :e ctoiasg aersrtoasev casom ndidos
nam angdao cascaacedomo? a ldtoo paoluc os?ad eeom u tro Nlauosg aabre?m os
quaale xpclaigcaoor r.Ne ot aenttoua,mn ac oiesc ae r:t ca0o nhecidmeeq nuteo os
cigasrurrogs,se emm0c onchiemednets ou oar ig,e imen compeli enatstoi sf-atorio
es om,on satureantlelm,e vaadp oesn seamr ecxapgloieensvv oelndcoo isqaunes a o
obsemrov.sNa aop arepcoses idveeslii drse t pelxicadgeosetspsieo .
Embanraac ,i einanc,a poo ssacmhoesga ac re rtseozba0rm eo desluob stancial
maiasd equaae dxopc laigdaeoc erftaootssn ,a h8.o motipvaorp ar orie bsismeosd oes.l
Elessos apor uedjic,in aaci isen,qc uiaancdooun nfdicdoomsr eaia dla.Ed setaail,a, s
eu map osidgefaneod ipdaaHr e nrPio inc-aqruaeece it0ae vta.e r
Emc addao midnei oe osstp,uod d es er ouunt aiioln tromdoudzeilsrou sb s­tan
cia.i osSsee n toebssr evavneaieosx pclaimt udo 0s eoq busee (rivseats: oe 0 m undo
observnaavoee cla usalmenteou a fuetcohi-acsdiuoef, n utete ii)nlt roednutzeisr
inobseir:sev satvpeeosd earuamoe nntoasrcs oam preednoms uanodo ob sevre.vl a
Esta peopsiisgtaeocm aoq,lu oeeg sitadmeofse nod,nea nod uen iapc oass iv.e l
Ac ienpcoidsaee p re nsdaedd aie frenftameras.sP aerce-,nn oo sentqaunept roaa, t ica
cieinct,dai uframnitleoe snf,izeu sdae m odesluobss tia,sn cdei iafeai ccrield qiutea r
esspar atciecsas. Da ersadqeu ee ssa pnraasot eijicana c eonetreen aco olicdoam
outraossp ecdtaco isei nasc,u dae feefs iasl ooficaamceeintta.eN v aeovl eojm otivos
parqau ees spar atdiecvcaae srs,pa eesn os eurt ainla leissspaarr ac taeid icsutsiura s
regrdaets r ab.a lho
14
Trans/AF�oarSoma,/Po a ul1o67,:- 21799,3
4.0 etecro moe lemteone xpilcativo
Volteamooc sa sdooe t.eC ronsideruernme ossp aaypoa rentevmaiezonS.te e
nafoo prr ecsiuspolo aar l gion oebrsvapvaerelax l picaalrg ufmeo nmneoe,n tsaeor a
difjisuctiiilcf aadr e fsea edto.e M ra,sd ea corcdooma p osiayqauodi e feind,da a
intdruoydaoo esteercrai einctaimfentseee lpueert miilc toimrp rdeeearnl go nqauoe
pode csoemrp reesnodmiedncoto emr elaayoaeson toebses rvvea.iN segsaerm par e
possibidleei xidsatdeedn ec iaao lngdoe nsaeod baes rvea iomrup m ar estriyao
excessivpae nmaseoan tcoi einct.oNi ofe ntta,ona lgausmv ezeas i ntdruoyadoe
inobserpvoadsveee urim sac ompclaiydaeos necrei.as sa
Assisme n,d odai scussosbasroe0e edteevrse e irn tdruozioduno a do epende
deu maq uesetmapoci ar,i caetrpeto on :t poer ecdiestoe rmsieh8.n fanero menqouse
napoo desmee rn tendsiefd osorus p ousrntv oa caubos to.ol uaEp en0ac so nchiemento
fatduaa lc ipeondcneio ads i ziessro .
Vamoasg oerxaa mianlagruf nneso menqouspe o deomco nenrov aucoa,f im
dev eircisafer csaoom preensseimuv rne ie.st er
Urnd oasr ugmentdoeAs r ist6ctoenlt0ve rasac uutoi l0if zneaovmae dneoq ueda
dosc orpEolsae.r gumenqtuea,sv ean aoe xistinsasdeqa u ep udesosefer ecer
resistaq eunecddieaau rn co,er spscoeo rppeor conuemraci eard tias ti'mfciineaim t a
urnt empnou l0oq ,u eei ncobnicvepeoltr;a n,nt aoo phoadveue rnrv acaubos tool,u
ouu rn espsaeymnO e nhurmeas istaq eunecddiaoac s o pro.sO r,aq uanTdoon eilcel i
Pascmaolsr taraam p ossiibdialddees ec riuarnr e spaaypOa rentevmaez,ni toe
veirciufo-sqeu eo sc orpnoasoc aiaimn stantanneeasmesesenp ta.eCy oomcoo ­m
preenidsesNroa ?e pocae,ri am possciovmeplr eeins,dsp eoorin sa oe xisatiinaad a
mei'mcicdae N ewt,o nqeuset abe0lc eocneictuedo ei nerec riaea l aeynatofr oer ey a
acelaeorN.ae yscsoen xtteop,a rsaee xpliacv aerl ocifdinaidqteau eddeac odproo,ss
am elheoxlrpi caeyraado a ea xi stednecu imaar esis;t epeno,cr ittaoa0,ne spanyaoo
estava tovtaazlEimstoee.eun rntce a seomq u0ee toeurm atesruittaii lnu hrnac laro
podeexrp licPaotsitvme�er.ni ,toc eromam ecnaicnae wtonnati,oa r-nosduee sneesc­
sar0iu os daa i deirae sdies tdeoen tceMiraa.,s a ntdeisss oa,i deeiraea x cetleOe.un
sjeaa:n eecssidoaund aeod es ei notdruzuirnrd etermiennatideno o bvsaevree l
contexedt eupale nddoee s taddeco o nhecimeemnpiticor,osa s ssciomm doa teoria
existennat ee p. oca
Nos euclXoV IIp,o orca sidaooes s tubdaorso miec,too rsbser-vstoeau mebmq ue
al uezr caa pdaeza treasvrs av0a zaipoa rennoat letd oob aromedtemr eocr ur.i o
Sur,ge inut,a fomaa osdau dvai:s eraa luurnzc or(puom sau bsta,on uuc rnia ac)idente
(umaaef cydaeou mas ubstaSnece ilfaaso) s?ue rn c oproc,o mpoo deartivraea ssar
outros (c0o rvp,io dasarg ou0a d,i amaen tceo)m o fuerni lxuem inpoosdoe ria
atvreassoaurtf rexoie s,e mc olid?Mi ar,ses mee la fnouarrno c opros,u par opagayao
pelvoa zbiaor omentarsoie croa purmoadv eaq uees svea zciootn e rna lgnoo qau al
luszep ropaga?
15
Trans!AFr;:oarSoma,!Po a u,l1 o67:- 21799,3
Ec laqruoe p rao pagdaalg uanzoo varcetulioanv aoso o lucniaod,nea an quanto
nasoe s ab0eq uee lau; mz ase la mnoosste rxaaa mten0tt ei dpoeq uesqtueap ood e
secro locpaadraad icssuet cilra ram0ep nrtoeba l.0e f matoob svearveeq lu ael uez
capdaeza tvreassa0re spaagpoa rentevmaez.Nni etoneh udmias cussosbairose .s o
Dadeos sfeta os,ea luuzrn a ec id,ee nntte0ae os paagpoa rentevmaeznniatooe e
urnv acaubos o;l usteoe u am asl uubzs cti,aea nntnaaod saec oncsloubiar en raetzua
doe spaagpoa rentevmaez.ni toe
Quan,d osneoc uXIlXoa,t eoornidau ladtao rsliuuapz e art oeuo croiprauc sul,a r
tor-nsoiuen eviatv aolvtedaloe t.eC rolcaodno-0sa er gumeenmst uofa o rmmaai s
cutra0,e teer,p odre fignai,o s0u jediovt eor "bnaod url,"qa uanadl ou ezd ecsrita
como uomnad ul.aP goaqr0u 9em oti0v voe rb"anod u"lp arreac diesu rns ujeito
espceiaPlo?qr u nea soe p oddei zqeuree par oplruiqzau oen duNlaaoe?p ossivel
apreseanqtuoaisdr e taldhoae rsg um,eq nuteeon volcvoenmh ecimfseiinctdoooss
fne6medneoi nteeerrnfc.Mi aa,sc olocdaenu dmoaf orsmiam p,pl oedsed-iszeqe ure
duapso rgodees lpuozd esme desmturtuuiarm eenmtu ern p onteo q ued uas
substannacpoio adses mea niq.uP ioliras r,s olaun za poo dreisae r suumbas cti,aa n
mas purrno ceoscrsoroe nndeoc ersisaameenmat leg usmuab stanxcwiea,1l l9(56M,a
p.76.4 )
Dam esmfaom rav,e roiuf-iqscueoe s efeeliietcto,orms sa gneteig croaasvc i­ito
naissem anifesmteasvmanomoe spaegvoa cu,aa sdsociomm ooc ornroae .r C omo
pode oicosrsroHe ara ?l guamlatsae tvrian:so up oarg aado i stiaaon,upc oirn term8dio
dea lg(ou mrne i.Mo a)sn aeou maa gaaod istainnccioam pvreePeNOna?so i sisesor,a
ent,au omai ndicdaeg aq0ouv ea zaipoa recnotneta elm,g q outer ansamsfi rotgea s
eletromaegg nreattvaiicciaosn ais?
Ei ntereosbsesarnvctaoerm aoF isdioc aus leXXoc traetsasq au es.t aaAog ao
ad istannaceoia ad miidt;am as0 e tetra mbeer mee jit.aS dupooe-qsuene o v acuo
podeemx is"tacimrop s("e lceo,tm raigniectgor,a tvaiiconcaalp)a dzeea st uar sobre
os colracp oolso scMa.ad sop odempoesr gu:n qt0uea s rao ecsasmoepssS? a eon tes
(substaonuac ciiadse)dn eta elsgS oe?e lessa eon t,ee snt0av oa cuoon dMe urn
campnoa eou rnv acaubos ol(uuternos pasgeomn adnae l.Se e)n asoa eon t,ee nstao
devesme r miocdaigdfoeea slg -oee ssael geoxi sntoev acaupoa rteeqn,ue n aeo,
portt,oau nrnv acuaob so.lD uetpoendednacd oon cepqguaeso et enhsao bar e
gratvaigea o0 eletirsom,mo a0g dnfeeqa tuteeos sfaogsra esxs itemme smnooe spago
aparentveamezpniotodel e e vnaerc ersisaameacn toen clduesq aueo sneat or adtea
urnv acaubos o.l uto
A Fispiocsan -sEtieinniaoar neas poane dsesd ei le.m aPoasrf aic so,isu sual­
mentdee sprodveti rdeofislin oosi ocnfoe,mv alape e ndaic suteisrsq ause oset.sS em
perbcee-cloos,t uamdammti iurm ac onceapugtaonotc road-itad oeqr uioeas c ampos
nasoa por oprieoduma oddeiiscf agdoeue msa c oi(snaas oaa oic den)tp,eo srenma o
satoa mebms ubsta-nec,pio airsss o u,rn e sap«soe mm atenroqi uaa Ml u rnc ampo
seruirnav acaubos tool.u
16
Trans/AF<;:ooar,Sm a/Po a u,l1 o67:- 21799,3