Durability of Building and Construction Sealants and Adhesives

415 Pages·2004·14.18 MB·415\415

by  Wolf, Andreas T. (Eds.)

STP 1453
Durability of Building
and Construction Sealants
and Adhesives
Andreas .T Wolf, Editor
ASTM Stock Number: STP1453
@. ASTM
001 Ban" Harbor Drive
PO Box C700
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
~lrlgmlUl/ Printed in the U.S.A.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Durability of building and construction sealants and adhesives / Andreas .-1" Wolf, ed.
.p cm.- (STP ; 1453)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8031-3480-0
.1 Building materials--Testing--Congresses. 2. Sealing compounds--Testing---Congresses.
3. Sealing compounds--Deterioration--Congresses. 4. Adhesives--Testing--Congresses. 5.
Adhesives--Deterioration--Congresses. .I Wolf, A.T. )."1"saerdnA( .1I Series: ASTM
special technical publication ; 1453.
TA418.36.D87 2004
691'.99--dc22 2004027225
Copyright (cid:14)9 2004 AMERICAN SOCIETY ROF TESTING AND MATERIALS INTERNATIONAL, West
Conshohocken, .AP All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or
in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronicf,i lm, or other distribution and storage media, without
the written consent of the publisher.
Photocopy Rights
Authorization to photocopy items for intemal, personal, or educational classroom use, or
the internal, personal, or educational classroom use of specific clients, is granted by the
American Societyf or Testing and Materials International (ASTM) provided that the appropri-
ate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923;
Tel: [phone]; online: http://www.copyright.com/.
Peer Review Policy
Each paper published ni this volume was evaluated by two peer reviewers and at least one edi-
tor. The authors addressed all of the reviewers' comments to the satisfaction of both the technical
editor(s) and the ASTM International Committee on Publications.
To make technical information available as quickly as possible, the peer-reviepwaepde rs in this
publication were prepared "camera-reedy" as submitted by the authors.
The quality of the papers in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors
and the technical editor(s), but also the work of the peer reviewers. In keeping with long-standing
publication practices, ASTM International ~ains the anonymity of the peer reviewerTsh.e ASTM
International Committee on Publications acknowledges with appreciation their dedication and con-
tribution of time and effort on behalf of ASTM International.
Printed ni Bridgeport, JN
4002
Contents
Overview viii
FIELD EXPERIENCE WITH SEALED JOINTS AND ADHESIVE FIXATIONS
Secondary Drainage System for Architectural Panel Systems---L. .O YRABRAC
AND M. W. RYAN 3
Lock-Strip Gasket System Retrofit: A Case History--M. .K TDIMHCS 41
Durability by Design: Load Carrying Silicone Bonding, Herz Jesu Church,
Mnnich--A. LGAH 24
Structural Glazing Failure--Five Case Studies--M. .E REKAB 37
Quality Control Guidelines for Factory Applied Structural Silicone Glazing--
L, D. CARBARY AND J. GUSTAFSON 45
Historical Development and Future Prospects of Structural Silicone Sealants
in China--Y.-L. WANG, H.-M. WANG, AND L.-M. WU 56
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DURABILITY OF SEALED JOINTS AND ADHESIVE FIXATIONS
Influence of Polyester Powder Coating Chemistry on Adhesion Dire'ability of
Silicone Sealants--F. ED LYUB 65
Water Absorption in Cold Liquid-Applied Waterproofing--J. c. GNORTS DNA
J. R. KOVACH 88
Effects on Silicone Sealant Adhesion Buildup on Float Glass Substrates--
J. T. MA, S. S. CHEN, W. ZHOU, AND S. WANG 97
Moisture Conditions of Substrates and Effect on Adhesive Bond of Sealants--
M. E. KENNEY AND R. J. KENNEY 113
Silyl-Terminated Polyurethanes for Construction Sealants---A. .E RONNOC'O
341
AND T. KINGSTON
Estimation of the Fatigue Resistance of Sealants to Movement at Intersections
of Sealed Joints and Improvements in the Joint Design Method--
.H IHCUAYIM DNA .K AKANAT 156
vi CONTENTS
DURABILITY STUD1ES OF SEALANTS AND ADHESIVES
Effect of Foam Backer Rod on the Deep Section Cure of One-Part Sealants--
S. IGLAUER, A. R. HUTCHINSON, AND T. C. P. LEE 171
Effect of Foam Backer Rod on the Mechanical Performance of Sealed Joints--
S. IGLAUER, A. R. HUTCHINSON, AND T. C. P. LEE 184
Artilicial Weathering and Cyclic Movement Test Results Based on the RILEM
TC139-DBS Durability Test Method for Construction Sealants--
H. MIYAUCHI, N. ENOMOTO, S. SUGIYAMA, AND K. TANAKA 206
Sealant Longevity for Residential Ducts--l. s. REKLAW DNA .M .H NAMREHS 213
Insights into the Use of Biocides in Silicones Sealants: Test Methods And
Durability Aspects--F. ED LYU8 DNA .H IDLATSAG 228
Effect of Float Glass Surface Composition on Silicone Sealant Adhesion Tested
After Simultaneous Exposure to Hot Water and Ultraviolet Light--
A. T. WOLF, C. S. McMILLAN, W. STIELL, AND K. LIEB 252
Comparison of Butyl versus Modified Asphalt Window Flashing Adbesives--
A. D. Z1MA, JR., T. A. WESTON, J. D. KATSAROS, AND R. HAGOOD 262
Durability of Horizontal Sealant Joints--D. H. N/CASTRO AND V. D. GORMAN 280
Durability and Adhesion Rate of One-Part Silicone Sealants to Silicone
Rubber Extrusions for New and Remedial Glazing and
Weatherproofing Applications--L. .D YRABRAC DNA .E .A REMMIZ 303
Sealant Failure Morphology--The Important Criterion of Equipment
Selection for Weathering Studies--G. ,HCVPYW s. ,IKSREBUK DNA E E.LF 310
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TEST METHODS AND PERFORMANCE-BASED SPECIFICATIONS
Issues Related to the Mechanical Property Characterization of Sealants--
C. C. WHITE AND D. L. HUNSTON 325
Nondestructive Field Testing of Installed Weatherproofing Sealant Joints---
~D HUFF 335
Developing a Performance-Based Joint Sealant Specification for Airport PCC
Pavements--M. .A ESSACAL DNA J.-F. NOSSAM 346
Harmonization and Optimization of Weathering Test Methods for Building
and Construction Sealants and Adhesives--N. .D ELRAES 355
CONTENTS vii
Material Properties for Use in FEA Modeling: Sealant Behavior with Ambient
Laboratory Climate Aging--A. .T FLOW DNA .H .L TSOH-DNALELC 372
Concepts for Development of a Service Life Prediction Methodology for
Sealed Building and Construction Joints--Review and Roadmap for
Future Research--A. .T FLOW 385
Index 104
FIELD EXPERIENCE WITH SEALED JOINTS
AND ADHESIVE FIXATIONS
Lawrence D. Carbary I and Michael ..VI Ryan 2
Secondary Drainage System for Architectural Panel Systems
REFERENCE: Carbary, L. D., and Ryan, M. W., "Secondary Drainage System for Architectural
Panel Systems," Durability of Building and Construction Sealants and Adhesives, ASTM STP 1453, A.
T. Wolf, Ed., ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2004.
ABSTRACT: In conjunction with the exterior cladding system, field applied architectural joints sealant
are the primary source of resistance against air and water intrusion on most high-rise residential and
nonresidential commercial structures. Jobsite practices and quahty in workmanship will dictate
deficiencies in application of the high performance sealants specified for this purpose. When these
deficiencies allow water and air to enter the structure, or when water condenses and collects behind the
walls, damage caused by water detrimental is to the structure. The condition known as percolation, where
outside positive pressures associated with Heating Ventilation and Air (HVAC) Conditiofiing systems in
combination with wind driven rains literally vacuum water into the building, further amplifies this
problen~ The damages attributed to water and air infiltration can be corrosion of structural anchors,
reduction in insulation efficiency, damage to interior walls, damage to floor coverings and mold growth.
This paper reports on the design, development and testing of a state of the art secondary drainage system
that is used behind prefabricated panelized Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC), Architectural
Precast Concrete (APC), Architectural Composite Precast (CAP), and natural stone on truss systems.
This system consists of silicone extrusions, tubes and joint protection collection reservoirs with one way
valves (JPCROV) that are attached to the back of the concrete or stone panels using adhesive
attachments, which are compatible and marry intimately into the exterior architectural sealant joints.
Unique designs of gutters that are resistant to jobsite debris that can clog drains and render them
inadequate are presented along with the JPCROV that prevents percolation and allows water to weep out
of the These system- additional materials within the wall cavity also must have benign fire properties due
to the concern for toxic gasses and smoke in the event of a fire.
The technology of the silicone extruded gutters, tubes and percolation boxes is most suitable for the
alkaline variable temperature and humidity environment found in these wall cavities. Silicone adhesive
technology of one-part neutral cure RTV silicone sealant is used to mount the secondary drainage system
within the wall to provide a long-term performing solution. Durability data is presented on the bonds
between the silicone extrusions and concrete substrates for this application. Modified ASTM Standard
Test Method for Apparent Shear Strength of Single-Lap-Joint Adhesively Bonded Metal Specimens by
Tension Loading (Metal-to-Metal) (D1002-99) data aider room temperature cure, water immersion, and
both elevated temperature and high humidity is presented as data simulating the actual application.
design System capacities proper and installation for maximum coverage are presented. also
KEYWORDS: exterior cladding, infiltration, drainage system, silicone extrusion, durability, ASTM
.2001D
Introduction
Modem mid- to high-rise buildings are predominately comprised of a structural steel or cast
in place concrete framing system upon which all other building elements are supported. Walls,
Associate Industry Scientist, 1 Dow Coming Corporation, P.O. Box 994, Midland, MI 48686-0994, U.S.A.
2 Chief Estimator, Pacific, Clark River South Rd., 1900 West Sacramento, CA 95691-2888, U.S.A.
3
Copyright(cid:14)9 by ASTM International www.astm.org
4 SEALANTS BUILDING/CONSTRUCTION DNA SEVISEHDA
floors, electrical, plumbing and HVAC systems all attach to this structure. The exterior of the
support structure is typically clad with and supports the above-mentioned panelized systems as
well as glass/curtainwall systems, metal panels, stucco, Exterior Insulation Finish Systems
(EIFS) or plaster. These cladding systems must be made to pass specifications regarding air and
water infiltration. Specifications have been created to minimize air and water infiltration so that
buildings can operate the heating and cooling systems efficiently and remain structurally sound
over the life of the building.
These panelized barrier systems typically have joints between each individual panel that
require a high performance sealant, a sealant that has greater than +25% joint movement ability
per ASTM Standard Test Method for Adhesion and Cohesion of Elastomeric Joint Sealants
Under Cyclic Movement (Hockman Cycle) (C719-93 (1998)). The purpose of the high
performance sealants is to provide air and water tight panel joints on the exterior face of the
panel systems. These sealants are required to have elastomeric properties to accommodate joint
movements created by thermal expansion and contraction, interstory building drift due to wind or
seismic movements, elastic frame shortening and creep. An elastomeric material is also referred
to as a material that has elastic recovery orm emory. Elastomeric silicone sealants are commonly
used in commercial buildings to protect wall systems from water intrusion. The sealant is
installed over a back up or bond tape. The backer rod supports the sealant until it has cured and is
typically made of polyurethane or polyethylene foam. The intended use of the backer materiails
to provide a proper joint shape that allowst he sealant to expand and contract as required. Once
the sealant has cured, in conjunction with the exterior cladding, it forms the primary
waterproofing barrier system for the building. The main suppliers of silicone sealants typically
have excellent quality control and testing procedures and utilize applicators or caulking
subcontractors, trained in the use of the products. Silicone sealants have proven to be very
effective when the bond line is properly detailed and the edges of the panels are cleaned and
prepared allowing the sealant to develop durable adhesion to the panel substrate. Silicone
sealants have proven to be excellent long lasting sealing materials well suited for providing the
weatherproofing protection in barrier wall systems.
The primary exterior sealant system can fail or be compromised in many ways allowing a
building to leak. Sealant installation is highly dependent on skilled workmanship. Improperly
detailed joints that do not allow for proper sealant installation and poor workmanship can
combine, creating adhesive or cohesive failures of the sealant. Joint failures can also occur when
exterior panelized systems are damaged, allowing water to bypass the sealant at the joints.
Failures can also occur at the interface with glass and curtain wall systems. This interface can
lead to compatibility and workmanship problems associated with the coordination of tradesmen
working on the project. The proper sealant best used for architectural precast concrete joints may
not be the proper sealant for an architectural precast concrete panel abutting an aluminum
window mullion. These interfaces and improperly installed caulk joints may lead to potential
water penetration inside the building. Joint failures from building movements due to wind-
induced interstory drift or seismic events can occur. Sealants can degrade over time from
exposure to the elementasn d repeated cyclic thermal expansion and contraction. Therefore, they
will require replacement during the life of the building.
When leaks occur, the damage caused to the building can be further amplified due to
percolation. Percolation occurs when sustained high winds or a positive external pressure due to
the HVAC system can vacuum water through the damaged sealant joints or cladding. The water
YRABRAC AND NAYR NO A SECONDARY METSYS EGANIARD 5
will percolate or blow into the building, wetting insulation, accelerate the corrosion of structural
anchors, and create unsightly stains and odors within the structure.
Another source of water infiltration that is a concern is condensation on the backside of the
panels. Sealants protect the interior from leaks but do nothing to protect against condensation.
Under certain atmospheric conditions water can condense on the backside of the panels.
Condensation issues occur when the airspace within the walls reaches 100% relative humidity
andc ooling begins. The amount of condensation is dependent on the location, typea nd/or lack of
a vapor barrier. Additional factors relating to condensation include the amount and temperature
of air infiltration into the building.
Buildingsw ill leak eventually, some more than others, due to the service life of sealants.
Most of the time the leaks are insignificant enough that the water is absorbed by the substrate
and dries prior to any damage occurring. Significant uncontrolled leaks andc ondensation lead to
interior damagteo the building as noted by unsightly stains and odors.
One solution to this problem has been developed in the form of a secondary drainages ystem
that is attached to the interior surface of the exterior panels that backs up the primary
waterproofing system. This solution has come aboutd ue to numerous sealant failures, the use of
inexpensive less durable cladding systems, and/or poor quality panelized systems that have
resulted in the damaged parties seeking redress in high profile lawsuits. These situations have
resulted in architects and exterior wall consultants mandating that a secondary drainage system
be used in addition to the primary system (e.g. the sealant caulk joint) to prevent water damage
to buildings.
This paper is written to discuss a secondary drainages ystem that is installed as a back up to
barrier wall construction utilizing precast concrete, GFRC, and natural stone on truss panel
systems used in commercial construction. The system consists of extruded silicone rubber
gutters, and molded parts that are part of an engineesryesdt tehma t allows water to be effectively
routed out of a wall system if the primary barrier walli s breached. The extruded silicone gutters
are attached with Room Temperature Vulcanizing (RTV) neutral cure silicone sealants to the
backside of precast concrete, GFRC, or natural stone and must withstand the spandrel
environment for years. The RTV silicone sealainst also used to attach the silicone gutters, tubes,
splices and valves together. The drainage system can be placed onto concrete panels that may
reach 9 m (30 feet) in width.
The question of durability is brought about as the RTV neutral silicone adhesive sealant is
required to form a permanent bond to the backside of preeast concrete, GFRC and natural stone.
The backsides of these panels are not visible from the exterior of the building. Hence, there is
little attention paid to these surfaces. Will the panel supplier be able to provide a surface suitable
to apply sealants, free of loose dust, laitance, dirt, and grease? How can this be done? Will the
adhesive be able to holudp in a spandrel environment witthh et hermal and humidity cycling that
is present?
This paper intends to address these questions using a testing methodology on real surfaces
that has been put together in a logical fashion.
Performance Requirements of the Gutter System
The secondary drainage system is a system of horizontal gutters applied on the backside of
spandrel panels to collect any condensation and water that collects and falls down the back of the
panels. The system has a slope built into it that allows collected condensation and rainwater to
6 AND SEALANTS BUILDING/CONSTRUCTION SEVISEHDA
drain out through engineered valve boxes placed in the exterior vertical sealant joints, see Figure
FIG. l--Cut away section of the gutter system installed on a precast concrete panel (System
consists of gutters attached to the backside that drain water to valve boxes mounted in the
vertical joints).
The gutter as designed has a mass of 0.5 grams per millimeter (0.34 lbs per foot) of length.
If the gutter were to be full of water, the gutter would weigh 1.0 gram per millimeter (0.68 lbs
per foot) of length. Hence the adhesive should be designed to support the weight of the gutter
full of water without having any negative impact on the bond.
The gutter system must be capable of removing the water resulting from leaks and
condensation that can breach the primary system. The largest concrete panels that this could be
used with measure 9 m x 3 m (30 ft x 10 fl).
Silicone RTV sealants have not been used to attach items to concrete-based materials in the
past. However, it is common in a sealant-testing laboratory to attach concrete blocks to
aluminum supports that rest inside an accelerated weathering machine. Personal experience by
one of the authors is documented in ASTM STP 1200 [1]. This author had 63 tensile adhesion
joints made of concrete to concrete, each weighing about 250 grams (0.55 lbs), attached to
aluminum with about 1250 turn 2 (2 in )2 RTV neutral cure silicone sealant. Of the 63 samples, 21
were exposed to 1000 hours, 21 were exposed to 2500 hours, and 21 were exposed to 4000 hours
of 3 QU-V accelerated aging. The adhesive sealant never saw the UV light, however it did see
QUV 3 gnirehtaeW Q-Panel Tester baL ,stcudorP 008 yrubretnaC ,dR OH Cleveland, ,54144 USA.