Dual-Fuel Diesel Engines

312 Pages·2015·17.339 MB·English

by  Karim, G. A

Mechanical/Chemical Engineering
DuAl-FuEl KARim
DuAl-FuEl
DiEsEl EnginEs
DiEsEl EnginEs
GhAzi A. KARim
D
“… a comprehensive and well-integrated review of the relevant fundamentals u
and practices of the operation of gas-fueled compression ignition engines of the
dual-fuel type. … a very well-written book featuring interesting, reach-in informa- A
tion covering important topics of internal combustion engines not covered yet
GhAzi A. KARim
in a single book. … excellent, up-to-date. … a very good and unique source of l
information. … The book reviews the latest and possible future developments in
-
the area of dual-fuel engines.”
F
—Andrzej Teodorczyk, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
u
Dual-Fuel Diesel Engines offers a detailed discussion of different types of E
dual-fuel diesel engines, the gaseous fuels they can use, and their op-
l
erational practices. Reflecting cutting-edge advancements in this rapidly

expanding field, this timely book: D
• Explains the benefits and challenges associated with internal
i
combustion, compression ignition, gas-fueled, and premixed E
dual-fuel engines
s
• Explores methane and natural gas as engine fuels, as well as
E
liquefied petroleum gases, hydrogen, and other alternative fuels
• Examines safety considerations, combustion of fuel gases, l
and the conversion of diesel engines to dual-fuel operation
E
• Addresses dual-fuel engine combustion, performance, knock,
n
exhaust emissions, operational features, and management
• Describes dual-fuel engine operation on alternative fuels and the
g
predictive modeling of dual-fuel engine performance
i
Dual-Fuel Diesel Engines covers a variety of engine sizes and areas of ap- n
plication, with an emphasis on the transportation sector. The book pro-
vides a state-of-the-art reference for engineering students, practicing E
engineers, and scientists alike.
s
K24645
6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW
Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487
711 Third Avenue
an informa business New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park
www.taylorandfrancisgroup.com Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK
CAT#K24645 cover.indd 1 2/3/15 10:02 AM

Dual-Fuel
Diesel engines

Dual-Fuel
Diesel engines
Ghazi a. Karim
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20150112
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-0309-3 (eBook - PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and
publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication
and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any
copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any
future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information stor-
age or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copy-
right.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that pro-
vides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photo-
copy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
To my teachers, students, and associates
for all their contributions over the years.

Contents
Preface....................................................................................................................xiii
Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................xv
About the Author ...................................................................................................xvii
Nomenclature ..........................................................................................................xix
Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1
1.1 Prologue .....................................................................................1
1.2 Relevant Terminology ...............................................................2
1.3 The Equivalence Ratio ..............................................................3
1.4 Efficiency Considerations ..........................................................5
1.5 Cogeneration ..............................................................................8
References and Recommended Reading ..............................................9
Chapter 2 The Internal Combustion Engine .......................................................11
2.1 The Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine .....................11
2.2 Hybrid Engine Applications ....................................................15
2.3 Selection of Engine Power Systems ........................................16
References and Recommended Reading ............................................17
Chapter 3 The Compression Ignition Engine ......................................................19
3.1 The Diesel Engine ...................................................................19
3.2 Operational Features of Diesel Engines ..................................21
3.3 The Ignition Delay ...................................................................23
3.4 Diesel Engine Fuels .................................................................25
3.5 Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI)
Engines ....................................................................................27
References and Recommended Reading ............................................28
Chapter 4 Gas-Fueled Engines ............................................................................31
4.1 Merits of Operating on Gaseous Fuels ....................................31
4.2 Modes of Operation of Gas-Fueled Engines ...........................33
4.3 The Applications of Gas-Fueled Engines ................................37
References and Recommended Reading ............................................39
Chapter 5 The Premixed Dual-Fuel Engine .......................................................41
5.1 Historical Development ...........................................................41
5.2 Dual-Fuel Engine Operation ...................................................43
vii
viii Contents
5.3 The Conversion of Diesel Engines to Dual-Fuel Operation ....45
5.4 The Employment of Dual-Fuel Engines ..................................47
5.5 Some Economic Considerations ..............................................50
References and Recommended Reading ............................................53
Chapter 6 Methane and Natural Gas as Engine Fuels ........................................55
6.1 Natural Gas as a Fuel ..............................................................55
6.2 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) .............................................58
6.3 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) ..................................................62
6.4 Fuel Mixtures Containing Methane with Diluent Gases.........65
6.5 Some Other Natural Gas Mixtures ..........................................67
6.6 Some Common Nonnatural Gas–Fuel Mixtures .....................68
6.7 Biogas Fuels .............................................................................71
6.8 Landfill Gases ..........................................................................74
6.9 Some Other Gaseous Fuel Mixtures .......................................75
References and Recommended Reading ............................................76
Chapter 7 Liquefied Petroleum Gases, Hydrogen, and Other Alternative Fuels ...79
7.1 Evaluating the Merits of the Different Gaseous Fuels
for Dual-Fuel Operation ..........................................................79
7.2 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) ..............................................80
7.3 Other Alternative Fuels ...........................................................82
7.4 Hydrogen as an Engine Fuel ....................................................83
References and Recommended Reading ............................................86
Chapter 8 Safety Considerations .........................................................................89
8.1 Fuel Safety Requirements ........................................................89
8.2 Methane and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
Operational Safety ...................................................................91
8.3 LNG Operational Safety ..........................................................91
8.4 Operational Safety of LPG Gases ...........................................93
8.5 Some Engine Safety Measures ................................................94
References and Recommended Reading ............................................95
Chapter 9 Combustion of Fuel Gases ..................................................................97
9.1 Some Combustion Fundamentals ............................................97
9.2 Combustion, Flames, and Ignition Processes ........................101
9.3 Diffusion vs. Premixed Combustion .....................................102
9.4 Diesel Engine Combustion ....................................................104
9.5 Heat Release Analysis ...........................................................107
9.6 Flammability and Combustion Limits of Gas Fuel–Air
Mixtures ................................................................................109
9.7 Methane Oxidation within Fuel Mixtures .............................111
References and Recommended Reading ..........................................113