DTIC ADA619227: Naval War College Review. Volume 65, Number 3

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Naval War College Review,Summer 2012,Volume 65, Number 3
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14. ABSTRACT
Vice Admiral James B. Stockdale holds a unique position in the roster of distinguished American naval
officers of the last century. In "Reflections on the Stockdale Legacy," Martin L. Cook, current holder of
the Stockdale Chair of Professional Military Ethics at the Naval War College, vividly recalls the
extraordinary moral courage and leadership displayed by Stockdale during his nearly eight years of
captivity in a North Vietnamese prison camp.
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Cover
What appears to be a recruiting poster
is actually a large backdrop, charcoal on
rough canvas, used in a play produced in
the early years of World War II by U.S.
naval personnel at Naval Air Station
Quonset Point, Rhode Island. The dark
outlines that can be seen around, for in-
stance, the smoke in the foreground would
not have been visible from “across the
footlights.” The backdrop hangs today in
a wooden frame in the lobby of the Naval
War College’s McCarty Little Hall.
Oil and charcoal image in the collec-
tion of the Naval War College Museum,
Newport, Rhode Island. Design by Emilie
Ting of the Naval War College Visual
Communications Department.
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NAVAL WAR COLLEGE REVIEW
Summer 2012
Volume 65, Number 3
NAVAL WAR COLLEGE PRESS
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CONTENTS
From the Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Reflections on the Stockdale Legacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Martin L. Cook
President’s Forum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Naval Operations
A Close Look at the Operational Level of War at Sea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Captain Wayne P. Hughes, Jr., U.S. Navy (Retired)
The operational level of war at sea is useful in promoting congruence between campaign planning
and execution, heightening awareness of operational logistics, and clarifying the roles of theater
commanders, but above all in testing strategy—without which strategy is only hypothesis.
The New Normalcy
Sea Power and Contingency Operations in the Twenty-First Century . . . . . . . . . . 47
Captain Robert B. Watts, U.S. Coast Guard
The “crisis contingency”—a concatenation of crises of scope and impact unprecedented until
recently—is becoming a frequent challenge for navies. Sea power must adapt to its unaccustomed
realities.
The Aegis BMD Global Enterprise
A “High End” Maritime Partnership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Brad Hicks, George Galdorisi, and Scott C. Truver
Against the increasing threat of ballistic missiles, the Aegis BMD capabilities of the navies of the
United States, its allies, and its friends can provide the Global Maritime Partnership with a means
to wage “high end” warfare with combined, coordinated, ballistic-missile defense: the Aegis BMD
Global Enterprise.
Learning from Lebanon
Airpower and Strategy in Israel’s 2006 War against Hezbollah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Benjamin S. Lambeth
Israel’s 2006 campaign against Hezbollah was the first in the nation’s history to end without a
clear-cut military victory. But there was no single point of failure, least of all on the part of Israeli
airpower, as commonly alleged. Instead, it reflected an overarching deficiency in strategy choice.
2 NAVAL WAR COLLEGE REVIEW
China’s Aerospace Power Trajectory in the Near Seas . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
Daniel J. Kostecka
As the Chinese military continues to modernize—especially its naval, air force, and missile aero-
space forces—and to develop its counterstrike doctrine, its ability to defend the nation’s “near seas”
grows. However, the People’s Liberation Army is not without its weaknesses in this area.
Phase Zero
How China Exploits It, Why the United States Does Not. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
Scott D. McDonald, Brock Jones, and Jason M. Frazee
China’s strategic culture emphasizes early and subtle manipulation to bend the wills of adversaries
without combat or to engage in combat from a position of advantage. The United States is con-
strained from responding in kind by its own peacetime culture, habits, and doctrine.
The Navy’s Moral Compass
Commanding Officers and Personal Misconduct. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
Captain Mark F. Light, U.S. Navy
Only a small percentage of commanding officers are being fired for personal misconduct, but the
number is too high, and it continues to grow. There does not seem to be consensus that the prob-
lem urgently demands transformational change. But it does.
Book Reviews
Leaders at War: How Presidents Shape Military Interventions,
by Elizabeth N. Saunders
reviewed by Frederick H. Black, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
Improving Intelligence Analysis: Bridging the Gap between
Scholarship and Practice, by Stephen Marrin
reviewed by Derek Reveron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
Currency Wars: The Making of the Next Global Crisis, by James Rickards
reviewed by Edward Fuller and Robert C. Whitten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
In Uncertain Times: American Foreign Policy after the Berlin Wall and 9/11,
edited by Melvyn P. Leffler and Jeffrey W. Legro
reviewed by Norah Schneider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
Democratization in Africa: Progress and Retreat,
edited by Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner
reviewed by Richard Norton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157
Conquered into Liberty: Two Centuries of Battles along the Great Warpath
That Made the American Way of War, by Eliot A. Cohen
reviewed by Ken Jensen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
Deterrence through Strength: British Naval Power and Foreign Policy
under Pax Britannica, by Rebecca Berens Matzke
reviewed by Angus K. Ross. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
Pirates, Ports, and Coasts in Asia: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives,
edited by John Kleinen and Manon Osseweijer
Oceans of Crime: Maritime Piracy and Transnational Security in
Southeast Asia and Bangladesh, by Carolin Liss
reviewed by Martin N. Murphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
Of Special Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
Reflections on Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
FROM THE EDITORS
Vice Admiral James B. Stockdale holds a unique position in the roster of dis-
tinguished American naval officers of the last century. In “Reflections on the
Stockdale Legacy,” Martin L. Cook, current holder of the Stockdale Chair of
Professional Military Ethics at the Naval War College, vividly recalls the extraor-
dinary moral courage and leadership displayed by Stockdale during his nearly
eight years of captivity in a North Vietnamese prison camp. But the core of the
Stockdale legacy, he maintains, lies rather in Stockdale’s deep intellectual engage-
ment with the classic literary and philosophical works of the Western tradition
and in his appropriation of those works for the professional education of military
officers. The famous course developed by Stockdale while President of the Naval
War College some thirty-five years ago, “The Foundations of Moral Obligation,”
continues to be offered in Newport to limited numbers of students. But, Cook
believes, there is room throughout today’s Navy for a rediscovery of the admiral’s
broader insights concerning character development in our officer corps. (Ad-
ditional discussion of ethics in the Navy’s officer ranks is offered in an article by
Captain Mark F. Light appearing later in this issue.)
Two articles offer broad perspectives on the future of the U.S. Navy in the
emerging strategic environment. In “Naval Operations: A Close Look at the Op-
erational Level of War at Sea,” Wayne Hughes explores the concept of operational
art in a maritime context, stressing the importance of operational or campaign
planning in testing and validating new strategic concepts. Although formal
adoption of the operational-art construct is a relatively recent event in the Navy,
Hughes points out that the prominence long given to logistics in naval thought
and planning in fact constitutes long-standing informal acknowledgment of a
dimension of naval warfare distinct from strategy and tactics. Robert B. Watts, in
“The New Normalcy: Sea Power and Contingency Operations in the Twenty-First
Century,” makes the case that the Navy needs a better appreciation of the nature
of major crisis contingencies in the contemporary world that invite or require na-
val responses. Mass migrations, natural disasters, and the like, he argues, provide
increasing challenges in the transparent information environment of today, and
the Navy should rethink the way it prepares for and conducts such operations.
Captain Watts, USCG, currently holds the U.S. Coast Guard chair at the National
War College. Captain Hughes, USN (Ret.), is on the faculty of the Department of