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N A V A L W A R C O L L NAVA L WA R C O LL E G E R EVI EW E G E R E V I E Winter 2007 W Volume 60, Number 1 W ni t e r 2 0 0 7 NIUTEEDHTSVTAIRTIEBSUS MARI VICTNOARVAILAEWGEALRLOC Report Documentation Page Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 3. DATES COVERED 2007 2. REPORT TYPE 00-00-2007 to 00-00-2007 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Naval War College Review,Winter 2007,Volume 60, Number 1 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval War College,,868 Cushing Rd.,,Newport,,RI,02841 REPORT NUMBER 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT 15. SUBJECT TERMS 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE Same as 167 unclassified unclassified unclassified Report (SAR) Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18 Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Cover TheLuceHallcupoladuringoneofthefre- quentsnowstorms(thisoneinDecember)of thewinterof2002–2003.Photographby Jo-AnnParks,reproducedbypermission. C:\WIP\NWCR\NWC Review Winter 2007.vp Wednesday, February 28, 2007 8:14:25 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen NAVAL WAR COLLEGE REVIEW Winter 2007 Volume 60, Number 1 NAVALWARCOLLEGEPRESS 686 Cushing Road Newport, RI 02841-1207 C:\WIP\NWCR\NWC Review Winter 2007.vp Wednesday, February 28, 2007 8:14:26 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen NAVALWARCOLLEGEPRESSADVISORYBOARD PRESIDENT,NAVALWARCOLLEGE InisL. Claude, Jr. Rear Adm. Jacob L. Shuford, USN Norman Friedman PROVOSTANDDEANOFACADEMICS Colin Gray James F. Giblin, Jr. Capt. Wayne P. Hughes, Jr., USN (Ret.) Paul M. Kennedy DEANOFNAVALWARFARESTUDIES Robert C. Rubel James R.Kurth Robert J. Murray NAVALWARCOLLEGEPRESS George H.Quester Carnes Lord,Editor Lt. Gen. Bernard E. Trainor, USMC (Ret.) Pelham G. Boyer,Managing Editor G. William Whitehurst Phyllis P. Winkler,Book Review Editor Lori A.Almeida,Secretary and Circulation Manager NAVALWARCOLLEGEREVIEWEDITORIALBOARD FrankUhlig, Jr.,Editor Emeritus Col. James Conklin, USMC Naval War College Review Audrey Kurth Cronin Code 32, Naval War College Peter Dombrowski 686 Cushing Rd., Newport, RI 02841-1207 Stephen Downes-Martin Fax: 401.841.1071 Lt. Cdr. Derek S. Reveron, USN DSNexchange, all lines: 948 Col. Theodore L. Gatchel, USMC (Ret.) Website: www.nwc.navy.mil/press Capt. Dennis Mandsager, JAGC, USN (Ret.) William C. Martel Editor, Circulation, or Business Col. Mackubin Owens, USMC (Ret.) 401.841.2236 Capt. Peter M. Swartz, USN (Ret.) [email protected] Scott C. Truver Managing Editor Karl F. Walling 401.841.4552 James J. Wirtz [email protected] Newport Papers, Books [email protected] Essays and Book Reviews 401.841.6584 [email protected] Other Naval War College Offices 401.841.3089 C:\WIP\NWCR\NWC Review Winter 2007.vp Wednesday, February 28, 2007 8:14:26 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen TheNavalWarCollegeReviewwasestablishedin1948asaforumfordiscussionof publicpolicymattersofinteresttothemaritimeservices.Thethoughtsandopinions expressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthorsandarenotnecessarilythose oftheU.S.government,theU.S.NavyDepartment,ortheNavalWarCollege. The journal is published quarterly. Distribution is limited generally to commands andactivitiesoftheU.S.Navy,MarineCorps,andCoastGuard;regularandreserve officersofU.S.services;foreignofficersandcivilianshavingapresentorprevious affiliationwiththeNavalWarCollege;selectedU.S.governmentofficialsandagen- cies;andselectedU.S.andinternationallibraries,researchcenters,publications,and educationalinstitutions. Contributors Please request the standard contributors’ guidance from the managing editor or access it online before submitting manuscripts.TheNavalWarCollegeReviewnei- theroffersnormakescompensationforarticlesorbookreviews,anditassumesno responsibilityforthereturnofmanuscripts,althougheveryeffortismadetoreturn thosenotaccepted.Insubmittingwork,thesenderwarrantsthatitisoriginal,that itisthesender’sproperty,andthatneitheritnorasimilarworkbythesenderhas beenacceptedorisunderconsiderationelsewhere. Permissions Reproduction and reprinting are subject to the Copyright Act of 1976 and appli- cable treaties of the United States. To obtain permission to reproduce material bearing a copyright notice, or to reproduce any material for commercialpur- poses,contacttheeditorforeachuse.Materialnotbearingacopyrightnotice may be freely reproduced for academic or other noncommercial use; however, it is requested that the author andNaval War College Reviewbe credited and that the editor be informed. Periodicals postage paid at Newport, R.I. POSTMASTERS, send address changes to:Naval War College Review,Code 32S, Naval War College, 686 Cushing Rd., Newport, R.I. 02841-1207. ISSN0028-1484 C:\WIP\NWCR\NWC Review Winter 2007.vp Wednesday, February 28, 2007 8:14:26 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen C:\WIP\NWCR\NWC Review Winter 2007.vp Wednesday, February 28, 2007 8:14:27 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen CONTENTS FromtheEditors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 President’sForum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 The U.S. Coast Guard AFlexibleForceforNationalSecurity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Vice Admiral Vivien Crea, U.S. Coast Guard The Coast Guard is a flexible and adaptable force—always deployed and always active in safeguarding the maritime security of U.S. citizens and interests. Other military services train and deploy or wait for surge requirements to emerge. For the Coast Guard, “24/7” is the reality of operational tempo and demands. “Deployment” is not a phase of the development of the force; it is an everyday activity. StrategicCultureandItsRelationshiptoNavalStrategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Roger W. Barnett The Chief of Naval Operations has called for the creation of a new maritime strategy. Its predecessor of the 1980s was looked upon favorably by the naval community because it was in harmony with Navy strategic culture. If a new strategy is to be successful, it too must resonate with Navy strategic culture. The Limits of Intelligence in Maritime Counterproliferation Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Craig H. Allen The long-term practical and political success of the Proliferation Security Initiative will be determined in large measure by the availability of timely and accurate intelligence, and by whether decision makers and operators are more willing to err on the side of safety or caution. AsiaRising China’s Future Nuclear Submarine Force InsightsfromChineseWritings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Andrew S. Erickson and Lyle J. Goldstein While Western defense analysts have tended to focus on China’s diesel submarine force, Chinese open-source writings suggest that PRC strategists are keenly aware that nuclear submarines form a potent means to project power into far-flung sea areas and also may be critical to Beijing’s evolving strategic deterrence objectives. C:\WIP\NWCR\NWC Review Winter 2007.vp Wednesday, February 28, 2007 8:14:27 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen 2 NAVALWARCOLLEGEREVIEW MerchantShippinginaChineseBlockadeofTaiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Lieutenant Michael C. Grubb,U.S.Navy The Republic of China owns one of the world’s great merchant marines. But would the ships it has registered overseas run a Chinese blockade? Could Taiwan sustain itself, even at a basic level, if they did not? Leadership and Decision DutyatAllCosts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 George M. Clifford III When, if ever, should an American military officer request to depart in protest because of policy objections? When, if ever, should an officer who has departed for such reasons speak publicly about those objections? An Episcopal priest (and retired U.S. Navy chaplain) offers a model for use in answering those and other such anguishing questions. Organization and Management PurpleMedicine TheCaseforaJointMedicalCommand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Capt. Arthur M. Smith, MC,U.S.Navy Reserve (Retired), Capt. David A. Lane, MC, U.S. Navy, and Vice Adm. James A. Zimble, MC, U.S. Navy (Retired) The Military Health System requires radical restructuring to ensure medical readiness, improve cost management, and integrate health care delivery. A new Joint Medical Command would be able to articulate—and implement—more effectively the medical support required by an increasingly joint and interdependent defense establishment. Review Essay BuildinganIntelligenceCommunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 National Intelligence Strategy,and Strategic Human Capital Plan: An Annex to theUSNational Intelligence Strategy, by John Negroponte reviewed by Derek S. Reveron Book Reviews Strategy and History: Essays on Theory and Practice,by Colin S. Gray reviewedbyTimothyD.Hoyt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military,by Husain Haqqani reviewedbyAmerLatif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 C:\WIP\NWCR\NWC Review Winter 2007.vp Wednesday, February 28, 2007 8:14:27 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen CONTENTS 3 T. E. Lawrence in War and Peace: An Anthology of the Military Writings of Lawrence of Arabia, edited byMalcolm Brown reviewedbyAhmedHashim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Decision at Sea: Five Naval Battles That Shaped American History, by Craig L. Symonds reviewedbyWilliamLloydStearman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Making Innovation Work: How to Manage It, Measure It, and Profit from It, by Tony Divila, Marc J. Epstein, and Robert Shelton reviewedbyHankKniskern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Religion and Security: The New Nexus in International Relations, edited by Robert A. Seiple and Dennis R. Hoover reviewedbyJohnD.Carlson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 The Tao of Spycraft: Intelligence Theory and Practice in TraditionalChina, by Ralph D. Sawyer reviewedbyJohnR.Arpin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Japan’s Sea Lane Security, 1940–2004: A Matter of Life and Death? by Euan Graham reviewedbyAndrewS.Erickson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Silent Steel: The Mysterious Death of the Nuclear Sub USSScorpion, by Stephen P. Johnson reviewedbyJamesH.Patton,Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Foreign Relations of theU.S.:Vietnam, January 1969–July 1970,vol. 6, edited by Edward C. Keefer reviewedbyDouglasKinnard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 The War That MadeAmerica: A Short History of the French and Indian War, by Fred Anderson reviewedbyWilliamCalhoun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 IntheJournals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 OfSpecialInterest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 C:\WIP\NWCR\NWC Review Winter 2007.vp Wednesday, February 28, 2007 8:14:27 AM