DTIC ADA504111: Habitats and Distribution of Anopheles Sinensis and Associated Anopheles Hyrcanus Group in Japan

3.7 MB·English

by  Defense Technical Information Center

JmmwloftheAmerican Mosqllito ControlAssociation. 21(4):458-463. 2005
Copyright © 2005 by the American MosquitoControl Association. Inc.
SCIENTIFIC NOTE
HABITATS AND DISTRffiUTION OF ANOPHELES SINENSIS AND
ASSOCIATED ANOPHELES HYRCANUS GROUP IN JAPAN
LEOPOLDOM. RUEDA.' MASASHIRO IWAKAMI.2.b MONICA O'GUINN.2.•MOTOYOSHI MOm.'
BRIAN F. PRENDERGAST,-·'ICHIRO MIYAGI,>TAKAKOTOMA.'JAMES E. PECOR' AND
RICHARD C. WILKERSON'
ABSTRACT. Mosquito collections were carried out in August 2002 and July 2003 in Japan. Anopheles
sinensis of the Hyrcanus Group. Myzomyia Series ofAnopheles. was the most common species encountered.
The distribution and habitats of5 Anopheles Hyrcanus Group speciesare included. Eight species belongingto
Aedes. Cllle."C. and Uranotal'1lia were found associated with An. sinensis in rice paddies and a variety ofother
larval habitats.
KEYWORDS Mosquitoes,Anophelessinensis.HyrcanusGroup,Aedes, Clllex, Uranotaenia.Japan.Culicidae
The Anopheles Hyrcanus Group consists ofsev Subgroup. and 17 in the unassigned subgroup. He
eral species that are vectors of malaria and other omitted An. yatsllslziroensis Miyazaki and An. al
mosquito-borne diseases in the Oriental and Pale botaeniatlts (Theobald) from his Hyrcanus Group
arctic regions. The group. as currently defined. in list. with the latter being transferred to the Albo
cludesaboutthree quarters ofthespecies thatcom taeniatus Group and the former currently a syno
prise the Myzorhynchus Series ofgenusAnopheles nym of An. puUltS M. Yamada (Shin and Hong
subgenus Anopheles. The group has about 30 spe 2001, Hwang et al. 2004). Twenty-seven species of
cies. with the additionof2 newlydescribed species the Hyrcanus Group are found in the Oriental and
(Li et aI. 2005. Rueda 2005) in the Oriental and Eastern Palearctic regions, and only 3 species have
Palearctic regions. a western Palearcticdistribution(from westernChi
Anopheles hyrcanus (Pallas 1771) was initially na and south of 500 N) (Rarnsdale 2001). In this
recorded (as Culex) from the southern shoresofthe paper,we treatedAn. yat.mshiroensisasa validspe
Caspian Sea. It was shown to have a wide distri cies because the genetic comparison to type speci
bution from Europe to east and southeastern Asia. mens from the type locality ofAn. yatsushiroensis.
including islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Yatsushiro City. Japan. is still needed to rule out
It became apparent that the taxon included a num the possibility that this is a valid species.
berofmorphologicallydistinctformsandthatsome In Japan, there are only 5 known species ofthe
were involved in the transmission of malarial and Hyrcanus Group: An. sinensis Wiedemann, An. si
filarial parasites in the Oriental and Eastern Pale neroides Yamada. An. engarensis Kanda and Ogu
arctic regions. Subsequently, about 30specieshave rna. An. lesteri Baisas and Hu. and An. yatsllshi
been described and named (Ramsdale 2001. Har roensis (Tanaka et aI. 1979). The type locality of
bach 2004, Rueda 2005). Harbach (2004) listed 27 each species is listed in Table l.
species in the Hyrcanus Group. with 6 species Anopheles sinensis is the most common anoph
placed in the Lesteri Subgroup.4 in theNigerrimus
eline species in Japan, including Ryukyu Islands
(Tanakaetal. 1979). Ithas longbeensuspectedthat
,Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit. Department ofEn it is the most important vectorofmalaria in Japan.
tomology. Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. 503 including Okinawa and Hokkaido. Even though in
RobertGrant Avenue. SilverSpring. MD 20910. digenous malaria has disappeared. this vector re
2Center for Human Health and Preventive Medicine mains abundant throughout Japan. It is a known
Pacific. Entomology Program. CP Zama Building 7I5.
vector of malaria in Korea and China, and it has a
Room 242. Tokyo APO. AP96343.
,Department ofPathology and Biodefense. Faculty of wide distribution in Asia (Harrison and Scanlon
Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1. Saga 849 1975, Tanaka et aJ. 1979. Rueda et aI. 2005a).
8501.Japan. AnophelesJested is a very important vectorofma
-United States Marine Corps, 3rd Medical Battalion. lariainChina. Basedonacombinationofpublished
Unit 38447, OkinawaFPO. AP96604-8447. and newly generated rDNA ITS2 sequences, Wilk
'University of Ryukyus. Health Science School, 207 erson et a1. (2003) found that An. lesteri from the
Uehara Nishihara.Okinawa903-0215. Japan.
Philippines (type locality oftrueJesteri) and Korea
•Present address: MCMR-UIV. Building 1425. Room
and so called An. anthropophaglls from China are
A. Fon Detrick. MD 21702.
Present address: Navy Environmental and Preventive synonymous. with An. anthropophagus as the ju
7
Medicine Unit 2, 1887 Powhatan Street. Norfolk. VA nior synonym. To clarify and stabilize the taxon,
23511. Rueda et aI. (2005b) designated and described the
458
Report Documentation Page Form Approved
OMB No. 0704-0188
Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and
maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information,
including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington
VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it

does not display a currently valid OMB control number.
1. REPORT DATE 3. DATES COVERED
2005 2. REPORT TYPE 00-00-2005 to 00-00-2005
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER
Habitats and Distribution of Anopheles Sinensis and Associated
5b. GRANT NUMBER
Anopheles Hyrcanus Group in Japan
5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER
6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER
5e. TASK NUMBER
5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research,Department of REPORT NUMBER
Entomology,Silver Spring,MD,20910
9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S)
11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT
NUMBER(S)
12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
14. ABSTRACT
see report
15. SUBJECT TERMS
16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF
ABSTRACT OF PAGES RESPONSIBLE PERSON
a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE Same as 6
unclassified unclassified unclassified Report (SAR)
Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98)
Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18
DECEMBER 2005 SCIENTIFIC NOTE 459
Table I. Type locality ofAnopheles Hyrcanus Group speciesin Japan.
Species Type locality Reference
An. sinensis China: Guangzhou Wiedemann 1828
An. engarensis Japan: Hukkaido (Engaru) Kanda and Oguma 1978
An. yatsushiroensis Japan: Kyushu (Yatsushiro) Miyazaki 195I
An. sineroides Japan: Hokkaido (Bibai) Yamada 1924
An. lested Philippines: Manila (Sla. Mesa) Baisas and Hu 1936
Laguna(Calauan)-neotype Rueda etal. 2005b
neotypeand alloneotypeofAn. lesteri. Thisspecies and no report indicates the existence ofAn. pul/us
was suspected asan importantvectorofindigenous in that country. However. because the type locality
malaria in Japan. but particularly in Hokkaido. of An. yatsushiroellsis is in Japan. it is necessary
where it commonly occurs in great numbers. [t is do a genetic comparison ofAn. pul/us from Ko
(0
also common in the Ryukyus Islands and has been rea with the topotypic specimens from Japan to re
found more frequently in coastal regions ilian in solve definitively if the two are synonyms or not.
land in Honshu and Kyushu (Tanaka et al. 1979). Anophelesyatsushiroellsis is not known as a vector
Shin and Hong (2001) and Hwang et aJ. (2004) ofindigenous malaria inJapan. AnophelesPill/us is
consideredAn. yatsushiroellsisas asynonymofAn. consideredapotential vectorofvivaxmalaria inthe
pul/us based on molecular and morphological data Korean Peninsula. The other Hyrcanus Group spe
ofKoreanspecimens. Wedid notcollectAll. pul/us cies, An. silleroides and All. engarensis. are not
during our collections in 2002 and 2003 in Japan. known vectors of indigenous malaria in Japan.
12SE .:ICE 1l!E 14CE '45E
-
- ~
N ~
" * "
--
t
Japan
>SH -
angarensls
"
yatsushlroensls
30N -
~
sin..ensis
... "J
lesterl
-
T
slneroldes
- '"' *
..
. K
500 o 500 Kilometers
Fig. I. Map ofJapan showing the distributi()R ofAnopheles Hyrcanus Group (based on observed and published
specimens). (A) Hokkaido district. (B-F) Honshu. (G) Shikoku district. (H) Kyushu district. (l) Amami Gunlo. (J)
OkinawaGunlo. (K) Miyakoand Yaeyama Gunlo.
460 JOURNAL OFTHE A.\tERICAN MosQuITOCONTROLASSOCIATION VOL. 21, No.4
Table 2. DistributionofAnopheles HyrcanusGroup species in Japan <based onobserved and published specimens).
An. An. An. An. An. yatsu-
Location engarensis lester; s;neroides sinensis sh;roens;s
Amami Oshima Is.: Akagina 61
Amami Oshima Is.: Koniya I
Amami Oshima Is.: Nishinakama 6 6
Amami Oshima Is.: Yuwan 6.7 6
Hokkaido: Bibai 6 7
Hokkaido:Engaru 6.7 7 6.7
Hokkaido: Hakodule I
Hokkaido: Nagayama 7
Hokkaido: Rubeshibe 6,7 6 7
Hokkaido: Sakura-oka 7 7
Hokkaido: Sapporo 6
Honshu: Aomon Pref., Sukayu 6, 7
Honshu: Chiba Pref., Imba-Numa 2.5
Honshu: Chiba Pref..Shirahama
Honshu: Chiba Pref.,Tateyama
Honshu: Chiba Pref.•Teganuma 6
Honshu: IshikawaPref.. Kamiosaki I
Honshu: Ishikawa Pref., Wajima I
Honshu: Kanagawa Pref., Atsugi 6.7
Honshu: Kanagawa Pref.•Ayase 6
Honshu: KanagawaPref.• Hiratsuka 7
Honshu: Kanagawa Pref., Nakatsu Valley 6
Honshu: Kanagawa Pref.,Sagamihara 6.7 6
Honshu: Kanagawa Pref.•Toya 6.7
Honshu: Kanagawa Pref.• Yamato 6.7 6
Honshu: KanagawaPref.,Zama 6 6
Honshu: Kyoto Pref., Hikone 5
Honshu: Kyoto Pref.. Ogura 4,5
Honshu: Nagano Pref.. Nonkura-kogen 6
Honshu: OkoyamaPref., Kurashiki 6
Honshu: OkoyamaPref., Utoma 6 6
Honshu: ShizoukaPref.. GOlenba I
Honshu: ShizoukaPref., Misakubo 6
Honshu: Shizouka Pref.,Shimoda I
Honshu:Tokyo Pref.. Hachioji 6 6
Honshu: Tokyo Pref., Kamiosaki I
Honshu: Tokyo Pref., Seroganeshizenen I
Honshu: Tokyo Pref., Shakuji I
Honshu: Tokyo Pref.,Tachikawa 6
Honshu: Tokyo Pref.. Ueno 6 6
Irimote Is.: Itokawa-nndo 6
IrimoleIs.: MI. Barna 6
Irimote Is.: Ohara 6
Irimole Is.: Uehara 6
Ishigaki Is.. Inoda 6
Ishigaki Is.: Miyara Riv. 6
Ishigaki Is.: Mt. Maeshi 6
Ishigaki Is.: Mt. Omolo 6 6
Ishigaki Is.: Nagura 6
Ishigaki Is.: ncar Kabira 6
Ishigaki Is.: Yashigawa 6
Ishigaki Is.: Yoshiwara 6
Kyushu: Fukuoka Pref.. Yanagawa 3
'.
Kyushu: Kagoshima Pref.• Kagoshima 6, 7
Kyushu: Kagoshima Pref..Shiroyama 6
Kyushu: Kagoshima Pref.•Taniyama 6
Kyushu: Kumamolo Pref.• Minamata 3
Kyushu: Kumamoto Pref., Nishisato 7
Kyushu: Kumamoto Pref..Tamana 6.7
Kyushu: Kumamoto Pref., Ueki 7
Kyushu: Kumamoto Pref.. Uto 6
Kyushu: Kumamoto Pref., Yatsushiro 6, 7 3
DECEMIlIiR 2005 SClr~IFlCNOTE 461
Table 2. Continued.
All. All. All. All. All. Jars,,
Location ellgClrensis lesteri silleroides si/lellsis .~hiroensis
Kyushu: Nagasaki Pref.• Aino 6
Kyushu: Nagasaki Pref.• Fukushima Is. 7
Kyushu: Nagasaki Pref.• Isahaya 6
Kyushu: Saga Prer., Ahikari 7
Kyushu: SagaPref.,Sagaand south ofSaga 7 3
Kyushu: Saga Pref.,Tosu 6
Kyushu: Wakayama. Kushimoto 1
Okinawa Is.: Ginowan 6
Okinawa Is.: Igei 7
Okinawa Is.: Kcna Dam 7
Okinawa Is.: Kin 7
Okinawa Is.: Ojina 6. 7
Okinawa Is.:Toguchi 6
OkinawaIs.: Yona 6
Shikoku: Kochi. Ashizuri-misaki 6
TsushimaIs.: Asamo 6
TsushimaIs.: Kuwa 6
Tsushima Is.: Naiin 6
Yonaguni Is.: near Sonai 6 6
,1=Kurihara (\999); 2 =Miyake(1950): 3 =Miyazaki (1951):" = Olsuru and Konoc (1951);5 =O"uruand Ohmon (1960):
6= Tanakaelai,(1979):7 = observed specimen~(museumand fieldcollecled),
We conducted 40 mosquito collections in Japan pinned, provided with appropriate collection data.
in August 2002 and July 2003. resulting in 223 in and identified. Some adults and whole larvae were
dividually reared pinned adults, 138 individually separately preserved in 100%ethyl alcohol for mo
reared adults preserved in 100% ethyl alcohol for lecular analysis. Adult specimens and associated
moleculartests, and 351 withexuviaeoflarvaeand JarvaVpupal exuviae were identified using infor
pupae and whole larvae. In addition, 3 type local mation from Tanaka et al. (1979). Voucher speci
ities in Japan were visited to collect mosquitoes in mensaredeposited in the National MuseumofNat
2003, namely Yatsu."hiro for An. yatsushiroellSis, ural History, Smithsonian Institution. Washington.
Bibai for An. sineroides. and Engaru for An. en DC.
garellSis. In 2002, only the type locality in Yatshu Specimens of Anopheles Hyrcanus Group spe
shiro was visited for collection. We initially target ciesdeposited at various museums were examined.
ed larval collections from those habitats where including those in the Entomology Museum ofthe
mosquitoes in the genus Anopheles were likely to National InstituteofInfectious Diseases.Tokyo.Ja
be found. Larvae and pupae from various habitats pan; University of Hokkaido. Insect Museum. Sap
were collected using dippers and individually poro, Japan; and the National Museum of Natural
reared to the adult stage (Walter Reed Biosyste History. Smithsonian Museum, Washington. DC.
matics Unit 2001). Larval and pupal skins were To furtherconfirm the identificationof2Anopheles
preserved in 80% ethyl alcohol and slide mounted species(Le.,An. sinellsisandAll. silleroides). DNA
using standard protocols. Emerged adults were was isolated from individual adult mosquitoes by
Table 3. HabitatsofAnopheles HyrcanusGroup species in Japan andotherAsian countries.
Species Larval habitat' Locality Reference
An. sinensis Rp, SP Japan Tanakaet al. 1979,1
ID.MA.SW Thailand Harrisonand Scanlon
ct al. 1975
An. engarensis CR. GP, PO. RP. GP Japan Tanakael al. 1979
An. yatsllshiroenses CR.lD. RP Japan Tanakaet al. 1979
An. sineroides GP, PO. RD. SM Japan Tanakllet al. 1979'
RH Korea Tanakaet al. 1979
An. festerjJ GP, IW. MA. PO. RP,SM Japan Tanakael al. 1979'
HD Philippines Rueda etal. 2005b'
,CR.cn:ek:GP, ground pool;HD, hill dilch: to, irrigalionditch; tW. impounded wlller; MA. marsh: PO. pond;RD. roadandolher
dilches: RH.rockhole; RP.ricepaddy:SM.~Ireammargin;Sp'siream pool:SW.swamp.
,Observed museumand field-eollccledspecimens.
)Prefercoolerand shadedareasunlikeAll.sillellsis. and morecommonincoaslalareasIhaninland(TanakaCl a!. 1979).
462 JOURNALOFTHE AMERICAN MosQuITOCONTROl. ASSOCIATION VOL. 21. No.4
phenol-chloroformextraction as described in Wilk preventive medicine and public health personnel
erson et al. (1993). Direct sequencing ofribosomal who deal with malaria vector problems ifsporadic
DNA ITS2 was carried out. and the results were malaria cases appear in the future.
compared with those ofWilkerson et al. (2003). We thank Masaaki Suwa and Kazunori Yoshi
Figure I and Table 2 show the distribution of5 zawa of Hokkaido University. Sapporo. for allow
Anopheles Hyrcanus Group species. based on our ing L. M. Rueda to examine mosquito specimens;
field-collected data. museum specimen data. and Takeshi Kurihara. Hiromu Kurahashi, Kyoko Sa
published information (Miyake 1950. Miyazaki wabe. and Akihiko Shinohara for their kindness,
1951. Otsuru and Konoe 1951. Otsuru and Ohmori hospitality. and help to L. M. Rueda when he ex
1960. Tanaka et at. 1979. Kurihara 1999). Anoph aminedspecimens in the EntomologyMuseum.Na
eles sinensis occurs almost all throughout Japan tional Institute of Infectious Diseases. Tokyo; No
(Honshu. Shikoku. and Kyushu districts and Rukyu boru Minakawa. Saga University, Saga. for help
Archipelago). Anopheles /esteri is found from the with collecting specimens at Saga: Cong Li for
southern areas (Ryukyu Archipelago) to the north DNA analysis; andTom Anderson forpreparingthe
ern areas(e.g.• Hokkaido).Allophelesyot.mslliroell map. This research was performed under a Mem
sis is known to occur primarily in the Honshu and orandum of Understanding between the Walter
Kyushu districts. Anopheles ellgaremis is confined Reed Army Institute of Research and the Smith
to Hokkaido. whereas All. sineroides occurs in sonian Institution. with institutional support provid
Hokkaido and other areas ofJapan. ed by both organizations. The opinions and asser
Table 3 shows the habitats of An. sinellsis, An. tions contained herein are those ofthe authors and
s;neroides. An. engarellsi.f. All. lesteri, and An. yot are not to be construed as official or reflecting the
sllslliroensis at variousareasofJapan based on our views of the Depanment of the Army or the De
field-collected data. museum specimen data. and panment of Defense.
published information. The larvae of all species.
except An. s;neroides. are found in rice paddies.
During our 2003 survey. we found that the mean REFERENCES CITED
waterpH (6.8).conductivity (0.17 JLS), andsalinity Baisas FE. Hu SMK. 1936. Allophele.~ hyrct/lIlls l'ar. s;
(0.07 ppm) of the larvaVpupal habitats of An. si IIt?llS;S of the Philippines and certain p."lrts of China.
nens;s and associated species in rice paddies were with some comments on Anoplleles hyrclIlIlls var. 1/;
greater compared with the irrigation ditches (6.5, gerrim/u' of Ihe Philippines. Manila, Philippines:
0.07. and 0.03. respectively). The mean water tem MOl/tM)' Bl/II Bureau ofHell/til 16:205-24J.
perature (27.5°C) ofthese rice paddy habitats was HarbachRE. 2004. TheclassificationofgenusAnopheles
(Diptera: Culicidae): a working hypothesis of phylo
lower compared with the irrigation ditches
genetic relationships. Bull £"'011101 Res94:537-553.
(30.5°C). We found the larvae of An. sinensis as
Harrison BA. Scanlon JE. 1975. Medical enlomology
sociated in the rice paddies with Cillex(Cillex) tri
studics-II.The subgenusAnopheles inThailand(Dip
taen;orhynchlls Gilesat Saga(SagaPrefecture)and
tera: Culicidae). Colltril,Am£IIwmol Inst (Alln Arbor)
Yatsushiro(Kumamoto Prefecture). in the rice pad
12:1-307.
dies with Cx. (CIIX.) b;taeniorhynclllts Giles at HwangUW.YangTS. Rce HI. 2004. Molecularevidence
Nishisato (Kumamoto Prefecture). and in the taro for synonymy of Anopheles )'atsllluhimens;s and An.
or "rotas" irrigated fields with Cx. (Lophocera pill/liS. JAm Mosq Comrol Assoc20:99-104.
omyia) infantulils Edwards. Cx. (CIIX.) tritaneor Kanda 1: Oguma M. 1978. Anopheles engarens;s, new
hynchus. Cx. (Lutzia) fuscanlls Wiedemann, and specics related to sinens;s from Hokkaido. Island. Ja
Uranoloenea (Uranolaenell) IIwcfar/ane; Edwards pan. Mosq S)'SI 10:45-52.
Kuriham 1: 1999. Family Culicidae (lnsccta: Diplera)!
at Kin. Okinawa. We also collected from other lar
mosquitoes. Databa.se Reo. £11101/101 Col/eet I:1-34.
val habitats where Anopheles species were absent
Li C. LecJS.GroebnerJL. Kim HC. KleinTA.O'Guinn
and found the following species: Aedes (Aedimor
ML. Wilkerson RC. 2(J05. Anewly recognizedspecies
plms) vexansnipponii (Theobald) in rice paddiesat in thc AllOphelt's Hyrcanus Group and moleculariden
Kin. Okinawa; Cx. (Cux.) triloneorlzynchusand Cx. tificalion ofrelated species fmm the RcpublicofSouth
(Eumelanomyia) ha)'aslzii r)'ukyuQllu.r Tanaka. Mi Korea (Diplera: Culicidae). ZQotaxt/ 939:1-8.
zusawa, and Saugstad in creeks orditches at Camp Miyake M. 1950. Studyon the anopheline mosquitoes in
Gonsalves,Okinawa; Cx. (Eumelanomyia) hoyas/lii Kyushu. HllkllOkaActa Med41:918-927.
hayos/lii Yamada in rice paddies at Asahikawa Miyazaki I. 1951. OnanewanophclinemosquitoAnoph
(Hokkaido); Cx. (CIIX.) p;piens pallens Coquillett elesyllt.ms1liroens;s n. sp. found in Kyushu, withsome
and Cx. (Lop.) infamu/lls in stream marginsat Sap remarks on two relatcd species of the gcnus. KYIISIIll
Melli MedSci 2:195-206.
poro (Hokkaido); and Cx. (CIIX.) mimel;clls Noe in
Otsuru M. Konoe I. 1951. On thc distribution of the
rice paddies at Futoni and Bibai (Hokkaido).
Anophelescalled "Yatsushirotypc" in Ogura area. Ihe
This paper presents the habitats and distribution suburbs ofKyoto city. Met! B;ol 19:194-196.
of the 5 species of Hyrcanus Group ofAnopheles OtsuruM.OhmoriY. 1960. MalariasludiesinJapanafter
in Japan based on specimens collected in 2002 and World WarII.partIt.ThesearchforAnophelessinens;s
2003, museumspecimens.and available references. sibling speciesgroup. Japan J £:cp Met! 30:33-65.
Ourwork provides readily available infornlation to Pallas PS. 1771. Re;sedl/rell versclliedenl!pm\';nzendes
DECEMBER 2005 SCIF.NTIFIC Non: 463
nlssischen reichs. Vol. I. Graz. Austria: Akademische Tanaka K. Mizusawa K.Saugstad E. 1979. Arevisionof
Druck·u Verlagsanslall. the adult and larval mosquitoesofJapan(includingthe
RamsdaleCD. 2001. Internal lallonomy ofthe Hyrcanus Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawaro Islands) and
groupofAnopheles(Diplera:Culicidae)anditsbearing Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Cmllrib Am Entomol Insl
on the incrimination of veclors ofmalaria in the west (Ann Arbor) 16:1-987.
ofthe Palearctic Region. EarMosq B/I/I 10:1-8. Waller Reed Biosyslmatics Unit. 2001. Laboratory and
RuedaLM. 2005. TwonewspeciesofAnopheles(Anop/I· field protocols. Washington. DC: Waller Reed Biosys
eles)HyrcanusGroup(Diptera:Culicidae)fromtheRe Icmatics Unit. Smithsonian Institution.
publicofSouth Korea. Zoo,axa 941:1-26. WiedemannCRG. 1828. Aussereuropaischezweiftugelige
Rueda LM. Ma Y. Song GH. Gao Q. 2005a. Notes on inseklen. Vol. I. Hamm.Germany:ErsterTheilSchulz.
thedistributionofAnopheles(Anopheles)sinensisWie Wilkerson RC. Li C. Rueda LM. Kim HC. Klein TA.
demann (Diptera:Culicidae)inChinaand thestatusof SongGH.Strickman D. 2003. Molecularconfinnation
someAnopheles Hyrcanus Group typespecimens from ofAnopheles(Anopheles) lesleri from the Republic of
China. Proc EnlomolSoc Wash 107:235-238. South Korea and its genetic identity with An. (Ano.)
Rueda LM. Wilkerson RC. Li C. 2oo5b. Anopheles anthropophagus from China (Diptero: Culicidac).?bo.
(Anopheles) lesteri Baisasand Hu(Diplera: Culicidae): laxa 378:1-14.
neolypedesignalionand description. Proc ElltomolSoc YamadaS. 1924. Arevisionoftheadultanophelinemos
Wash 107:604-622. quitoes of Japan: syslematic descriptions. their habit~
ShinEH. Hong HK. 2001. AnewsynonymofAnopheles and their relations 10human diseases. logetherwith an
(Anopheles)Pill/USYamada. 1937:A. (A.)yal.mshiroen· account ofIhree new species. Sci Rep GO\' Inst InfecI
sis Miyazaki. 1951. Korean J Emomol 31:1-5. Dis Tokyo 3:215-241.