DTIC ADA503313: Reconstruction Under Fire: Unifying Civil and Military Counterinsurgency

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2009 2. REPORT TYPE 00-00-2009 to 00-00-2009
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Reconstruction Under Fire: Unifying Civil and Military
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Counterinsurgency
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Reconstruction
Under Fire
Unifying Civil and
Military Counterinsurgency
David C. Gompert, Terrence K. Kelly, Brooke Stearns Lawson,
Michelle Parker, Kimberly Colloton
Sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense
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Preface
It is widely agreed that effective civilian relief, reconstruction, and
development work can help convince people to support their govern-
ment against insurgency. Knowing this, insurgents will target such
work, threatening both those who perform it and those who benefit
from it. Too often, the result is a postponement of efforts to improve
government and serve the population until contested territory has been
cleared of insurgents. This can lead to excessive reliance on force to
defeat insurgents—at best, delaying and, at worst, preventing success.
Unsatisfied with this general state of affairs, a RAND team with
combined security and development expertise set out to learn how
“civilian counterinsurgency” (civil COIN) could be conducted more
safely in the face of active insurgency, when it can do the most good.
Thanks to a grant from the Smith Richardson Foundation, matched by
support from the U.S. Department of Defense, the team has completed
this inquiry and set out the results in this monograph. Its findings
and recommendations should be of as much interest to practitioners,
policy leaders, and scholars of civil COIN as well as to those involved
in security.
This research was sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of
Defense and conducted within the International Security and Defense
Policy Center of the RAND National Defense Research Institute, a
federally funded research and development center sponsored by the
Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combat-
ant Commands, the Department of the Navy, the Marine Corps, the
defense agencies, and the defense Intelligence Community.
iii
iv Reconstruction Under Fire: Unifying Civil and Military Counterinsurgency
For more information on RAND’s International Security and
Defense Policy Center, contact the Director, James Dobbins. He can be
reached by email at [email protected]; by phone at 703-413-
1100, extension 5134; or by mail at the RAND Corporation, 1200 S.
Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202. More information about RAND
is available at www.rand.org.
Contents
Preface ............................................................................. iii
Figures ............................................................................. ix
Tables .............................................................................. xi
Summary .........................................................................xiii
Acknowledgments ............................................................ xxiii
Abbreviations ................................................................... xxv
ChAPTer One
Introduction ....................................................................... 1
Conceptual Bearings ............................................................... 1
The Nature and Importance of Civil COIN .................................... 7
Civil COIN, Violence, and Risk ................................................12
Context .............................................................................18
Method and Organization of the Monograph .................................21
ChAPTer TwO
Three Cases ...................................................................... 23
Objectives and Criteria .......................................................... 23
Nord-Kivu, DRC ................................................................ 26
Background ..................................................................... 26
Context ...........................................................................29
Threat .............................................................................31
Focus Areas ......................................................................32
Nangarhar, Afghanistan ..........................................................33
Background ......................................................................33
Context .......................................................................... 36
v
vi Reconstruction Under Fire: Unifying Civil and Military Counterinsurgency
Threat ............................................................................ 38
Focus Areas ......................................................................39
Al Anbar, Iraq .....................................................................41
Background ......................................................................41
Context ...........................................................................45
Threat ............................................................................ 46
Focus Areas ..................................................................... 48
Summary Observations and Analysis .......................................... 50
ChAPTer Three
Integrated Analysis, Integrated Approach ..................................59
Civil-Military “Integration” ......................................................59
The Nature of Civil COIN ......................................................61
The Practicalities of Civil COIN ............................................... 68
A Network Model for Securing Civil COIN ..................................71
Co-location to Reduce and Manage Risk ......................................75
Integrating Security and Civil COIN Operations ............................79
Current Efforts to Integrate and Secure Civil COIN .........................83
Conclusion ........................................................................ 86
ChAPTer FOur
Security requirements ..........................................................89
Modes of Providing Security ....................................................93
Embedded Security ............................................................ 94
Mobile Security ................................................................ 97
Quick-Reaction Forces ........................................................ 98
Information Sensing and Sharing ........................................... 100
Non-Lethal Capabilities ...................................................... 103
Investments ...................................................................... 104
Summary ......................................................................... 107
ChAPTer FIve
Conclusions ..................................................................... 109
Summary of Key Findings ..................................................... 110
Recommendations .............................................................. 117
General Principles ............................................................. 117
Contents vii
Further Analysis ............................................................... 118
Application and Experimentation ........................................... 118
Concluding Thoughts .......................................................... 119
About the Authors ............................................................. 121
Bibliography .................................................................... 125