Table Of Content

Order Code RL31258 SRC tropeR rofssergnoC WebCRS the throRuegche ived Suits Against Terrorist States January 25, 2002 David M. Ackerman Legislative Attorney naciremA waLnoisiviD Congressional Research Service (cid:152)(cid:152) The Library of Congress Report Documentation Page Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 3. DATES COVERED 25 JAN 2002 2. REPORT TYPE 00-00-2002 to 00-00-2002 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Suits Against Terrorist States 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Congressional Research Service,The Library of Congress,101 REPORT NUMBER Independence Ave SE,Washington,DC,20540-7500 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT 15. SUBJECT TERMS 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE Same as 28 unclassified unclassified unclassified Report (SAR) Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18 Suits Against Terrorist States Summary nI § 2002 fo eht smitciV“ fo gnikciffarT dna ecneloiV Protection tcA fo 2000,” ssergnoC detcerid eht yraterceS fo eht yrusaerT to yap portions fo nevele stnemgduj that evah neeb (or nwo ddedna h)e blliw ni stius tsniaga terrorist states ecnis 1996. htiW respect to eno tnemgduj tsniaga ,abuC § 2002 dedivorp that tnemyap dluow eb edam out fo eht stessa fo abuC ni eht detinU States that evah eb ne dekcolbecnis 1962. htiW respect to net stnemgduj tsniaga Iran, ssergnoC detcerid that tnemyap eb edam tuo fdoetairp osrdpnpuaf pu(ot a enbe h.tS .eU htta hdt n)agnili edceificeps deltitne t o kees tnemesrubmier rof esoht stnemyap morf .narI sA a,ecneuqesnoc y nsrneat e ehnsnzs buiiot nohren o ctfsani nsbil5 oaul. fi Ci3eol7m9hl.1ti6$m9$ diap ni eht eno tnemgduj tsniaga ;abuC dna over $350 noillim ni U.S. sdnuf sah neeb (or lliw )eb diap ni enin stnemgduj tsniaga Iran, htiw eno erom esac not tey .dediced stnemgduJ tsniaga terrorist states ni stius other naht eseht nevele evah deunitnoc ot eb dednah nwod yb eht .struoc tuB §2002 dedivorp stnamia lr coefrudeco ropn ni other stius other naht those detangised to niatbo noitcafsitas fo rieht.stnemgduj Moreover, other snoitseuq evah neeb desiar about eht stirem fo eht noitasnepmoc margorp dehsilbatse ,hta erd oafb utCsnia gsamia ldcnasuo hxt iyslr a. e2N0 0y§2b dn a,yrujni noitairporpxe gnirud dna retfa Castro’s takeover erew doeetbnimreted etamitigel yb eht ngieroF smialC tnemeltteS eh tn inoissimmoC etal 1960s. But no noitasnepmoc sah reve neeb diap ni eseht ;sesac dna s emo fo eseht stnamialcwon ezicitirc eht esu fo a laitnatsbus portion fo s’abuC nezorf stessa to edivorp noitasnepmoc of r a ,elgnis retal tsirorret .tca nI eht esac fo eht stnemgdujtsniaga Iran, emos evah denoitseuq .noitasnep msyooda tcnp . ueSeffs.houUt ,oslA both eht notnilC dna hsuB snoitartsinimdA ah ve raised objections to past efforts to use citamolpid property dna nezorf stessa to yfsitas eht stnemgduj tsniaga terrorist states. sihT eussi sah sti nigiro ni stnemdnema to eht ngieroF ngierevoS seitinummI tcA detcane ni 1996 hcihw wolla livic stius yb U.S. smitciv fo msirorret tsniaga eht states elbisnopser for, or ticilpmoc ,ni eht terrorist act. xelpmoc ylgnisaercni emoceb sah tI sa ssergnoC sah sought to etatilicaf tnemyap fo eht stnemgduj .deredner tcejbus ehT yam llew eb a rettam fo evitalsigel nrecnoc ni eht dnoces noisses fo eht701 th :ssergnoC ,yrusaerT eht fo stnemtrapeD eht rof tca snoitairporppa 2002 lacsif eht nI ,ecitsuJ dna State, ssergnoC detcerid that eht inimdA noitarts timbus aevitalsigel lasoporp to hsilbatse a“ evisneherpmoc margorp to erusne ,riaf ,elbatiuqe dna prompt deti nlU lra onfoitasnepmoc States smitciv fo lanoitanretni ”msirorret yb teim ietht stimbus sti proposed tegdub rof lacsif 2003. ,ytixelpmoc fo tnemele rehtruf a gniddA eht snoitairporppa act osla deniatnoc a noisivorp gnizirohtua those ohw erewdleh hostage yb narI ni 1979-1981 to gnirb tius tsniaga that state rednu eht terrorist state noitpecxe to eht ,AISF gnidnatshtiwton eht tnemeerga ni eht sreiglA droccA that del .sti uhsc udserr ahbci hewsael errie hott sihT report sedivorp dnuorgkcab on eht ;AISF sliated the evolution of the terrorist state noitpecxe dna tneuqesbus stnemdnema r e gnidrag tnemyap fo eht ;stnemgduj sets htrof eht ycilop dna lagel stnemugra that evah neeb ;decudda dna stsil eht tnuo me ahd tn,aed anme eebv atha hsttnemy ae ph,t2 0 yd0§be2rev oscesac fo terrorist state stessa nezorf ni eht U.S. .tnarraw stneve sa detadpu eb lliw troper ehT Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ytinu memtI adntnoSuorgkcaB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 69 9 f1to cyAtlan ehPta eeDvitcef fdE nmasirorreT-it neAhT . . . . . . . . . . . 4 50 1eh ty bstnemdnemA ht Congress (1997-1998) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 60 1eh ty bstnemdnemA ht Congress (1999-2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7 0e1 h ytnboitcA ht sser gnoC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 noisulcnoC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 de, ryseB evttosaCitrS otrsr nesiT taXngIeAD mNIgEdPuPJA t,noa tu 2§ses0rdt0uan2PMe mdynaaP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 XIDNEPPA II tnuomA fo stessA fo tsiror rseeTtatS set adteSt i endyhUebtkcolB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 SAugiatTisen rsrto Srtiastte s Introduction nI § 2002 fo eht smitciV“ fo gnikciffarT dna ecneloiV Protection tcA fo 2000,” 1 ssergnoC detcerid eht yraterceS fo eht yrusaerT to yap portions fo nevele stnemgduj ne eebv athaht (or lliw )eb dednah nwod ni stius tsniaga terrorist states .69 9e1cnis htiW respect to eno tnemgduj tsniaga ,abuC § 2002 dedivorp that tnemyap dluow eb edam tuo fo eht stessa fo abuC ni eht detinU setatS taht evah neeb dekcolbecnis 1962. htiW respect to net stnemgduj tsniaga Iran, ssergnoC detcerid that tnemyap eb edam out fo airporppa ted funds and that the U.S. then be entitled to seek tnemesrubmier rof those stnemyap morf Iran. eht fo noillim 7.69$ ,ecneuqesnoc a sA detamitse $193.5 noillim ni nabuC stessa nezorf ni siht yrtnuoc 2 sah neeb diap to eht r on(e esb ashdn u.fS . nUnioill i0m5 3r$e vdo n;aab utCsnia gtai ues h ntsitnamialc soon lliw )eb diap out htiw respect to enin stnemgduj tsniaga Iran, htiw eno lanoitidda .gnidne pllit sesac stnemgduJ ni stius tsniaga terrorist states other naht eseht nevele evah deunitnoc ot d eenbdwno ad yh.b sethrtuoc But stnami a rleocrfudec odorenpdiv o2r 0p§02 ni stius other naht eht seno deifitnedi to niatbo noitcafsitas fo rieht .stnemgduj Moreover, other snoitseuq evah neeb desiar a tuob eht stirem fo eht detimil nepmoc de hysbil b.m§a2a t0rns0gto e2osi rnts piamda singya a allsxrcuiaosehNt abuC rof death, ,yrujni dna noitairporpxe gnirud dna retfa Castro’s takeover erew denimreted to eb etamitigel yb eht ngieroF smialC tnemeltteS noissimmoC ni eht etal 1960s. tuB n oointasn espamhoc reve neeb diap ni eseh t;sesac dna emos foeseht wo nstnamialc noitseuq edivo r o psttes snaezo rsf’ab u fCfol aghni s fusosenri aefht noitasnepmoc rof a ,elgnis retal terrorist act. tsni3aga stnemgduj eht ot tcepser htiW Iran, emos evah denoitseuq eht esu fo U.S. sdnuf to yap .noitasnepmoc ,noitidda nI both eht notnilC dna B hsu snoitartsinimdA evah ,desiar dna eunitnoc ot,esiar lanoitutitsnoc dna citamolpid snoitcejbo to stroffe to yfsitas eht stnemgduj tsniaga tsseit ratotursor efnstoe.tzye ots ecrrsrrifeaoutpz aoifmreoopslpid sihT noitautis dah sti nigiro ni stnemdnema to eht ngieroF ngierevoS seitinummI tcA )AISF( 4 detcane ni 1996 hcihw wolla c iliv stius yb U.S. smitciv fo msirorret tsniaga eht states elbisnopser for, or ticilpmoc ,ni eht terrorist ;stca dna eht eussi sah 1 .L.P ,683-601 noisiviD ,C § 2002 .tcO( ,82 ;)0002 411 .tatS.1451 2 See.I Ixidnepp A 3 nI 1996 eht nabuC riA ecroF tohs nwod owt srehtorB“ ot eht ”eucseR senalp gnidnatshtiwton that eht enalp erew edistuo fo Cuba’s a ir space. In Alejandre v. Republic of Cuba, 996 F.Supp. 1239 (S.D. Fla. 1997), tcirts ildared eaf truoc dedrawa eht seilimaf fo eerht fo eht .ab utCsnia gsaegam a ndnioill i7m.78 1 f$loat osatena lep h ftsotnapuc crouof 4 28 U.S.C.A. 1602 et seq. 2-SRC depoleved a rebmun fo xelpmoc snoisnemid ecnis that .emit eb llew yam tcejbus ehT a matter fo evitalsigel nrecnoc ni eht dnoces noisses fo the 107 th :ssergnoC nIeht lacsif 2002 snoitairporppa act rof eht stnemtrapeD fo eht ,yrusaerT ,ecitsuJ dna State, ssergnoC detcerid that eht noitartsinimdA timbus a evitalsigel lasoporp to hsilbatse a“ evisneherpmoc margorp to erusne ,riaf ,elbatiuqe dna prompt noitasnepmoc rof lla ”msirorr eltanoitanret n fisomitc isveta tdSetinU yb eht desopo rs ptsitimb utesimit tegdub rof lacsif 2003. nI eht emas tca ssergnoC osla dedda a rehtruf tnemelefo oyttixelpmoc eht noitautis yb gniyficeps that a tius e r oeehwsw onyh abttrsIniaga dleh hostage ni 1979- 81 is not barred by the FSIA. 5 e ntOnemel efo ehstreiglA stdadrheotlccA to eht esaeler del bun oat wradIhetdiv o1 sr8nep9ig1at sefohoht .tnedicn ieh tro ftiu smor fenummi sihT report sedivorp dnuorgkcab on eht enirtcod fo state y tinummi dna eht ;AISF sezirammus eht 1996 stnemdnema to eht ;AISF sliated eht tneuqesbus lanoissergnoC stroffe to tsissa sffitnialp i n o nigtncianfi safitotbaos ;rsitenhet msgtdeusj htrofeht lagel dna ycilop stnemugra that evah edam rof dna tsniaga those ;stroffe stsil eht sesac derevoc yb § 2002, eht tnuoma fo noitasnepmoc that sah neeb diap ni hcae ,esac dna t eh source fo eht ;noitasnepmoc dna stsil eht tnuoma fo eht dekcolb essa ts of each tsi reotrartest eh Ttrop elrliw e bdetadp usa s.ttnneavreraw Background on State Immunity yramotsuC lanoitanretni wal y llacirotsih dedroffa states etelpmoc yt inummi morf gnieb deus ni the courts of other states. In the words fo feihC ecitsuJ ,llahsraM siht ytinummi saw detoor ni eht tcefrep“ ytilauqe dna etulosba ecnednepedni fo ”sngierevos dna eht deen to niatniam irf y.lsdnnoeitaler hguoht lhAcae noitansah lluf“ dna ”etulosba noitcidsiruj nihtiw sti own territory, the feihC ecitsuJ stated, that :set antgsiere vr oe dshontte otts xoe,enotdnes nnoo cm ,mynobocitcidsiruj enO ngierevos gnieb ni on tcepser elbanema ot ;rehtona dna gnieb dnuobyb snoitagilbo fo eht tsehgih etcarahc r ton o tedarg ee dhyttingi dfo s i,hnoitanyb gnicalp flesmih ro sti ngierevos sthgir nihtiw eht siruj d noitci fo ,rehtona nac eb desoppus ot retne a ngierof yrotirret ylno rednu na sserpxe ,esnecil ro nieht ecnedifnoc that t,n onigtia e ttrgsnenevid ognoss netesopiilethe ditbennhiummi hguoht ton ylsserpxe ,detalupits era devreser yb ,noitacilpmi dna lliw eb dednetxe .mi hot f oecnednepedn ietulosb adn aytilauq etcefre psihT nommo csih tdn a,sngierevos tseretni gnillepmi meht ot feogn ahcret n nida n,aesruocret nliautum doog seciffo htiw hcae ,rehto evah nevig esir ot a ssalc fo sesac ni cihw h nygrieevreevsois dootsrednu ot eviaw eht esicrexe fo a part fo that etelpmoc evisulcxe tirret orial .noit aynre v feeotubirt tea h et obdteta tnse esb ahhci h,wnoitcidsiruj 6 5 redeoR .v cimalsI cilbupeR fo ,narI esaC rebmuN 01130VC00:1 )SGE( ,.C.D.D(delif .)00 0, 29r2ebmeceD 6 ehT renoohcS egnahcxE , 11 U.S. 7( )hcnarC 116, 137 )2181( gnidloh( a hcnerF pihsraw ot eb enummi .S . faUnooitcidsir uej hmtorf .)truoc nI izzir e.BsorB .oC .v .S. S,oraseP172 U.S. 562 ,)6291( eht Court dleh siht elpicnirp fo inummi den w yoy t -lolsep tlatpoeaatwts .spih slaicremmoc 3-SRC gniruD eht lat ofetolpicni rspi h,trevew o,hyrutn etcsal state ytinummi emaceb nag esbeta t fsroebm uranet fnaoitatim i olttcejbus gnigagne yltcerid laicremmo cni .seitivitca neve setats rehto fo struoc eht ni ytinummi rieht niatniam ot setats wolla oT elihw degagne ni yranidro ,ecremmoc ti saw ,dias evag“ states na riafnu egatnavda ni ititepmoc no htiw etavir plaicr e”memsoicrpretne dna deined eht etavirp seitrapni other nations with whom they dealt their normal recourse to the courts to settle .setupsid 7 eyr lodrdefnelt eatrabfo iaW sdseeutm oam,rtiees cmsnuAenu qaesnoc raW II adopted a evitcirtser elpicnirp fo state ytinummi gnivreserp state ytinummi rof s tetussbaocm gniwolla states to eb laic remm orcie h ftto ugonisi rsamia lrc odfeus .seitivitca For eht detinU States siht evitcirtser elpicnirp saw tsrif adopted yb e vitartsinimda noitca ni2591 8 dna neht saw yllareneg accepted yb eht courts. In 1978 Congress deifidoc eht elpicnirp ni eht ngieroF ngierevoS .)AIS Ft( csAeitinummI 9 ehT AISF states eht lareneg elpicnirp that a“ ngierof state llahs eb enummi morf eht noitcidsiruj fo eht courts fo eht detinU States dna fo eht States” 10 dna neht sets htrof lareves .snoitpecxe ehT yram isrnpoitpecxe era rof sesac ni hcihw eht“ ngierof etatssah deviaw sti ytinummi rehtie ylsserpxe or yb ”,noitacilpmi sesac ni hcihw eht“ noitca si desab upon a laicremmoc ytivitca deirrac on ni eht detinU States yb eht ngierof state,” dna stius tsniaga a ngierof state rof lanosrep yrujni or aed th or damage to property gnirrucco ni eht detinU States sa a tluser fo eht tortious act fo na laiciffo or eeyolpme of that state .tnemyolp m reeocif fso i fheopo ces hntiht igwnitca 11 smia ltcs o rm oF eht tcA osla sedivorp that eht laicremmoc property fo a ngierof state ni eht U.S. yam eb attached ni noitcafsitas ta httsnia gtanemg d fuaoj state sseldrager fo rehtehw eht .des asb amwia lec hhtci h nwyotivit cea hrt odfe ssu aywtreporp 12 The Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 nI 1996 ssergnoC dedda another noitpecxe to eht AISF hcihw swolla eht laredef dna state courts to esicrexe noitcidsiruj evo r ngierof setats ni livic stius yb.S.U tciv smi fo.msirorret 1 3 eroM ,yllacificeps eno trap fo eht msirorreT-itnA“dna 7NACIREMA WAL INSTITUTE, RESTATEMENT OF THE LAW THIRD: THE S NNOGII TEWARALOLEFR FO E HDT EST EI)TN7AU 8T.9Sl1o(V (,)1 ta .193 ,et a .TkB8c a,Jeta t fStonemtrap eeD h ftroesiv dlAag egLnit ceAhT detats ni a rettel ot eht A c gnit yenrottA lareneG that ni erutuf sesac eht tnemtrapeD dluow wollof eht evitcirtser . 6e2lpicnirp Department of State Bulletin 984 .)2591( t ns,eny ahilea wassguaaoci verP ngierof etats ,esora eht State tnemtrapeD ylenituor deksa eht tnemtrapeD fo ecitsuJ ot mrofni eht truoc that eht tnemnrevog derovaf eht elpicnirp fo etulosba inummi ty; and the courts yllausu dedecca ot siht .ecivda reg ndoolnl utonwemnre v eothg atthnt areemt t ee tl eahTT .ytivitc alaicremmo cgnivlovn isetat sngiero ftsniag asesa cn inoitseggu ssih tekam 9 28 U.S.C.A. 1602 et seq. 10 Id. § 1604. 11 Id. § 1605. 12 Id. § 1610. 13 P.L. 104-132, eltiT ,II § 221 lirpA( 24, 1976); 110 Stat. 1241; 28 U.S.C.A. 1605(a)(7) )...deunitnoc( 4-SRC evitceffE htaeD ytlaneP tcA fo "6991 te a ddAheie Ithvdo Stont)FreApmPaDEA( et antgsie raof si not enummi morf eht noitcidsiruj fo sntir ueot cadltnasare deehft hcih wn isesac yenom segamad era thguos tsniaga a ngierof etats rof lanosrep yrujni ro htaed that saw desuac yb na act fo ,erutrot laicidujartxe ,gnillik aircraft ,egatobasegatsoh ,gnikat ro eht noisivorp fo lairetam support ro secruoser ... rof hcus na act fi hcus act ro noisivorp fo lairetam support si degagne i n yb na ,lai c,iefefyoolpmero tnega fo hcus ngierof s etat elihw gnitca nihtiw eht epocs fo sih ro reh,eciffo ... .ycneg ar o,tnemyolpme 14 To llaf nihtiw eht pur weiv fo si h,tnoitce se httne mrde nhdetemrrauifuq etrahteht detangis eeedbta tnsgierof sa a state sponsor fo msirorret yb eht State tnemtrapeD at eht emit eht act occurred, 15 aht t rehtie eht tnamialc ro eht mitciv fo eht tcafo msirorret eb a U.S. ,lanoitan 16 dna that eht state hcihw si s ued be given a prior ytinutroppo to etartibra eht mialc fi eht act on hcihw eht mialc si dneirru cdceosab that state. The Act authorized the courts to drawa both yrotasnepmoc evitinu pdna segamad dna stated that eht noitpecxe to ytinummi deilppa to tnenitrep sesuac fo noitca that arose ,erofeb on , or retfa sti date fo .tnemtcane 17dewolla rehtruf tcA ehT eht laicremmoc property fo a e hnetita tnsgierof U.S. to eb attached ni noitcafsitas fo a tnemgduj tsniaga that state rednu t sih tnemdnema sseldrager fo rehtehweht 13 )deunitnoc...( tseW( .ppuS.)1002 14 Id. 15 ehT State tnemtrapeD seifitnedi etats srosnops fo msirorret pursuant ot § )j(6 fo eht tropxE tc AnoitartsinimdA ecnatsis snAgier oe FhfA to0 ,2§)6)j(50 4.2p p.AA.C.S .0 U59(7 9f1o tcA 22( U.S.C.A. 2371), dna § )d(04 fo eht smrA tropxE lortnoC tcA 22( U.S.C.A. .))d(0872 ehT ,tsil hcihw si dehsilbup ,yllaunna yltnerruc sedulcni Cuba, Iran, Iraq, ,aybiL htroN ,aeroK ,. nadaindrau ySS See 22 CFR Part 126(1)(a) (2001). 16 sA yllaitini ,detcane eht etutats dedivorp that a tsirorret etats dluoc ton eb deus fi rehtie“ eht tnamialc ro mitciv saw ton a U.S. ”.lanoitan eb dluoc noisivorp eht taht nrecnoc fo esuaceB daer ot eriuqer that htob eht tnamialc dna mitciv eb U.S. slanoitan dna that, as a ,ecneuqesnoc emos fo eht limaf sei ohw e rdeewzimitci vyb eh ttsir ogrnriebtmob fo naP mA 301revo ,eibrekcoL ,dnaltocS dluow eb ,dedulcxe ssergnoC dednema eht egaugnal ni 1997 ot bar hcus stius ylno fi rehtien“ eht tnamialc ron eht mitciv saw a lanoitan fo eht detinU States ....” See P.L. 105-11, 105 th ,.1g noC st .l ) i,7l ) 8r09 i,7d 4p19 .r59n .-A1sp29a.t5(sA1Hp0e(e1SR 17 . . )5.Ate10p.s t06pCe8o01u.W2n2SS(.U 5-SRC property saw devlovni ni eht act on hcihw eht mialc saw .desab 1 8 The Clinton .AI Se F hnstiegna hecse hdtetropp unsoitartsinimdA Later ni 1996 ssergnoC detcane a counterpart statute gnivig rsoeitr adperujni .set attssiror rtestni asgt a irnuoosf i etfssc oeuaavaictatneser plea rgreileht 19 18 Id. § .)2()b(0161 noitanalpxe ro etabed hcum eviecer ton did AISF eht ot stnemdnema esehT gnirud eht s’APDEA noitaredisnoc yb eht etaneS dna eht .esuoH tahw ot ralimis snoisivorP saw detcane erew dedulcni ni htob eht etaneS dna eht esuoH serusaem as decudortni (S. 735, § 221 dna H.R. 2703, § 803 .)ylevitcepser ;lli brehti en odeli fsa wtrope reettimmo co ntu B dna eht ylno egnahc that appears ot evah neeb edam ud gnir roolf etabed saw athgils tnemdnema yb .peR edyH ni a s’reganam tnemdnema ni eht esuoH gnisopmi a raey-01 etutats fo snoitatimil no cus h stius dna ylthgils gniyfidom eht noisivorp gninrecnoclairt-erp .noitartibra See 142 CONG. REC. H 2166 yliad( ,.de hcraM 13, e hfttoro p .ee )rh6T991 :swollo fs adetat sylpmi seettimmo cecnerefnoc noitceS esuoH--122 noitces 803 sedecer ot etaneS noitces 206, htiw .snoitacifidom sihT eltitbus sedivorp that snoitan detangised as etats srosnops fo msirorret rednu noitces 97 9 f1to cnAoitartsinim dtArop xeE h ft)oj(6 lliw eb elbanema ot tius ni U.S. struoc rof tsirorret acts. gnikees smialc raeh ot struoc laredef .S.U stimrep tI yenom segamad rof lanosrep yrujni ro htaed tsniaga hcus snoitan dna gnisira morf tsirorret acts yeht ,timmoc ro tcerid ot eb ,dettimmoc iaga tnssannceizrietmiAc ro slanoitan edistuo fo eht ierof ng s'et a,tysrotirret dna rof hcus stca nihtiweht .mia lec hettartib r oadtesuf esr adhevlov neita tes h ftyirotirr est'etats l. i)8,r615 p 95 1.A.9-.t(f14Hpn0eo1RC tah tdeto ne bthgi mt i,revewoH eht esuoH dah detpoda a ralimis erusaem dnoce seh tgnirud noisses fo eht suoiverp .ssergnoC dah ecitsuJ fo tnemtrapeD eht dna etatS fo tnemtrapeD ehT desoppo eht noitalsigel ta taht .emit tuB eht troper fo eht esuoH yraiciduJeettimmoC :swoll o sfealanoit asr tdienialpxe ehT d aehv ashnezit i.cS .yUtluciffid ni gniniatbo seidemer rof erutrot dna rehto seirujni dereffus daorba setartsulli eht deen rof laidemer .noitalsigel ng iAerof ngierevos setaloiv lanoitanretni wal fi ti secitcarp ,erutrot yrammus ,noitucexe ro .ediconeg t nw de andra rtdleeeo o r eezrdrahru. YliunbwocSslttua.iiirUkcot tonnac eus eht ngierof ngierevos ni U.S. courts, neve nehw eht foreign country ylgnorw sesufer ot raeh eht s’nezitic .esac ,eroferehT ni emos secnatsni a.S.U nezitic ohw saw derutrot ro( eht ylimaf fo eno ohw saw )deredrum lliw eb tuohtiw .ydeme ra H.R. 934 sdnats rof eht elpicnirp that U.S. snezitic ohw era ylsuoveirg detaertsim daorba dluohs evah na evitceffe ydemer rof segamad ni emos ,lanubirt rehtie ni eht yrtnuoc erehw eht tnemtaertsim derrucco ro ni eht detinU States. eht ,dne siht oT llib dluow dda a wen noitpecxe ot eht AISF that dluow wolla stius tsniaga ngierof ta hstngierevos edicon e rgsognill ilkaicid ujart x,eerutr o otstnezit i.cS .tUcejbus .smra hesoh tro fseideme retauqed aedivor pto no ddna ,. 2 H .0d,t73.p-0ge31nR 0od1 C2. s.sgeu SA,,(6)149 9t1a .4 19 P.L. 104-208, eltiT I, § )c(101 .tpeS( 30, ;)6991 110 Stat. ;271-9002 28 U.S.C .A. 1605 .eton stca rof noitca fo esuac a sevitatneserper lagel rieht dna slanoitan .S.U sevig etutats ehT .APD EeA hrted nnuoitcidsir uejv a.hS .eU h ftsotru oec hhtci hrwe veota tnsgier ofafo 6-SRC Amendments by the 105th Congress (1997-1998) lareveS stius erew ylkciuq delif tsniaga abuC dna narI tnausrup oteseht .snoisivorp ;stius hcus ni struoc .S.U eht fo noitcidsiruj eht dezingocer etats rehtieN ,dna thus, both desufer to raeppa ni court dna tnuom a .esnefed lareves ,sselehtenoN laredef lairt courts draeh eht ecnedive derefforp yb eht sffitnialp dna dnuof both narI dna abuC to eb .elbapluc stnemgduj tluafed deretne struoc lareves ,ecneuqesnoc a sA tsniaga hcae state dna dedrawa eht s ffitnialp laitnatsbus stnuoma ni yrotasnepmoc dna .segam aedvitinup 20 rehtieN narI nor abuC dah yna noitanilcni to yap eht segamad that dah neeb sada n;ases aecse h ntdiessessa ,ecneuqesnoc eht sffitnialp sought nia tnri eaocttbo properties dna other stessa denwo yb eht states ni noitseuq cihw h erew nihtiweht noitcidsiruj fo eht detinU States to yfsitas eht duj g .stnem nI eht esac fo Flatow v. Islamic Republic of Iran, supra, attempts erew edam to attach eht yssabme dna lareves citamolpid properties fo narI detacol ni ,notgnihsaW D.C., eht proceeds that dah ca deurc morf eht latner fo es oshetitrep orre ptcfiat asmnooliptiadler dahneeb ,nekorb dna na drawa ni rovaf fo narI dna tsniaga eht U.S. tnemnrevog that dah neeb deredner yb eht Iran-U.S. smialC .di anpe etb ety odn ath ulbanubirT 21 notni l eC hT ,noitartsinimdA ,revewoh opposed eseht e .stroff tI deugra taht ehtcitamolpid properties dna eht latner proceeds laicremm otc odn nnagierev oysllaitnes seerew ni tan ure and that, therefore, they could not be attached pursuant to the FSIA. The rehtr unfoitartsinimdA deugra that eht tbed owed to narI sa a tluser fo noisic eedht fo eht smialC lanubirT dna eht sdnuf hcihw thgim eb desu to yap eht drawa erew U.S. property dna not nainarI property ,dna thus, erew osla enummi morf .tnemhcatta nI ,noitidda eht noitartsinimdA deugra that ti saw detagilbo to protect s’narI citamolpid 20 See Alejandre v. Republic of Cuba , 699 .ppuS.F 9321 .D.S( .alF )7991 05$( noillimni yrotasnepmoc segamad dna $137.7 noillim ni itinup dsee diosf rlteoea ighwematavamfad eerht fo eht ruof snosrep ohw erew dellik nehw nabuC aircraft tohs nwod owt ’srehtorB ot eht eucseR senalp ni ;)6991 Flatow v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 999 F.Supp. 1 (D.D.C. )8991 72$( noillim ni yrotasnepmoc segamad dna $225 noillim ni evitinup segamad dedrawa ot eht rehtaf fo asilA ,wotalF ohw saw dellik ni 1995 yb a car gnibmob ni eht Gaza Strip yb cimalsI hci hnwoitazinag r no,adahiJ eht truoc d n;a)na r yIdbedn u ef obdtnuof Cicippio v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 18 F.Supp. d2 62 (D.D.C. )8991 (yrotas nde epnd mirnoaocwi al5l6i$m segamad ot eerht snosrep dna( owt fo rieht )sesuops ohw erew ,depandik dleh ,egatsoh dna nonab e nLdierutrot ni eht s0891-dim yb ,hallobzeH na noitazinagro hcihw dnu otfru oecht .)na r yIdbedn u efobt 21 ehT .S.U-narI smialC lanubirT ta eht eugaH saw detaerc tnausrup ot snoisivorp nieht sreiglA droccA fo 1981 that del ot eht esaeler fo eht U.S. .segatsoh slanoitan .S.U yb smialC tsniaga narI that erew gnidnatstuo at eht emit fo eht esaeler fo eht segatsoh as llew as smialc st nne e mees n hwmlro ttiaewteauv ts blt oenscc.ghila Staard.gn tnUaonnaia otiycanbnarI esac-yb-es a octtcejb uesd aemrew noitartibra yb eht Tribunal. tsoM nainarI stessa y bdleh U.S. snosrep ro seititne at ek vn dra f le e Botarwesoe arremetreheeNiRehtdftwt esFnart kroY dna erew re hdteineruter ot narI ro e rdeewdrawro fot na wor ctsneuocca rof esuni gniyfsitas stnemgduj eredner d against Iran by this Tribunal. See eht suoirav stnemeerga neewteb eht U.S. dna narI taler gni ot eht esaeler fo eht segats onhwonk( sa ehtsreiglA ,)droccA ,48221-6 7s2r 2ee1dvriOtu c;e) x1. E8n09a41 J2 0(-M23L2I2 46 .deF .geR 7913 (Jan. 19, 1981); and 31 CFR Part 535.