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NPS-GSBPP-08-008 = = k^s^i= mlpqdo^ar^qb= p`elli= jlkqbobvI=`^ifclokf^= = Gap Analysis: Rethinking the Conceptual Foundations 30 January 2008 by Gary O. Langford, Lecturer, Graduate School of Engineering & Applied Sciences Dr. Raymond (Chip) Franck, Senior Lecturer, Graduate School of Business & Public Policy Dr. Tom Huynh, Associate Professor, Graduate School of Engineering & Applied Sciences Dr. Ira Lewis, Associate Professor, Graduate School of Business & Public Policy Naval Postgraduate School Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited. Prepared for: Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California 93943 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California Daniel Oliver Leonard A. Ferrari, Ph.D. President Provost The Acquisition Chair, Graduate School of Business & Public Policy, Naval Postgraduate School supported the funding of the research presented herein. Reproduction of all or part of this report is authorized. The report was prepared by: ________________________________ Gary O. Langford, Lecturer Graduate School of Engineering & Applied Sciences ________________________________ Raymond (Chip) Franck, Senior Lecturer Graduate School of Business & Public Policy ________________________________ Tom Huynh, Associate Professor Graduate School of Engineering & Applied Sciences ________________________________ Ira Lewis, Associate Professor Graduate School of Business & Public Policy Reviewed by: ________________________________ Robert N. Beck Dean, Graduate School of Business & Public Policy Released by: ________________________________ Dan C. Boger, Ph.D. Acting Dean of Research THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form approved OMB No 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED 30 January 2008 31 March 2007 to 14 December 2007 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING Gap Analysis 6. AUTHOR (S) Gary O. Langford; Raymond Franck; Tom Huynh; Ira Lewis 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME (S) AND ADDRESS (ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL NUMBER GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND PUBLIC POLICY NPS-GSBPP-08-008 555 DYER ROAD MONTEREY, CA 93943-5103 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME (S) AND ADDRESS (ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words.) Gap Analysis is regarded as a useful tool to facilitate commercial and defense system acquisitions. This paper addresses the theoretical foundations and systematics of Gap Analysis with practical extensions to illustrate its utility and limitations. The growing sophistication and complexity of new systems or system of systems have resulted in a dramatic increase in time and money to reach operational capability. Gap Analysis, properly defined and enacted, clarifies goals, appropriate investment and the end-use. 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF Gap, Gap Analysis, Value Acquisition, Value Engineering, Systems Engineering PAGES 55 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF 20. LIMITATION OF REPORT: UNCLASSIFIED THIS PAGE: UNCLASSIFIED ABSTRACT: UNCLASSIFIED ABSTRACT: UU NSN 7540-01-280-5800 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std 239-18 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Abstract Gap Analysis is widely regarded as a useful tool to facilitate commercial and defense system acquisitions. This paper is a rethinking of the theoretical foundations and systematics of Gap Analysis with practical extensions to illustrate its utility and limitations. It also provides a new perspective on those theoretical foundations from the perspectives of systems and value engineering. The growing sophistication and complexity of new systems or system of systems have resulted in a dramatic increase in time and money to reach operational capability. Gap Analysis, properly defined and enacted, clarifies goals, appropriate investment and the end-use. Keywords: Gap, Gap Analysis, Value Acquisition, Value Engineering, Systems Engineering iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the interest and support from Rear Admiral William Rodriguez and Mr. Daniel Green (SPAWAR 05). The authors acknowledge Professor Edouard Kujawski (Naval Postgraduate School) for his fecundity and significant contributions to the research. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi

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NPS-GSBPP-08-008 = = k^s^i= mlpqdo^ar^qb= p`elli= jlkqbobvI=`^ifclokf^= = Gap Analysis: Rethinking the Conceptual Foundations 30 January 2008 by Gary O. Langford, Lecturer, Graduate School of Engineering & Applied Sciences Dr. Raymond (Chip) Franck, Senior Lecturer, Graduate School of Business & Public Policy Dr. Tom Huynh, Associate Professor, Graduate School of Engineering & Applied Sciences Dr. Ira Lewis, Associate Professor, Graduate School of Business & Public Policy Naval Postgraduate School Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited. Prepared for: Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California 93943 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California Daniel Oliver Leonard A. Ferrari, Ph.D. President Provost The Acquisition Chair, Graduate School of Business & Public Policy, Naval Postgraduate School supported the funding of the research presented herein. Reproduction of all or part of this report is authorized. The report was prepared by: ________________________________ Gary O. Langford, Lecturer Graduate School of Engineering & Applied Sciences ________________________________ Raymond (Chip) Franck, Senior Lecturer Graduate School of Business & Public Policy ________________________________ Tom Huynh, Associate Professor Graduate School of Engineering & Applied Sciences ________________________________ Ira Lewis, Associate Professor Graduate School of Business & Public Policy Reviewed by: ________________________________ Robert N. Beck Dean, Graduate School of Business & Public Policy Released by: ________________________________ Dan C. Boger, Ph.D. Acting Dean of Research THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form approved OMB No 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED 30 January 2008 31 March 2007 to 14 December 2007 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING Gap Analysis 6. AUTHOR (S) Gary O. Langford; Raymond Franck; Tom Huynh; Ira Lewis 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME (S) AND ADDRESS (ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL NUMBER GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND PUBLIC POLICY NPS-GSBPP-08-008 555 DYER ROAD MONTEREY, CA 93943-5103 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME (S) AND ADDRESS (ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words.) Gap Analysis is regarded as a useful tool to facilitate commercial and defense system acquisitions. This paper addresses the theoretical foundations and systematics of Gap Analysis with practical extensions to illustrate its utility and limitations. The growing sophistication and complexity of new systems or system of systems have resulted in a dramatic increase in time and money to reach operational capability. Gap Analysis, properly defined and enacted, clarifies goals, appropriate investment and the end-use. 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF Gap, Gap Analysis, Value Acquisition, Value Engineering, Systems Engineering PAGES 55 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF 20. LIMITATION OF REPORT: UNCLASSIFIED THIS PAGE: UNCLASSIFIED ABSTRACT: UNCLASSIFIED ABSTRACT: UU NSN 7540-01-280-5800 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std 239-18 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Abstract Gap Analysis is widely regarded as a useful tool to facilitate commercial and defense system acquisitions. This paper is a rethinking of the theoretical foundations and systematics of Gap Analysis with practical extensions to illustrate its utility and limitations. It also provides a new perspective on those theoretical foundations from the perspectives of systems and value engineering. The growing sophistication and complexity of new systems or system of systems have resulted in a dramatic increase in time and money to reach operational capability. Gap Analysis, properly defined and enacted, clarifies goals, appropriate investment and the end-use. Keywords: Gap, Gap Analysis, Value Acquisition, Value Engineering, Systems Engineering iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the interest and support from Rear Admiral William Rodriguez and Mr. Daniel Green (SPAWAR 05). The authors acknowledge Professor Edouard Kujawski (Naval Postgraduate School) for his fecundity and significant contributions to the research. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi

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