Table Of Content

Order Code IB93085 CRS Issue Brief for Congress WebCRS the throRuegche ived Jordan: U.S. Relations and Bilateral Issues Updated January 9, 2002 Alfred B. Prados Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research Service (cid:152)(cid:152) The Library of Congress Report Documentation Page Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 3. DATES COVERED 09 JAN 2002 2. REPORT TYPE 00-00-2002 to 00-00-2002 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Jordan: U.S. Relations and Bilateral Issues 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Congressional Research Service,The Library of Congress,101 REPORT NUMBER Independence Avenue, SE,Washington,DC,20540-7500 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT 15. SUBJECT TERMS 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE Same as 19 unclassified unclassified unclassified Report (SAR) Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18 CONTENTS S UMMARY M TSO R TNECE D STNEMPOLEVE B DN ADNUORGKCA A SISYLAN sisi rfCl ueG hdt nsanoital enRainadroJ-.S.U st esn uea fsri.osenSIta.ndUIroJ noissecc udS neamig eeR h ftyotilibatS mrof ecRitarcom e nDsitnemirepxE noitcaeR ot tsirorreT skcattA fo rebmetpeS11 snoitaito geecN a eeenhP litso’RnadroJ stnemeer geAcaeP noitazilamr odN nnaoitatnemelpmI melasur etJs ad Enkan atBs eeWhT spuo rtGsinoitcej ed RnsaamaH qa rtIsnia gsAnoitcn aftSonemecrofnE snoital eiRqarI-nainadr ofeJosruoC sei TlaicremmoC seta tlSanoig erReh thOt iswnoitaleR seu s ds.iISA.U eda rdT n,aslev egLnidn u,FdiA d itAnec edR nsauoiverP dn uyFtiliba tdS neaca etPs aeElddiM ecnatsis s9A991YF ecnatsis s0A002YF ecnatsis s1A002YF ecnatsis s2A002YF sdnu Frevi ReyW tnemee regd AaereTrF feile RtbeD noitazinred osMecr odFemrA tnempiuq EyratiliM ehT 6n9w9o1dwarD egak ctafParc r6i 1Ae-hFT rehsttrsueFuqeR noitarepo oyCratiliM snoitacilpm Idn asevitanretlA IB93085 01-09-02 Jordan: U.S. Relations and Bilateral Issues S YRAMMU ehT htaed fo gniK suH nies noyraurbeF ated a total fo $401 noillim ni three separate 7, 1999, devomer a strong U.S. ylla dna ecrof noitairporppa ,sllib detcane neewteb 1994 dna ,revew o;hytiliba trsof eveil esbrevres btosom 1996, to evigrof s ’3nn.oa2id0ltr7lbo$ieJbd sih nos dna ,rosseccus gniK ,halludbA lliw to eht detinU States. On October 24, 2000, eunitnoc t eh etal s’gniK etaredom dna-orp eht owt seirtnuoc dengis a eerf edart-eerga nretsew .seicilop nI tnecer ,sraey nadroJsah .tnem nO yluJ ,62 eht etaneS ecnaniF-moC spe ttsnacifing insekat toward -ome dgnidliub es uedeohneHtattim -mo Csnae Mdn asyaW eer fylevital e .Refi lcitarc snoitcele to eht 80- eettim . Ss(ll idbevorppa 643 dna H.R. 2603) m rebme tnemailrap erew dleh ni 1989 a n d to tnemelpmi eht .tnemeerga ehT esuoH 1993. hcu Mg nf,iondoue ilhetcthintsioppo devorppa H.R. 2603 yb eciov vote on yluJ 31, latnemadnuf i st cimalsI noitcA Group ,)FAI( neosiwek idl iedtan eeSht rebmetpeS 24, dna boycotted eht 1997 snoitcele over sserp re- tnediserP hsuB dengis eht ib ll sa .L.P34-701 snoitcirts ysbtpmet tdaegel ldana eht -nrevog reb m8ne2otpe.S tnem t o ssap-yb .tnemailrap ehT FAIdid etapicitrap ni lapicinum snoitcele ni yluJ 1999, nI hcae fo eht ruof lacsif sraey8991 dna nemailrap t sah desae snoitcirtser niswal through 2001, Jorda n sah deviecer -ixorppa .sse rep hgtnitceffa yletam $225 noillim ni launna U.S. .ecnatsissa ehT hsuB noitartsinimdA euqer sted $150 lareveS seussi ni nainadroJ-.S.U snoitaler noillim ni ESF, $75 noillim ni ,FMF a nd $1.8 era ylekil to erugif ni snoisiced yb ssergnoC noillim ni IMET rof nadroJ ni .2002YF esehT dna eht noitartsinimdA on erutuf dia to dna stnuoma erew deniatnoc ni eht ecnerefnoc cooperation htiw Jordan. esehT edulcnieht report to H.R . ,6052 eht ngieroFsnoitarepO ytilibats fo eht nainadroJ ,emiger citarcomed A snoitairporpp llib rof .2002YF ehT-refnoc mrofer rednu yaw ni Jordan, eht elor fo nadroJ ecne report (H.Rept. 107-345, rebmeceD 19, ni eht ilearsI-barA ecaep process, Jordan’s 2001) saw deerga to yb eht House dna Senate, d,nqa ahr tIsinwoita lgenritautc u tlrufeblooc .10 0, 20d 2n9ra1ebmec en,Doylevitcepser sti snoitaler htiw other lanoiger states. gniK A halludb desserpxe s’nadroJ etulosba“-noc lareveS la t evitanre soiranecs dluoc de- ”noitanmed of the September 11 terrorist :nadr o nJpiolev a noitaunitnoc fo the current attacks on the detinU States tsr ie fhs tadwna course toward ycarcomed rednu t he present barA daeh fo state to tisiv tnediserP hsuB retfa nru t ;eaermiger to laciti lcoiptarco teu raaom eht attacks. yratilim tnes nadroJ ,rebmeceD nI ;metsys or latnemadnuf segnahc ni eht -carahc lacidem srep o lenn to natsinahgfA to support ter or noitarugifnoc fo eht Jorda n nai state. .msirorr ettsnia gnagiapm adcel-.S .eUht Ste yda citarcomed htworg rednu ehttneserp emiger dluow prob ylba reffo eht tseb-sorp cimonocE dna yratilim dia level s are stcep f ognitrop p.uS.s.sUtseretni tnatropmi srotcaf ni eht lib .pihs nloairteatlaer At eht s’tnediserP request, ssergnoC -irporppa Congressional Research Service (cid:152)(cid:152) The Library of Congress IB93085 01-09-02 MOST RECENT DEVELOPMENTS According to the press, on December 23, 2001, Jordan sent approximately 200 military medical personnel accompanied by an unspecified number of special forces troops to Afghanistan to set up a 50-bed field hospital in the northern city of Mazar-i-Sharif. The press article indicated that, with the dispatch of these troops, Jordan became the first Arab country to send military personnel to support the current U.S. campaign against terrorism. On December 19, 2001, the House agreed to the conference report on H.R. 2506, the Foreign Operations Appropriations bill for FY2002, by 357-66 (Roll no. 505). The Senate agreed to the conference report on the following day by unanimous consent. The conference report (H.Rept. 107-345, December 19, 2001), contains $150 million in economic aid and $75 million in military aid for Jordan–the same amounts requested by the Administration. Earlier, similar bills were introduced in both houses of Congress to implement the U.S.- Jordan Free Trade Agreement, which was signed by then President Clinton and King Abdullah of Jordan on October 24, 2000: S. 643, H.R. 1484, and H.R. 2603. The House passed H.R. 2603 on July 31, 2001, by voice vote, as did the Senate on September 24. President Bush signed the bill as P.L. 107-43 on September 28, during a visit by King Abdullah visit to Washington. BACKGROUND AND ANALYSIS U.S.-Jordanian Relations and the Gulf Crisis hguohtlA eht detinU States dna dekn inle erbev eenv anhadroJ yb a lamrof treaty, yeht evah cooperated on a rebmun fo lanoiger dna lanoitanretni ssi ues over the years. Several srotcaf evah detubirtnoc toward U.S. tseretni ni Jordan. ,yrotsih sti fo hcum tuohguorht ,tsriF nadroJ sah neeb a pro-Western, gnizinredom yrtnuoc that sah adopted etaredom seicilop on tsom lanoiger .seussi noitalupop detnelat dna pihsredael lacitilop elbats s’yrtnuoc eht ,dnoceS evah nevig nadroJ elbaredisnoc ecnatropmi ni eht elddiM East lacitilop .enecs nadroJ ,drihT sah edam tnacifingis snoitubirtnoc to lanoiger ytilibats dna cimonoce tnempoleved ni eht naisreP fluG ;aera gnirud eht s0791 dna 1980s, nadroJ dedivorp eht ,llams hcir-lio but ylwen ednepedni , sd,reselr dkle, nriestaoknrnwsio gt fnc,sleus eurry tGtorhassattnitisiviwdlaim lacinhcet .stsilaiceps , r neesolmtioritnroa ofln uaepis on u,pifah t octseseregtbulrioaaFPl t eh tseW ,knaB dna sti dednetxe redrob htiw learsI dna eht deip u,csceoirotirr entadroJsi .tcilfn oiclearsI-ba re A honttoitu l ro aoshfcra ee s hnltiatovip U.S. support sah depleh nadroJ laed htiw suoires itilibarenluv es, both internal and .lanretxe tnedneped ti edam evah secruoser cimonoce rojam fo kcal dna ezis llams s’nadroJ on dia morf nretseW dna yldneirf barA sources. s’nadroJ cihpargoeg ,noitisopdegdew neewteb ,learsI ,airyS Iraq, dna iduaS ,aibarA sah edam ti elbarenluv to eht cigetarts sngised fo sti erom lufrewop ,srobhgien but sah osla nevig Jorda n an important role as a buffer neewteb eseht laitnetop .seirasrevda nI ,0991 s’nadroJ ssengnilliwnu ot nioj ehtdeilla noitilaoc tsniaga Iraq detpursid sti snoitaler htiw eht detinU States dna eht naisreP fluG states; 1-SRC IB93085 01-09-02 ,revewoh snoitaler devorpmi retfa nadroJ denioj eht ilearsI-barA et ansliseco repcaep 1991 .qa rmIo rffles teicnats iondtag e,bret atlahwem o,sdna Jordanian Issues of U.S. Interest Stability of the Regime and Succession Throughout sih raey-64 ,ngier eht feir Bn inadroJ etal gniK niessuH aw s ehttnanimod erugif ni eht naina dlraocJitilopenecs Population (July 2000): 4,998,564 dna deyojne a hgih eerged fo ycamitigel growth rate 3.1% sa daeh fo a suoigitserp ,ytsanydeht Area: 89,213 sq km (34,445 sq mi, slightly smaller ytlayol fo eht demra ,secrof dna than Indiana) daerpsediw respect sa a stron g dna Ethnic Groups: sbarA%89 energetic leader with extensive Circassians 1% ecneirepxe ni evog r gnin sih .yrtnuoc Armenians 1% nO yraunaJ 25, 1999, yltrohs erofeb sih Religion: Sunni Muslim 92%; Christian 8% (96% and 4% according to one recent estimate) htaed morf recnac on yraurbeF 7, gniK Literacy (1995): %78 elam( ,%39 elamef)%97 niessuH detangised sih le d est nos GDP (1999): $7.6 billion halludbA sa Cro nw ecnirP dnarieh real growth 2.0% rappa ent. Upon succeeding to the Inflation (1999): 3% throne on yraurbeF 7, 1 ,999 gniK Unemployment (1999):laicif feo mn%ou5s1( bA hallud detnioppa sih regnuoyflah estimates are almost twice as high) brother, cnirP e ,hazmaH sa ehtwen Armed Forces (1999): personnel 104,000 Cr o nw ecnirP dna rieh apparent, ni tanks 1,204; combat aircraft 93 ecnadrocca htiw rieht etal taf her’s .sehsiw Trade Balance (1999): -$2.1 billion External Debt (1999): $7.3 billion ehT ,gniK kno w n sa halludbA II, :secru o.SS.U .tpeD fo ;et altaSrtne CknaB fo;nadroJ attended yradnoces loohcs ni eht other U.S. and Jordanian government departments. detinU States dna sah deiduts at drofxO ytisrevinU dna Georgetown .ytisrevinU eH osla attended irB hsit yratilim sloohcs dna sah devres ni eht nainadroJ ymrA ecnis 1984, tsom yltnecer sa rednammoC fo eht laicepS snoitarepO .dnammoC tnenimorp a morf semoc ,ainaR neeuQ ,efiw s’halludbA gniK nainitselaP ,ylimaf a tcaf that yam renrag lanoitidda support morf eht nainitselaP .ytinummoc sA a yratilim reciffo ohw yltnerappa did not tcepxe to deeccus to eht throne, gniK halludbA saw not ylivaeh devlovni ni ,scitilop ,scimonoce or ngierof ,sriaffa but dah ynam contacts htiw yratilim counterparts ni fluG states dna other yldneirf ,seirtnuoc gnidulcni eht detinU States. tf ep lae ghettipseD yb eht htaed fo gniK ,niessuH tsom srevresbo eerga that gniK halludbA sah neeb lufsseccus ni gnitadilosnoc sih elur dna sah now tcepser rof sih no-sdnah elytsfo .gninrevog ,307-89 tropeR SRC ees ,noitamrofni dnuorgkcab erom roF( Jordan: Succession Issues).soda r.dPBerf ly,Ab gniK halludbA sah neeb ylneek detseretni ni gnitsoob s’nadroJ ,ymonoce hcihw sah neeb drub dene yb wols cimonoce ,htworg gninilced rep atipac ,emocni dna hgih slevelfo tnemyolpmenu ees( .)xob gnidulcni ,serusaem mrofer detutitsni yltnecer sah tnemnrevog ehT 2-SRC IB93085 01-09-02 decuder smotsuc ,seef swal protecting lautcelletni property, dna lavomer fo sreirrab to ngierof mtsevni ,tne dna no lirpA ,11 ,0002 nadroJ emaceb eht631 th rebmem fo eht dlroW Trade noitazinagrO (WTO). gnidrocc Aot a rebmetpeS 5 s sweeripvre thnti isw’nadyrtouJpeD emirP retsiniM rof cimonocE ,sriaffA s’nadroJ cilbup sector, hcihw desu to account rof 70% fo eht lanoitan ,ymonoce curre yltn sesirpmoc ylno %54 fo eht .ymonoce ehT gniKsi .tnemtsev nnigier orf onfoitac oellbaris esandaadr otJekr a omsttrof fse ighniunitnoc Experiments in Democratic Reform nadroJ si a lanoitutitsnoc yhcranom htiw a laremacib erutalsigel desopmoc fo na detcele rebmem-08 rewol esuoh dna a rebmem-04 detnioppa upper .esuoh etal eht ,9891 ni gnitratS gniK supported a return to detimil yratnemailrap ycarcomed elihw yllacidoirep gnivom to liatruc tnessid nehw ti denetaerht cimonoce smrofer or noitazilamron fo snoitaler htiw .learsI esu orhew oel h otstnoitce leee ryflevital edrl enhadroJ fo tnemailrap ni 98 9d.1n3a991 nI both snoitcele eht tsilatnemadnuf cimalsI noitcA Front ,)FAI( hcihw opposed eht tnemnrevog on suoirav ,seussi degreme sa eht tsegral elgnis ,ytrap but eht gniK saw elba to m uster seitirojam rof sih citsemod dna ngierof .seicilop ,revewoh ,7991 rebmevoN ni dleh snoitcelE erew boycotted yb eht FAI dna thgie rellams tsilanoitan ,seitrap ohw denialpmoc that tnecer .tnemailr a fpeol oer hdtezilanigr adm ntaness iddelfi tds asheerc etdnemnrevog gniK halludbA sah nekat rehtruf serusaem to nepo eht lacitilop metsys nihtiw c ertain .stimil dediced FAI eht fo srebmem ,snoitcele yratnemailrap 7991 eht fo ttocyob rieht etipseD to etapicitrap ni lapicinum snoitcele dleh in July 1999 to choose 2,530 councillors for 304 .seitilapicinum thngeu mosnherttelavAdoigd-noarcp now a ytirojam fo eht ,staes ehtFAI deretsiger ,sniag ylralucitrap ni lareves regral seitic gnidulcni eht latipac ytic n I.namm Afo ,9991-dim eht tnemnrevog proposed stnemdnema to na ralupopnu sserp wal that dah dennab 14 scipot gnidulcni msicitirc fo eht layor ylimaf ro egarevoc fo eht demra .secrof nO rebmetpeS 6, 1999, tnemailraP tnew rehtruf dna deteled eht eritne elcitrA 37, hcihw deniatnoc eht .snoitcirtser rehto rednu snoitaloiv suoirav rof dehsinup eb llits nac ,revewoh ,stsilanruoJ r ers. b enelo nfvodateoooi onchesceOtripovMorp e h,tssec entrinemailr ahpt i,w10 0,29 tnemnrevog ss e ertohpnttemdn ednmeaataglumorp wal gnitalupits erusolc fo snoitacilbup that yrrac eslaf“ or suolebil noitamrofni that nac enimrednu lanoitan unity or the country’s .r ecd irs lotob atu, epsrreohkt i,rstes meitr ic tcsanehi lt”c. in sto onritsaatIlbaatuper nO enuJ 16, 2001, gniK halludbA devlossid tnemailrap dna devorppa a wen larotcele wal e. h 3Ty2l unJo wen wal srewol eht gnitov ega morf 19 to 18, eh tn ipihsrebme msdnapxe rewol esuoh tsnia gsadraugef aw sesnetae rd cn,a4 0o0m1t8o rtfnemailr afpo tollab .duarf ehT re vsoeicneutitsn okcn atBs alEabi rstrov atfa hmtets ygsni t soanviat ewral eht ylegral nainitselaP detalupop .seitic nO yluJ ,42 eht ytupeD emirP retsiniM dlot sretropertaht s’nadroJ txen mailrap yratne ,snoitcel eyllanigiro dennalp rof rebmevoN ,1002 dluoweb .w anloitce lee httnemelp m oietm iwtol l oa,t20 0 n2eim ietm olsit nyulbabo r,pdenoptsop Reaction to Terrorist Attacks of September 11 ,r2e1bmet pneOS gniK halludbA wrote etulosb as“’nadr ogJnisserp xhes utBnediserP noitanmednoc fo terrorist noissergga tsniaga ruoy ”noitan dna derussa mih that nadroJ sdnats deti neU hytb States tsniaga eht perpetrators. si nadroJ dias gniK eht ,weivretni CBA na nI h tdiewtaicossa na lanoitanretni network fo ecnegilletni snoitazinagro to .msir otrarbemtoc nI a retal ,weivretni on rebmetpeS 23, he pointed to U.S. demands that countries choose 3-SRC IB93085 01-09-02 neewteb gnitroppus msirorret dna gnikcab stroffe to thgif tsniaga ,ti dna dedda that on“ gnittis on eht ecnef si gniog to eb accepted yb ”.ydobyna fo daeh barA tsrif eht saw halludbA gniK rebm ee tcnpnoeeSre f sn,d sosntteckaa nrcaip aoretj eht httatsfnuaeBdi s tee irtosPatitvs 28, eh reiterated s’nadroJ ,lluf“ lacoviuqenu support” rof eht detinU States. hsuB tnediserP dias eht“ cooperation fo s,isnainadr oe Jh,tdnei rrfuo strong dna ”.lufrewop gnidroccAot eht ,sserp on rebmeceD 23, 2001, nadroJ tnes yletamixorppa 200 yratilim lacidem lennosrep deinapmocca yb na deificepsnu rebmun fo laiceps secrof troops to natsinahgfA to set up a 50- deb dleif latipsoh ni eht nrehtron ytic fo .firahS-i-razaM htiw taht detacidni elcitra sserp ehT eht hctapsid fo eseht troops nadroJ emaceb eht tsrif barA yrtnuoc to dnes yratilim lennosrep ottrop .petmuhn sste ntir.gsrrSinou.aircUparmgeaatc Jordan’s Role in the Peace Negotiations Peace Agreements. ilearsI-nainadroJ snoitaitogen evah detutitsnoc ehttsom lufsseccus esahp fo eht current ilearsI-barA ecaep process detaruguani gnirud eht George H. n inoitartsinimd Ahsu B.W etal 1991. mu td ne n ers,ime n3ohho9mtti9ait1egwa hittogeN erutangis on rebmetpeS 13 yb nommo cfas“oevitatneserp eirlear sdI nnaainadroJ ”adnega rof rehtruf snoitaitogen htiw gnits a,ltsu jga“niveih c faloa odgeta tesht dna evisneherpmoc ”.ecaep nI ,4991 nadroJ dna learsI dehcaer owt enotselim :stnemeerga a noitaralceDfo ycneregilleB-noN dewoll o f,5 2ylu Jn onotgnihsa Wn idengis yb a -lluf degdelf ecaep treaty dengis no rebotcO 62 ta a ynome rne acni onr aeddderrd ooneJbeh-ttit layetbanresdIiserP .notnilC ,ytngierevos s’rehto eht fo ytrap hcae yb noitingocer rof sedivorp ytaert ecaep ehT borders, dna lacitilop ;ecnednepedni ramed noitac fo ;sredrob lluf citamolpid;snoitaler .sdle ilfarutl udc n,acifitnei c,scimono c nenioitarepo odc n;agnira hrset a nwtonemeerga Implementation and Normalization.r et fA eht treaty saw dengis on October 26, 1994, the two countries erau q1 s3y 1letamixorp pdaenrut elrear s;Isrodassab mdaegnahcxe selim fo territory raen eht tfiR yellaV to ;nadroJ eht nainadroJ tnemailrap delaeperswal gninnab contacts htiw ;learsI dna eht de nsgeiisrt nouwotc a rebmun fo laretalib stnemeerga neewteb 1994 dna 1996 to ezilamron cimonoce dna larutluc .sknil gnirrucer a ,gnirahs retaW ,melborp saw yllaitrap loser dev ni yaM 7991 nehw eht owt seirtnuoc dehcaer namiretni tnemegnarra rednu hcihw learsI nageb gnipmup 72,000 sret ecmibuc fo water to nadroJ per yad tnelaviuqe( to 26.3 noillim cibuc sretem per a–raey elttil over flah eht target tnuoma .)ytae retca ee p hoxtten n nnadaienoisivne nA tnatropmi elcihev rof laicremmoc cooperation sah neeb eht tnemhsilbatse fo decudo rspdo ohgci hrwed n,u)sZI Q”(sen olZairtsud ngIniyfilauQ“ htiw f osleve ldeificeps nainadroJ dna ilearsI tupni nac enter eht detinU States ytud ,eerf rednu eht snoisivorp fo P.L. 104-234. sihT( tca dednema suoiver pnoitalsigel os sa ot tnarg eht tnediserP ytirohtuaot dnetxe eht learsI-.S.U eerf trade aera to revoc products morf sZIQ neewteb learsI dna nadroJ o r neewte blearsI dna ).tpygE ecniS ,8991 eht detinU setatS sa hdetangise dnetlairtsudni snaadr onsJikrap .sZIQ tA tsae lruof fo e sleah nt yo egli,rnttdainanderarreorpcuooccta evitavresnoc ,setamitse evah created 8,500 sboj dna attracted $85 noillim ni rof eign direct .)noill i6m8 1d$ nsab o0j00, 4 s2hag i shea rsaetamit seemo st(nemtsevni niess ugHn ieKt ael hhttoB dna sih nos fsoretropp ugsnor tnse eebv ahhallud bgAniK eht rediw ilearsI-barA ecaep process. nainitselaP-ilearsI lareves rekorb depleh niessuH gniK ,stnemeerga ylbaton eht eyW reviR accord fo October 1998, hcihw tlaed gnoma other sgniht dennal phtiw ilearsI stnemyolpeder ni osterusa enmainitsel ad Pnkan atBs edWeipuc ceoht 4-SRC IB93085 01-09-02 tabmoc .msirorret gniK hal lduedsbsAentiw a no- wtonlelmoeferga ta mra,hhSkyahS-la tpygE ni rebmetpeS 1999. ,oslA eh yldetroper degaruocne airyS ot eerga ot afeirb noitpmuser fo laretalib sklat htiw learsI rednu U.S. secipsua ni rebmeceD yraunaJ-9991 2000. ecniS eht outbreak fo nai nitselaP-ilearsI sehsalc ni rebmetpeS 2000, gniK halludbA sah urged eht seitrap to .snoitis onpainitsel arP oyfht apm ygsnisserp xeeli h,wetaitogen denioj sah eH other barA sredael ni gnisserpxe sepoh rof rehtruf U.S. stroffe to evloser iht s conflict in noitcnujnoc htiw eht U.S. ngiapmac tsniaga msirorret retfa eht rebmetpeS 11 attacks. On rebmevoN 19, 2001, he told foreign correspondents that“[w]e have to get the violence ”.el beact a eedhpntu okr cama eb th detsngea dhi tsmo obdrefvomer ekiL Egypt, nadroJ sah detsiser serusserp morf emos s ebtaartAs to dnepsus snoitaler htiw ,learsI but nadroJ sah derrefed gnidnes a wen rodassabma to ,learsI gnidnep rehtruf progress ni nainitselaP-ilearsI ecaep .sevom deirrac repapswen ilearsI na ,1002 ,91 lirpA nO tahw ti debircsed sa eht text fo a tnioj naitpygE-nainadroJ ecaep evitaitini to dne eht -ilearsI nainitselaP gnithgif that nageb ni rebmetpeS 2000. pressother to and paper the to According reports, eht evitaitini proposes steps to nepmad eht uc tnerr ,sisirc ecnedifnocgnidliub ,serusaem dna noitpmuser fo nainitselaP-ilearsI ecaep .snoitaitogen Without directly gnisrodne eht naitpygE-nainadroJ ,evitaitini on lirpA 23, State tnemtrapeD namsekops drahciR rehcuoB deciov eht s’noitartsinimdA weiv that eht snainadroJ dna snaitpygE evah deyalp a yrev“ ”evitcurtsnoc elor ni eht nainitselaP-ilearsI ecaep .ssecorp nO yaM,42 s’nadroJ l aiciffo swen ycnega decnuonna that gniK halludbA dna ivytirohtuA nainitselaP gnitis namriahC risaY tafarA supported eht report fo a gnidnif-tcaf maet dedaeh yb remrof.S.U Senator George llehctiM demia at gnitlah nainitselaP-ilearsI .sehsalc swen eht ot gnidroccA ,ycnega eht two sredael dellac of r a“ tcerid .S.U ”elor ni gnitnemelpmi ehts’maet .snoitadnemmocer gniK halludbA secaf n o ,einhnlctitaenahid aaztwrtr tiionsoslwJaItiacsm ierfroinngis p ,dyntainu mnmaoicn ist ts, freseoalph pauttPosriglatnema dcnium fag lnysolImraalucitra laitneulfni trade dna lanoisseforp snoitazinagro gnitneserper emos 80,000-100,000 ,sreenigne doctors, ,sreywal ,stsilanruoj dna .sretirw dellac yldetaeper evah noitazilamron fo stnenoppO snaoitn andoroJ boycott contacts htiw ,learsI dna stsivitca gnoma o wdtelipm oecv amheht ”stsi lkcalb“ fo nainadroJ ,10 0y2raun a. nJlIear shIt ilwa etda hsteinapm odc nsalaudividni emirP retsiniM ilA ubA bahgaR denraw that hcus stsil mrah s’nadroJ yldneirf-rotsevni egami eciloP yltneuqesbus arrested neves noinu sredael on segrahc fo gnoleb gni ot nalagelli ,yltnerapp an(oitazinagro a rebmem-42 allerbmu eettimmoc hcihw dah neeb ni t neohrtferof fo eht kcalb tsil .)ngiapmac gnomA ynam maertsniam ,snainadroJ ereht si emos asid tnemtni otpapht ecaep htiw learsI sah ton thguorb ero melb icginm aostntoicfeenebot . rmoaesfht The West Bank and East Jerusalemton seod ytaert ecaep. ilearsI-nainadroJ ehT sserdda eht status fo eht tseW knaB ,yrotirret hcihw saw dexenna yb nadroJ ni 0591tub deipucco yb learsI ni 1967, nor does ti sserdda eht status fo East melasureJ tpecxe( sa noted ;)woleb bot h seussi era stcejbus fo nainitselaP-ilearsI rehtar naht nainadroJ-ilearsI .snoit a hig tun o oaggndhine ietninserlaKeseAdis vrtuheoHtsJiw eht tse WknaB ni,8891 nadroJ sniamer devlovni ni nainitselaP seussi rof lareves :snosaer nainitselaP egral s’nadroJ noitalupop , sti gniunitnoc tnemevlovni ni gnitroppus emos tseW knaB ,snoitutitsnieht ecnereferp on eht ap tr fo emos ilearsI sredael rof a nainadroJ elor ni a erutnuafinitselaP ,tnemelttes dna s’nadroJ deunitnoc elor ni protecting dna gniniatniam eht cimalsI yloh secalp ni East .melasureJ nainitselaP a rof troppus desserpxe halludbA gniK ,0002 ,9 yraurbeF nO 5-SRC IB93085 01-09-02 etats sa( eh did ni a tnioj euqinummoc no tsuguA )3 dna denoitnem anainitselaP noitaredefnoc htiw nadroJ sa a erutuf ,ytilibissop nidneped g no nainitselaP .serised nO rebmevoN 11, 2001, ,revewoh eh told reporters that serusaem to create a eta tnsainitselaP ”.noig ee rhott nliear sfyIotiruc ed snnaoitarget neih tr “osfnoisivo repriuq edrluow nainitselaP sredael evah nekat noitpecxe to elcitrA 9 fo eht treaty, hcihw states that learsI stcepser“ eht lacirotsih elor fo eht etimehsaH modgniK fo[ ]nadroJ ni eht seuqsomfo ”melasureJ dna lliw“ evig hgih pr ytiroi ot eht nainadroJ cirotsih elor ni eseht”.senirhs nainitselaP redael tafarA sah detressa that ytngierevos“ over melasureJ dna s noisivrepufo melasureJ si rof ”.snainitselaP esutnii t lnnloaic dw tr daonsihJiaat ehs s gs enuetiHhaKTl elor ni protecting dna gniniatniam eht cimalsI yloh secalp ni melasureJ to erussa that there si no muucav ni milsuM hallud bgAn i,K00 0,2 3l2ir p. nAsOet iesse h ftloortnoc told ilearsI :noisivelet I“ eveileb that on eht lacitilop ,level melasureJ sah hguone room rof a nainitselaP dna na ilearsI latipac .... nO eht suoigiler ,edis I eveileb that melasureJ dluohs eb a ytic rof lla fo us, na nepo ”.ytic eht ot noitulos a taht ,1002 ,11 lirpA no weivretni na ni detnemmoc eH nainitselaP-ilearsI tcilfnoc tsum evig snainitselaP epoh yeht nac evah a state gnissapmocne eht d nkan atBseW seunitn o ncadr o,Jemitna ee. m hlntaItip as c tsmiaelasur etJs ahEt iawzaG yl ochimal seI hntiatni apml eoh hswrekr onwainitsel a0P 0y6letamixorp p oasteg ayw aopt setis ni .melasureJ slasoporp dezicitirc noitamrofnI fo retsiniM s’nadroJ ,0002 ,2 tsuguA nO to evom eht U.S. yssabmE ni learsI morf leT vivA to ,melasureJ gniyas that hcus a evom lliw“ ”.melasur esnJaoitse udqetacilp m hoacc uesvl ooestd agmni esbtrof fe ehetvr etson Hamas and Rejectionist Groupstsom s’tnemtrapeD etatS .S.U eht. ot gnidroccA tnecer launna report on patterns fo labolg msirorret lirpA( 2001), eht nainadroJ tnemnrevog sah deniamer tnaligiv ni gnisoppo .msirorret secrof ytiruces nainadroJ ,9991 ,03 tsuguA nO desolc seciffo desu yb eht tsilatnemadnuf nainitselaP noitazinagro ,samaH hcihw eht etal gniK niessuH dah tolerated to emos degree, on eht sdnuorg that t eh seciffo erew deretsigersa sub isessen but erew gnitcudnoc lagelli lacitilop .ytivitca nI rebmevoN ,9991seitirohtua decnuonna that eht samaH seciffo dluow eb desolc .yltnenamrep after2001, 9, October On eht terrorist attacks on eht detinU States, eht nainadroJ tnemnrevog deussi na tnemdnema to msirorret swal gninnab yna gniknab snoitarepo deknil“ to ms i,r”osreriettivi tgcnaolahtiw gninnab border noitartlifni dna attacks on ni d ,yrtsu ,gnippihs ,snoitacinummocelet dna .smet sryestupmoc nI lirpA 2000, nadroJ degrahc 28 snosrep (13 ni )aitnesba yldegella deknil to eht delixe iduaS xe tsimert amasO nib nedaL htiw tnemevlovni ni a tolp ot yrrac tuo tsirorret stcani Jordan. 61 ;0002 ,81 rebmetpeS no truoc yratilim a yb htaed ot decnetnes erew eseht fo xiS g ngdnin eodisovsuymw iil rrt;erceae)cpnfvtseii mr(ldrne at .xdie stetrie uewqscnaefeD sreywal delaeppa 10 fo eht .snoitcivnoc nezitic .S.U a saw aitnesba ni detcivnoc esoht fo enO d nnaadr ooaJtir yydSbetidart xyeltneuqesb us saowhw ht iewcnadroc cndaieirt eeosrbti nainadroJ .wal nI de t,asltenrempoleved a Time enizagam elcitra fo rebmevoN 18, 2001, reported that nadroJ th detraw ta tsael owt skcatta dennalp yb stnega deknil ot nibnedaL .ra eey h ntrieilrae Enforcement of Sanctions Against Iraq Course of Jordanian-Iraqi Relations. s’nadroJ reilrae seit htiw ,qarI arojam tnatirri ni nainadroJ-.S.U ,snoitaler evah delooc noc ylbar eedcinsis eht fluG sisirc dnasti etaidemmi tamretfa .h ecniS ,4991 nadroJ sah denethgit tnemecrofne fo .N.Ucimonoce 6-SRC