DTIC ADA473479: The Civil-Military Gap in the United States. Does It Exist, Why, and Does It Matter?

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The Civil-Military Gap
in the United States
Does It Exist, Why, and Does It Matter?
Thomas S. Szayna, Kevin F. McCarthy, Jerry M. Sollinger,
Linda J. Demaine, Jefferson P. Marquis, Brett Steele
Prepared for the United States Army
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
The research described in this report was sponsored by the United States
Army under Contract No. DASW01-01-C-0003. The views expressed in
this report are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy
or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The civil-military gap in the United States : does it exist, why, and does it matter? /
Thomas S. Szayna ... [et al.].
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-8330-4157-9 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Civil-military relations—United States. 2. United States—Armed Forces—
Public opinion. 3. United States—Military policy. 4. Sociology, Military—United
States. I. Szayna, Thomas S., date. II. Title.
UA23.C555 2007
322'.50973—dc22
2007010935
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Preface
This report documents the results of a project entitled “The Army and
the American People.” The project aimed to discern the existence of
any civil-military gaps that might affect the Army’s effectiveness.
The research reported here was sponsored by the Office of the
Deputy Chief of Staff, G-3, Headquarters, Department of the Army.
The research was conducted in RAND Arroyo Center’s Strategy, Doc-
trine, and Resources Program. RAND Arroyo Center, part of the
RAND Corporation, is a federally funded research and development
center sponsored by the United States Army. The report includes infor-
mation that was available to the authors as of early 2005. The report
was approved for public release in February 2007.
This report should be of interest to those concerned with civil-mil-
itary relations in the United States and their impact on military effec-
tiveness. Kevin McCarthy and Thomas Szayna are the lead authors.
The order of placement of their names was determined by a coin toss.
For comments or further information, please contact either of them:
Thomas Szayna (telephone [phone], extension 7758, Thomas_
[email protected]); Kevin McCarthy (telephone [phone], exten-
sion 6919, [email protected]).
The Project Unique Identification Code (PUIC) for the project
that produced this document is DAPRRW008.
The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not reflect the official
policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government.
iii
iv The Civil-Military Gap in the United States
For more information on RAND Arroyo Center, contact the
Director of Operations (telephone [phone], extension 6419; FAX
310-451-6952; email [email protected]), or visit Arroyo’s Web
site at http://www.rand.org/ard/.
Contents
Preface............................................................................. iii
Figures............................................................................. ix
Tables .............................................................................. xi
Summary.........................................................................xiii
Acknowledgments.............................................................. xix
Acronyms......................................................................... xxi
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction....................................................................... 1
The Context......................................................................... 1
Objectives and Organization..................................................... 9
CHAPTER TWO
Toward a Framework for Thinking About Civil-Military
Relations and Military Effectiveness ...................................13
Background........................................................................13
Central Premises of Our Approach...........................................14
Context.............................................................................15
Civilian Control.................................................................15
DoD Missions...................................................................16
The Institutional Environment................................................17
The Policymaking Process ...................................................... 20
Characteristics of the Policymaking Process ............................... 20
Key Steps in the Policymaking Process ..................................... 23
Key Problems Affecting the Policymaking Process........................ 24
Sources of Problems in the Policymaking Process......................... 26
v
vi The Civil-Military Gap in the United States
Realms of Potential Civil-Military Disagreement............................ 30
Threat Assessment ..............................................................32
Defense Resources............................................................. 34
Force Design and Creation................................................... 36
Force Maintenance .............................................................39
Force Employment..............................................................41
Summing Up..................................................................... 43
CHAPTER THREE
The TISS Data....................................................................45
Introduction.......................................................................45
Sample Design.................................................................... 46
Population...................................................................... 46
Sampling Frame................................................................ 48
Methodological Issues That Affect Analytic Conclusions................... 50
Response Rates................................................................. 50
Representativeness of the Sample.............................................55
Comparability of the Survey Administration .............................. 60
Our Use of the TISS Data.......................................................63
CHAPTER FOUR
How Do the Military and Civilians Differ? ................................65
Introduction.......................................................................65
Analytical Model................................................................. 66
Components of Model .........................................................70
Empirical Findings................................................................79
Socio-Demographic Profile....................................................79
Political Characteristics........................................................81
Knowledge of and Confidence in the Military............................. 86
View of Domestic Issues...................................................... 90
Views of International Affairs.................................................95
Discussion of Results........................................................... 101
CHAPTER FIVE
Military and Civilian Perspectives......................................... 105
Introduction..................................................................... 105
Contents vii
Analytical Framework.......................................................... 105
Civilian Control............................................................... 106
Military Effectiveness ........................................................ 108
Threat Assessment............................................................... 108
Defense Resources .............................................................. 110
Force Design and Creation .................................................... 111
Force Maintenance.............................................................. 113
Force Employment.............................................................. 114
Research Approach.............................................................. 116
Results............................................................................ 116
Threat Assessment ............................................................ 116
Defense Resources............................................................ 123
Force Design and Creation.................................................. 129
Force Maintenance ........................................................... 136
Force Employment............................................................ 141
Civilian Control............................................................... 145
Discussion of Results........................................................... 148
CHAPTER SIX
Conclusions and Observations on Future U.S. Civil-Military
Relations ................................................................... 151
Findings.......................................................................... 152
Caveats ........................................................................... 153
The Current Security Environment......................................... 154
Political Environment........................................................ 155
Some Projections for the Future............................................... 156
Future Directions for Research................................................ 157
Final Observations.............................................................. 158
APPENDIX
Civilian and Military Elites ................................................. 161
Bibliography.................................................................... 171