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(cid:11)6DPH(cid:3)DV(cid:3)5HSRUW(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)$Q(cid:3)HQWU\(cid:3)LQ(cid:3)WKLV(cid:3)EORFN(cid:3)LV(cid:3)QHFHVVDU\(cid:3)LI $’’5(66(cid:11)(6(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:3)6HOI(cid:16)H[SODQDWRU\(cid:17) WKH(cid:3)DEVWUDFW(cid:3)LV(cid:3)WR(cid:3)EH(cid:3)OLPLWHG(cid:17) 6WDQGDUG(cid:3))RUP(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:28)(cid:27)(cid:3)%DFN(cid:3)(cid:11)5HY(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:27)(cid:18)(cid:28)(cid:27)(cid:12) Technology Milestones can be reviewed at http://www.afrl.af.mil/technologymilestones/. To receive more information about AFRL, visit the home page at www.wpafb.af.mil/afrl. Cleared for Public Release Distribution Is Unlimited AFRL Technology Milestones Program Helping to maintain the Air Force’s strong Science and Technology foundation one milestone at a time. The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) is a tremendously important and exciting organization represented by exceptional people, all dedicated to envisioning solutions and delivering the “art of the possible” to the warfighter. Our mission is to lead the discovery, development, and integration of affordable warfighting technologies for our air and space forces. We execute our mission through our nine technology directorates located throughout the United States, our Air Force Office of Scientific Research, and our central staff. Innovation and technology are key components of the Air Force’s strong foundation. The imagination of the world’s best and brightest minds—in government, industry, and academia—ultimately delivers the equipment, weapon systems, and ideas driving our organization. These technology milestones showcase some of the technological advancements accomplished within AFRL. Headquartered at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, AFRL is the Air Force’s largest employer of scientists and engineers. In a population of about 3,400, approximately 23% have doctorate degrees in science and engineering disciplines. The laboratory’s research spans the full spectrum of science and technology—from conducting basic research to launching experimental microsatellites. Our scientists and engineers create technologies today that will be used by the nation’s air and space forces of tomorrow. You will find in these pages some of our most noteworthy technology milestones for 2006. These stories represent just a fraction of the AFRL technologies currently under development. Technology Milestones can be reviewed at http://www.afrl.af.mil/technologymilestones/. You can also visit the AFRL Web site at www.afrl.af.mil. Introduction The Air Force Science and Technology Milestones herein often represent the combined effort of several scientists and engineers working as a team. The basic and applied research, plus the follow-on technology development described, are essential to the continued success of the Air Force mission. This book contains Technology Milestones selected from one or more of the following categories: Support to the Warfighter (Air, Space, and Cyberspace) Technology that has potential for, or has achieved, application on a Department of Defense system in development or operation or that has provided “quick-reaction” response to problems or needs of field organizations Sustainment Technology that increases readiness and reduces life-cycle costs of legacy systems, applicable to (1) base infrastructure, (2) maintenance, (3) logistics, (4) training, and (5) human performance Emerging Technologies Major innovative technological advancements that offer significant potential for existing and future Air Force systems Technology Transfer Technology that has transferred from the laboratory to the private sector, to include industry, academia, and state and local governments Awards and Recognition Awards and recognition of AFRL contributions within the scientific community at large, concerning technology advancements in the areas of technology transition, technology transfer, or technical achievement AFRL Technologies Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) Mission Statement: AFOSR orchestrates the Air Force basic research program with universities, industry, and other government organizations. Structural Mechanics Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials and Microsystems Boundary Layers and Hypersonics Unsteady and Rotating Flows Combustion and Diagnostics Space Power and Propulsion Metallic Materials Ceramic and Nonmetallic Materials Theoretical Chemistry Molecular Dynamics Polymer Chemistry Polymer Matrix Composites Surface and Interfacial Science Electroenergetic Physics Atomic and Molecular Physics Physical Mathematics and Applied Analysis Electromagnetics Laser and Optical Physics Remote Sensing and Imaging Physics Space Sciences Quantum Electronic Solids Electronic and Detector Material Structures and Device Concepts Sensor and Detector Materials Optoelectronics: Components and Information Processing High-Density Optical Memory Biophysical Mechanisms Chronobiology Biomimetics, Biomaterials, and Biointerfacial Sciences Cognition and Decision Sensory Systems Biological Response Profiling and Assessment Dynamics and Control Computational Mathematics Information Forensics and Process Integration for Network Operations Optimization and Discrete Mathematics Sensing, Surveillance, and Navigation Software and Systems Information Fusion and Artificial Intelligence Air Vehicles Directorate Mission Statement: The Air Vehicles Directorate plans, formulates, and directs US science and technology for research/ exploratory/advanced technology development for military air vehicles; orchestrates and executes technology developments in aeronautical/control sciences and aerospace structures; integrates air vehicle technologies with all AFRL technology directorates at the systems level; and orchestrates this technology development with Department of Defense and national labs, industry and academia, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and Federal Aviation Administration, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and other foreign research organizations. Propulsion Integration Weapon Integration Experimental Aeronautical Sciences Flow Control/Flow Physics Plasma Physics Low-Speed Aerodynamic Configurations High-Speed Aerodynamic Configurations Multidisciplinary Computational Research High-Speed Computational Research Applied Computational Science Control Systems and Theory Unmanned Air Vehicle Cooperative Control Space Access and Hypersonics Guidance and Control Flow Control, Mechanization, and Automation Simulation-Based Research and Development Multifunctional Structures Advanced Structural Concepts Thermal Structures Adaptive Structures Structural Health Assessment Computational/Analytical Certification Combined Environments (Structures) Multidisciplinary Design and Demonstration Aeroelasticity Analysis Methods Structural Integrity Structural Dynamics Experimental Structures AFRL Technologies Directed Energy Directorate Mission Statement: The Directed Energy Directorate develops, integrates, and transitions science and technology for directed energy—including high-power microwaves, lasers, adaptive optics, imaging, and effects—to assure US preeminence in air and space. Lasers: Modeling and Simulation: Gas/Chemical Lasers Laser/Optics Electric Lasers Radio Frequency (RF)/Plasma Bulk Solid-State Lasers Systems Fiber Lasers Missions Semiconductor Lasers, Hybrid Lasers Laser Vulnerability and Lethality Beam Control: High-Power Microwaves: Atmospheric-Propagation/Adaptive Optics Pulsed-Power Plasmas Acquisition-Tracking and Pointing RF Sources/Antennas Space Situational Awareness RF Effects Human Effectiveness Directorate Mission Statement: The Human Effectiveness Directorate leads revolutionary science and technology for superior Airman cognition, readiness, performance, and survival through concentrated efforts focused on providing decision-quality information, immunity from threat, and mission-effective performance. 3-D Audio Aircrew Performance and Protection Biomechanics Biotechnology Chemical-Biological Agent Defense Cognitive Interface Technologies Cognitive Modeling Competency-Based Performance Measurement and Tracking Continuous Learning and Learning Management Technologies Counterproliferation Cultural Behavior Modeling and Representation Distributed Mission Operations Training Research Fatigue Countermeasures Human-Centered Logistics Research Human-System Interface Design Immersive Training/Rehearsal Simulation Environments Laser Eye Protection Live-Virtual-Constructive Integration Maintenance Job Aiding Nanotechnology Night-Vision, Helmet-Mounted, and Large-Screen Displays Nonlethal Technologies Optical Radiation Bioeffects Radio Frequency Radiation Bioeffects Situational Awareness Speech-Recognition Technologies Toxicology Veterinary Sciences Warfighter/Weapons Systems Integration AFRL Technologies Information Directorate Mission Statement: The Information Directorate leads the discovery, development, and integration of affordable warfighting information technologies for our air, space, and cyberspace forces. Information Dominance (and its transition to ground, air, and space systems, especially in the area of command and control) Information Exploitation Information Fusion Communications and Networking Signal Processing High-Performance and Adaptive Computing Collaborative Environments Advanced Displays and Intelligent Interfaces Modeling and Simulation Information Assurance Intelligent Information Systems Technologies (including intelligent agents, planning/scheduling and decision aids, knowledge bases, and access) Materials and Manufacturing Directorate Mission Statement: The Materials and Manufacturing Directorate plans and executes the US Air Force program for material and manufacturing in the areas of basic research, exploratory development, advanced development, and industrial preparedness and provides responsive support to Air Force product centers, logistics centers, and operating commands to solve systems- and deployment-related problems and to transfer expertise. Accelerated Insertion Materials Advanced Composite Processing and Behavior Advanced Industrial Practices Advanced Inspection Technologies Advanced Metallics Air Mobile Systems Research Airbase Infrastructure Technologies Aircraft and Spacecraft Coatings Amorphous Metals Analytical Chemistry Research Atmospheric Threat Protection Biotechnology Ceramics and Ceramic Matrix Composites Composites Supportability Computational Chemistry Corrosion Control Electronics Electrostatic Discharge Research Engine Rotor Life Extension Environmental Technologies Firefighting Technology Fluids, Lubricants, and Tribological Research Force Protection Research Hardened Materials Technology High-Cycle Fatigue Hazardous Materials Elimination/Minimization High-Resolution Flaw/Feature Imaging High-Temperature Superconductor Materials Infrared Sensors and Transparencies Laser-Hardened Materials Magnetic and High-Temperature Superconducting Materials Processing Manufacturing and Engineering Systems Manufacturing Processing and Fabrication Technology Materials Affordability Initiatives Materials Behavior and Evaluation Materials Life Prediction and Durability Materials Process Design Materials Supportability Metallic Composites Metal Matrix Composites Metals Processing Nanotechnology Nondestructive Evaluation Nonmetallic Composite Materials Optical Materials Organic Matrix Composites Pollution Prevention Materials Polymeric Materials Power and Chemical Processes Quantitative Defect Characterization Robotics Research Semiconductor Materials Sensor Technologies Solid and Liquid Lubricant Development Structural and Electronic Failure Analysis Superlattice and Quantum-Well Materials Surface Phenomena/Interactions Systems Support Thermal Protection Materials Virtual Reality Training Wide Bandgap Materials AFRL Technologies Munitions Directorate Mission Statement: The Munitions Directorate leads the discovery, development, integration, and transition of affordable munitions technologies for the US air and space force. Ordnance Technologies (warheads, fuzes, and explosives) Guidance Technologies Computer Analysis and Modeling Capabilities Propulsion Directorate Mission Statement: The Propulsion Directorate plans and executes the Air Force basic research, exploratory development, and advanced development programs for flight vehicle propulsion and power technology; conducts in-house research and development to exploit new opportunities, maintain technical expertise, and verify contractor findings; provides technical and management assistance in support of studies, analyses, development planning activities, acquisition, test, evaluation, modification, and operation of air, space, and weapons systems and related equipment; provides the principle Air Force interface with scientific, industrial, educational, and other government agencies; and serves as the Air Force Materiel Command focal point in these technical areas. Turbine Engines Rocket Engine Test Facilities Turbine Engine Augmentors Solid-Fueled Ramjets Turbine Engine Bearings Solid Propellants Combined-Cycle Engines Solid Rocket Boosters Subsonic and Supersonic Combustion Solid Rocket Service Life Compressors Solid Rocket Motors Turbine Engine Controls Carbon Fibers and Composites Turbine Engine Diagnostics Ceramic Processing Endothermic Fuels Computational Chemistry Engine Starting Systems Electric Propulsion Engine Health Monitoring Systems High-Energy-Density Matter Exhaust Nozzles Injectors and Spray Measurements Fans Laser Propulsion Fuel Pumps and Fuel Systems Liquid Rockets and Combustion Gas Generators Micropropulsion Gears Monopropellants High-Cycle Fatigue and Its Mitigation Nontoxic Propellants Ignition Prognostics Plume Phenomenology Lubrication Systems Power Conditioning Equipment Oil Specifications, Diagnostics, and Analysis Propulsion Fluid Dynamics Oil Monitors Rocket Materials Optical Diagnostics Rocket-Based Combined-Cycle Engine Pressure-Sensitive Paints Solar Propulsion Pulsed-Detonation Engines Thermal Management Scramjets Thermionics Seals Auxiliary Power Units Turboramjets Batteries and Fuel Cells Turboshaft Engines Capacitors V/STOL Propulsion Circuit Breakers Air Turborockets Converters/Inverters Hybrid Rockets Electric Motors ICBM Propulsion Conventional, Superconducting Generators Liquid-Fueled Ramjets