DTIC ADA440349: A Multi-Functional Software Environment for Modeling Complex Missions and Devising Adaptive Organizations

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by  Defense Technical Information Center

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snoitazina gervOitp agdnAisi v desnDnaois sxieMlp mgonCiledoM *
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yigro e.GkMuhcveL
Krishna R. Pattipati
David L. Kleinman
gnireenig nsEmets ydS nlaacirtce l fE.otpeD , ,tucitcenn o fCyotisrevinU Storrs, CT 06269-3157
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ygolodohtem rof gnitneserper xelpmoc snoissim dna gnizisehtnys eht tnatimocnocevitpada
s elraunt o ctiruntoreaftrz seisfntfaeigsdro f.os envgiitsceed jbo ehT loot xob sedivorp a-yb-pets
pets noitazilausiv fo gniledom a xelpmoc noissim dna gnidliub na "lamitp on"oitazinagrotaht
seveihca roirepus ,ecnamrofrep elihw gniyfsitas lanoitazinagro .stniartsnoc nI ,noitidda eht
t nsew moenl rolearanwiotv fns oenom sotr sioeitrfvs aoriytzfe tl nipaaafenrnoraaaegpfrmfooicd
suoirav )denifed-resu( ecnamrofrep ,serusaem dna ot yfitnauq eht ssentsubor fo a nevig
lanoitazinagro .ngised ehT ygolodohtem setaroprocni smhtirogla rof gnizimitpo ecruoser
,noitacolla noissim ,eludehcs dna noitamrofni ,tnemeganam rof gnicnalabgnikam-noisiced
,daolkrow dna rof gnizimixam ytiliballortnoc fo eht noissim gnissecorp yb eht gnitluser
lanoitazinagro .yhcrareih ehT erawtfos tnemnorivne si detartsulli aiv na .elpmaxe ehT
ygolodohtem dna sloot detneserp wolla rof noitamotua fo eht gniledom dna ngised.ssecorp
,niereH yeht etutitsno celbaul asvtnemurtsni rof cifitneic shcraeser ni eht aera folanoitazinagro
.roivahe bmae tnamu hdn agnikam-noisiced
1. noitcudortnI
1.1 Motivation
ehT noitulover ni noitamr oyfgnoilonhcet si gnignahc eht yaw ni hcihw nred,osmnoitazinagro
,ts cesu stdgs innnmlreoieapmc rt irhousdc est tyn rytiecsamernllaomaebifrmtagufoitanclsaiemm
.ss ern iieshutb sA gni gsnnarhecttap fo s’yado tdlrow lepm os cnnorietdaozmin aogtro laedhtiw
snnstoi mniare et tet d may,rdsned nmdeenyocneorarcusinamroeunsaiiftsusvtvnssidninemaeurp
dna seitilibapac tsum eb deroliat ot troppus wen gnikam-noisiced selor dna ,stnemeriuqerot
etatilicaf ,noitacinummoc tnemeganam fo secruoser dna ,noitamrofni lanoitarepo ,gninnalp
lanoitautis ,ssenerawa dna cimanyd detubirtsid .gnikam-noisiced htiW yreve tnacifingis
laicremmoc ro yratilim gnikatrednu gniriuqer a detanidrooc troffe fo a egral puorg fo
gsdynleliatlluualdbcoiiirvrhtitpndsa oniracidgoe gyteirav f,osecruose ra rep oercpnalagbnoma
noit a,mnrooift ninisoiiutqacnagised fo a noisic e,dyhcrareih dna ecruo s,enroitacolla ni ,trohs a
lnagniosietda zrienpaogrrpo .ecnamrofr elpanoitazinag rrooirep uolstaciti rs,ci

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1. REPORT DATE 3. DATES COVERED
2005 2. REPORT TYPE 00-00-2005 to 00-00-2005
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER
A Multi-Functional Software Environment for Modeling Complex
5b. GRANT NUMBER
Missions and Devising Adaptive Organizations
5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER
6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER
5e. TASK NUMBER
5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
Office of Naval Research,One Liberty Center,875 North Randolph Street REPORT NUMBER
Suite 1425,Arlington,VA,22203-1995
9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S)
11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT
NUMBER(S)
12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
The original document contains color images.
14. ABSTRACT
This paper presents a software environment that uses our comprehensive modeling and design
methodology for representing complex missions and synthesizing the concomitant adaptive organizational
structures for different sets of design objectives. The tool box provides a step-bystep visualization of
modeling a complex mission and building an "optimal" organization that achieves superior performance,
while satisfying organizational constraints. In addition, the software environment allows one to perform a
comparative analysis of different organizations for various (user-defined) performance measures, and to
quantify the robustness of a given organizational design. The methodology incorporates algorithms for
optimizing resource allocation, mission schedule, and information management, for balancing
decision-making workload, and for maximizing controllability of the mission processing by the resulting
organizational hierarchy. The software environment is illustrated via an example. The methodology and
tools presented allow for automation of the modeling and design process. Herein, they constitute valuable
instruments for scientific research in the area of organizational decision-making and human team
behavior.
15. SUBJECT TERMS
16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF
ABSTRACT OF PAGES RESPONSIBLE PERSON

a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE 26
unclassified unclassified unclassified
Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98)
Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18
revO eht ,sraey hcraeser ni lanoitazinagro gnikam-noisiced sah detartsnomed taht a gnorts
pihsnoitaler stsixe neewteb eht cificeps erutcurts fo a ksat tnemnorivne ,.e.i( )noissim dnaeht
[n(gis eldanoitazinag rloamit ptonatimocnoc dn anambieR Nolte, 1987], [ uorvatsa pdanPa ,snahtA
1992], [Pete et al. , 1993], [Tang et al. , 1993], [ niL & ,yelraC .)]5991 oT ezilitu sihtlarutcurts
,ycnedneped etairporppa sledom fo eht noissim dna ,noitazinagro gnirutpac eht lautcanoissim
sretemarap dna lanoitazinagro ,stniartsnoc tsum eb detalumrof roirp ot eht ngised .esahp roF
e sg,nrsoanilos i sstdiianmhza tisndaagerlo ot r egvne idwnoarmge ddreotf asmlootouta ottsissa
eht resu ni gn islneodiosms i. ms de gnrlnauaitn tcolaeiarttmeiain hztecipgrno aa,gyrlolaedhIcus
sloot tsum eb yltneiciffus elitasrev ot eldnah a ediw epocs fo snoissim dna ot ezimitpo
lanoitazinagro serutcurts rof tnereffid )denifed-resu( .airetirc sA a ,tcudorp-yb gnivah hcusna
detamotua ngised tnemnorivne dluow wolla eno ot enimaxe namuh gnikam-noisiced dna
noitanidrooc sessecorp rednu tnereffid ,snoitidnoc ot etareneg wen ecnamrofrep serusaemdna
ngised ,sesehtopyh ot mrofrep a evitarapmoc sisylana fo tnereffid ton( ylirassecen)lamitpo
,dsnearutc ulratnsoitazinagro .ngi sleadnoitazina gn r esof vsoaiegntsu b eothr stoett
1.2 sse cn og gridnPsni eal gDeendhiottMa m korrtooufwAdnuorG
revO eht tsap wef ,sraey ew evah depoleved a evisneherpmoc ygolodohtem rof gnisived
lacitamehtam dna lanoitatupmoc sledom fo snoitazinagro dna rieht ,snoissim sa llew sa rof
gnidliub lamitpo dna lamitpo-raen lanoitazinagro serutcurts rof tnereffid ngised.sevitcejbo
,yllacificepS rof e hetvitcejbo -mietllbuomrp fo gni nsgniosietdazinagro ot etelpmoc axelpmoc
,noissim elihw gniziminim a tes fo ,airetirc ew detneserp na evitareti erudecorp ot etarenegna
e rklu uat yhncdgcouneviratettaL asr[lzt(aismniatgproo et al ,. ,7991 ,a8991 dna .)]b8991 ,oslAa
xs ecnlii ptamsoocn geariud lgdinnaiafrot ilrn eooydfmconmedn etpceedffe-e seutaucbirtta-itlum
noissim tnemnorivne sah neeb decudortni nigniY[ et al ., 1997]. ehT laitnetop stifeneb foa
larutcurts hctam neewteb a noissim erutcurts dna a tn altainmooictnaozci n,anggrioseddetciderp
yb eht evitam rsolnedkoumhcveL[( et al ., 1996 and 1997] and [Pete et al., ,)]8991 evahneeb
detset yllaciripme ni a detaidem-retupmoc pool-eht-ni-maet tnemirepxe htiw namuh sMD ,
dezilanoitarepo ni na decnah ndeetubirtsi DcimanyD gnikamnoisiceD )III-DDD( noitalumisfo
tCnioJ 2elpmeK [s(oirane cs et al., 1999]).
1.3 no rifetopaazP ie npdaongcarSO
nI siht ,repap ew tneserp a erawtfos tnemnorivne taht sesu ruo evisneherpmoc gniledomdna
ngised ygolodohtem ot ezilausiv gniledom xelpmoc snoissim dna gnizisehtnys ehttnatimocnoc
lamitpo lanoitazinagro .serutcurts nI noitces ,2 ew edivorp elanoitar rof ruo resuecafretni
.noitisopmoc eW ecudortni a deifidom lanoitazinagro ngised erudecorp taht setaroprocni
smhtirogla rof gnizimitpo noissim ,eludehcs ecruoser ,noitacolla noitamrofni tnemeganamdna
ytiliballort ngoncizimi x dadnmaaolk rgonwikam-noisi cgendicna l rals o bla,fsenawoitacinummoc
w oehtartsul le,niw3oi t.c yenhsIcrare ilhanoitazinag rgonitlus ee rhygtbnisseco rnpoiss ie mhfto
ot esu r u toenreamwntofr oirsvonf eno igsnsiilmedo maiv l a ac.ietlephmtaoxpeyh nI noitces,4
rof a ksat-ot-ecruoser noitacolla esahp fo ruo noitazimitpo ,erudecorp ew tneserp a wen task
gniludehcs mhtirogla taht setareneg a lamitpo-raen noissim eludehcs rof a nevig tes foksat
,stnemeriuqer ecruoser ,seitilibapac dna ksat noitisnart .stniartsnoc nI noitces ,5 ew esueht
lacitehtopyh ,elpmaxe decudortni ni noitces ,3 ot etartsulli ruo lanoitazinagro ngised.ssecorp
. 6noitce sn iyrammu sahti wedulcno ce w,yllaniF
2. .noiti stonpemm on gCosen r srin idealgdvncweinnaotdsaErfoePoMDS
2.1 gnile dsoaM a tsr ipFestnS ogi ntn iainnzagiminusaHegDrO
revO eht ,s rhaceryaeser n ignik a mmda- eensttoaaihrst istcnaeohdmted n onisateatzairneapgoro
tseb nehw sti erutcurts dna sessecorp ,tif ro ,hctam eht gnidnopserro cnoissim .tnemnorivne oT
tiolpxe siht ycnedneped neewteb eht erutcurts fo a noissim dna a tnatimocnoc lamitpo
lanoitazina g,rnogised eht lacitir cnoitamrofni tuoba eht noissim erutcurts tsum eb derutpacdna
deifitnauq ot hsilbatse a lacitamehta mkrowemarf rof noitacilppa fo noitazimit psoeuqinhcetot
s nfeoohitsn elmaicdi tsitrhcgil h gtglna ieihahdpt oo.ml se,sv see ucdnhogTr iplsaendoitazinagro
.ngis eldanoitazinag rloufssecc uoassty eek h fteo n soeirutcur tnsoissim
swo lslnaoitazin a ngfgroi osdgenndail e sdoeotumqinh cgentireeni gsnmee t nsfoyoistacil pephaT
eno ot ezilitu laciremun noitazimitpo smhtirogla rof gnizimitpo detciderp namuh maet
.ecnamrofrep ehT smet sgynsireen ihgcnaeorppa o tlanoitazi nnaggirsoed si sa .swollof ecnOa
evitatitnauq ledom gnibircsed eht noissim dna eht lanoitazinagr ostniartsnoc si ,tliubtnereffid
)ral a d c ,eoys, n ntl-adyoeinbnietirbi iors i tamasneuoelfaosttg aozcoidem ipruhinn(cjttaapgoro
.noitcn uefvitcej be ohetzimit podotetaren esegirutcur tlsanoitazinag rnd oan,anoitcn uefvitcejbo
enO fo eht yek serutaef fo na lanoitazinagro erutcurts si sti ,ytilanoisnemid-itlum ,.e.i
lanoitazinagro erutcurts sebircserp eht setubirtta taht eziretcarahc ynam tnereffid sessecorpdna
spihsnoitaler gnoma suoirav lanoitazinagro seititne ,.e.i( noitamrofni ssecca dna noitacollafo
resources to len nnaohictacin u rmdemnfoas cna,atyrahtdcra rleo ir d htdn,nna soamMMcmDDoc
,serutcurts .).cte sA a ,tluser na evitcejbo noitcnuf netfo senibmoc larevesetarusnemmoc-non
.airetirc nehW siht si eht ,esac l aenhotit anzgiinsaeg drmoelborp si detaert saev iatcejbo-itlum
.melbo rnpoitazimitpo
nI elacs-egr aslnoitazinagro taht evlovni ,snamuh ,senihcam ,srosnes ,sretupmoc dna,sesabatad
namuh sMD yalp a laicep s.elor r igenhiT kdaemr-an hodlsina sansioncioetidatrceenlpubofane
sfeoiatiliba p.eealh c catnnooigmS mroi ceehvte i rh oe cstdnanriooi trci aeehttanid r sooMotDc
namuh era ,detimil eht noitubirtsid fo information , secruoser , dna seitivitca gnoma sMD nina
noitazinagr otsum eb tes pu ,ylgnidrocca ot eetnaraug tganhitkam-noisi cdenda lanoitarepodaol
.sdlohser hgtnidnopserr oe chwtol esbniam eMhrDc aneo
nI ,slraerkeanme-gnoisi ceerda dedivorp htiw detimi lsecruoser htiw hcihw ot hsilpmoccarieht
gno msaecruos eerse hfntooitubirt s .ie sdheTvitcejbo stMs nDede cnm franeeougshoietsshestra
ot kees noitamrofni dna ot tcudnoc lanoitarepo seitivitca era yek stnemele ni nas’noitazinagro
.ngised
:spe tys egkniwoll oef hgtnitelpm o nctonegnitn o scnigis eldanoitazinag rloufssecc u,assuhT
)i( ;)led onmoiss iemvitatitna ugaqnin if e,d.e. in(oiss iem h fteorutcur tes hgtnitadicule
)ii( g niziretcarahc eht erutcurts fo na noitazinagro ,.e.i( gninifed larutcurts snoisnemid dna
;)stniartsn olcanoitazinag rgonitaeniled
)iii( ;)kn aercnedece rrpie hdtn aa(ireti reccnamrofr egpniyficep s
)vi( ;eludehc snoissi mlamitp on agnitarene g
)v( s eoctru ogsneirtacolla gnitangis edd nsaMD 'sMD ;seitilanoitcnuf
)iv( .erutcur tnsoitacinumm odc nyahcrare i MhgDnidliu b
ehT latot gnikam-noisiced dna lanoitarepo daol si yllareneg denoititrap gnoma sMD yb
srekam-nois ilcaeuddi vs ikoeds tsnageitnhitng isd sk nossna taaogntini siassiompmoced ohwera
elbisnops errof rieht gninalp dn a.noitucexe n eghnWiredisnoc a ,noissim eno ,tsum ni,lareneg
et anietenwetre ebefh ftniodissim s e)vsiltaco egdj (nbnaoo i.ssskismat se elnvioihitWscseijmbo
nac yllareneg eb tnednepedn i lfaonsotintiaazritnsangorco , no insosiitmisopmoc eodtni sksatsi
tnegnitnoc nopu elbaliava secruoser dna 'sMD esitrepxe eno( tonnac hsilpmocca sih slaogyb
gn istkesla ptrmo ofhccihw eh s esrc aer ,hhur;dtooeaisn seee dit nreetsehrrnhdtieilupuqxoeehrs
yrt ot dnif a tnereffid yaw ot hcaer sih sevitcejbo tcejbus ot stniartsnoc no secruoserdna
.)esitrepxe
, d,nrae n egoli tbsaaeldi ayvlai d saseeicrruo sse'rnoitazina getrhu otonboaitamro fehnhgituohtlA
,su htn ti ogni n atfin ,cp os oos ie oaitkerbd psnshcenmsiatsseoiteuhcmdwed e'ssiMtDrerpoxfe
gnissecorp a cificeps ksat seriuqer eht ticilpxe noitinifed fo eht .ksat euD ot nasuomrone
yt ige snl,robsem akvalvsilia daete,cwtnooncn anlciareneg , etalupits 's MeDsitr eeprxoefebew
poleved eht noissim ledom dna noissim ksat .erutcurts ,semitemoS ew nac enifed as'MD
esitrepxe rof a niatrec puorg fo yratnemele ,sksat dna yltneuqesbus tcirtser ruo noitnettaot
, ,r gteyna vbihs;eote swd sfko esoshgysaanloltinhc totdee lhypsbmiolc pst mnaeoohrcitacsasim
swfnooohi trtpui oom,ielc n, ed,hnnaoi s esrnriuoumotcu rk tscsaitf iec seao ppysmliticil pemwi
o. tshecva ienrtro ucioesj sbhiotm i gWen hietnv oons bia,aedrni me wn ilarltainlw iuaacmitrap
redro nehw gnipoleved a tnioj evitatitnauq ledom rof a xelpmoc noissim dna atnatimocnoc
..) g1ei eFsss(ec onrgpi sleadnoitazina g r rrutooou f penndaiiv onorotpitazinagro
2.2 erudec onrgPi sleaDnoitazinagrO
la n eonh igT ltimaasemzeliidbtnoparo gpnraoc deebtalum rsoaf eno fo gnidn ihftob ehtlamitpo
lanoit aezriuntacgurrots dna sti lamitpo elbisae fygetarts taht rehtego teziminim aelbairav-itlum
evitcejbo ,noitcnuf htiw eht stnemele fo eht lanoitazin atgnreomnorivne ,.e.i( rebmun fo ,sMD
).c t,esecruos eerlbalia v,aesitrep xreieht .ngis eldanoitazi ns atneg n ohritoart sgn noicdivorp
nI ,lareneg lla eht gnitsixe sdohtem fo evitcejbo-itlum noitazimitpo era PN drah lamitpo(
elbisae fynlilanoitatup mhogcuoh t,lsauoi ve,bneool p.m) aer xmoleiFatitneno pe xkseamthtirogla
rof egral ezis ,smelborp noitulos dluow eb ot etaremune lla elbisaef sgnippam fo ehtnoissim
se irng ooeehfitlc ta bafartieoutns lsea,aue evqfhreetu sit nbwceou urisoruttttanscz ouinrnatasgro
ralucitrap noitazinagro .erutcetihcra ,revewoH siht si a rehtar suoidet ,ksat yllaicepse fieht
,secruos e,rsksa ts(elbair afrvoebmun .egr a sl)isMD
secruoseR gniledoM
gniledoM noissiM
sevitcejbO noissiM gninifeD
erutcurtS ksaT noissiM gninifeD
Organizational Constraints
sMD gniledoM
snoisnemiD gniyficepS
erutcurtS lanoitazinagrO rof
ngiseD lanoitazinagrO
Fig. 1. Modeling a Mission and an Organization.
enO yaw fo gniyfilpmis eht hcraes rof eht lamitpo lanoitazinagro ngised si ot tiolpxeeht
noitcennoc neewteb ytilanoisnemid-itlum fo lanoitazinagro erutcurts dna eht detrecnoc
noitisopmoc fo aelbai reavvi-tic te.ljnubomoitcnuf nI ,lareneg eht evitce jnbooitcnusfenibmoc
selbairav gnitneserper htob noissim sevitcejbo dna ngised sretemarap ,.g.e(gnikam-noisiced
,daolkrow ecruoser ,noitazilitu tsoc fo eht ,ngised .).cte hcaE noisnemid fo ehtlanoitazinagro
erutcurts setalupits a gnidnopserroc noitrop fo eht ngised sretemarap ,.g.e( ecruoser-MD
ssec cnaoitamrof neili h, w MfadDoaolkr oswnoitare peo hetnif eedludeh cnsoiss idm nnaoitacolla
,erutcurts noitacolla fo noisiced ,selbairav dna noitacinummoc erutcurts etalupits a-noisiced
. ) fdMaoaDolkr ogwnikam
e cnnaacmerb olfarneopitazi neangir m oartieart heenttdoii rtscat zhefig vomieii ehttewtaphloTer
detneserper aiv gnithgiew stneiciffeoc dengissa ot hcae elbairav ni eht evitcejbo.noitcnuf
,eroferehT ni ,yroeht ew nac dliub na lanoitaz ienraugtrcourts yb gytnlnieezvriiemtfiaftripedoti
l,asr nugotnicisunnrnetimsgi edhbtiw e ssonhotisne mtiad hettaenile deht tsei vnaoeihtrop foeht
envoi it ,t cs. cleegynajn.gunbieefoom(ti r ate negr aheatntnztleisoiudsindssaeesghcircomsosrap
llew sa eht laudividni lanoitarepo s'MD ,daolkrow os ti yllareneg seificeps a egral noitropfo
sretemarap ni eht elbairav-itlum evitcejbo .)noitcnuf hcaE gniwollof noisnemid sidezimitpo
tcejbus ot a dex iefrutcurts no es oshntoisnem itdaht evah nee bdezi m.iytdpaoerla ehTevitareti
noitacilppa fo eht mhtirogla swolla eno ot ylsuoenatlumis ezimitpo lla ecnamrofrep,airetirc
tce jd b efuos ifs teefog vli- nn ibceyogetaedbmihctpaastepsrejetdbcoca tsoc-iuqe secafrus foeht
.noitcn uefvitcejbo
ehT evoba cigol swolla rof noitargetni otni( ruo lanoitazinagro ngised )erudecorp fosuoirav
smhtirogla taht ezimitpo noissim ,eludehcs ecruoser ,noitacolla noitamrofni tnemeganamdna
,noitacinummoc noitanidrooc ,syaled gnikam-noisiced ,daolkrow dna os .no sihT hcaorppasi
dezi ltixteun l a nmnniho g t i miei stehsvrl iasteioarhzaidtgmutihralio(nporata-gespgeltiorvaioif
kuhcve Lnd[iecudort ns iatwa hmthtirog leasahp-ee r fnhaootisnet xnea et al ., 1997, 1998]). For
:)2.g ieFe ss(esa hepv igfniwoll oef hat idvengis e sdnioitazinag r no,aerutcur tnsoiss inmev iag
esahP.I nkdosniaattac oelclrauoser - skeeshnatitm r emth et die rs tfo aesogehhrlhptiaTf
gnicneuq etsaht ezimi tn po,oissesviimt cgenjibkoat otni tnuocca ks ae tcsntendieacretrspnodcna
noi t,aszyia nl ,oe ,srdks ehs teicaenctntceriyrmulsueoi orsbssieaaeurprqaecr llewl ascaihpargoeg
dna rehto ksat noitisnart .stniartsnoc ehT etelpmoc noisrev fo siht mhtirogla si detneserpni
noitces 4 fo siht .repap ehT detareneg ecruoser-ksat noitacolla seificeps eht daolkrow reptinu
.ecruoser n I,noitid draof yre vneoiss i,mksat eht tsrif esahp fo e hmsthetniirmorgeltae da tesfo
tnadnude re-cnrounoser segakcap elbapac fo yltnio jgnissecorp a .ksat sihT noitamrofni siretal
.stnemtsuj dyagetar tesnil- nro o,fyrassec e fn,id n,angis eed h fttonemenif eervitare tri odfesu
Phase II. ehT dnoces esahp fo eht mhti rsoegn lisabemcorcugonsie troctensiretni-non
,spuorg ot hctam eh tlano ietsairterpeopxe dna daol kdrlo owshtsneirahrttsnoc no elbaliava ,sMD
dna sngissa hcae puorg ot na laudividni MD ot enifed eht ecruoser-MD .noitacolla ,suhTeht
dnoces esahp setaeniled eht ecruoser-ksat-MD noitacolla eludehcs ,dna ,yltneuqesnoc eht
. MhDc a fedoaolkr olwanoitare ploaudividni
Phase III. ehT driht esahp fo eht mhtirogla setangised noitamrofni gnissecorpdna
gnikam-noisiced seit iglnaonmoaitcnuf sMD yb gn ietta acnioorlipltoaarmprpoaf nkisatselbairav
to .sMD nI siht ,esahp eht gnikam-noisiced daolkrow fo hcae MD si decnalab ot hctameht
gnidnopserroc esitrepxe dna daolkrow dlohserht ,stniartsnoc dna laminim deriuqerMD-retni
.detamit ssneioitanidrooc
esahP.VI sihT esahp fo eht mhtirogla senifed eht noitamrofni ssecca erutcurtsdna
noitacinummoc erutcurts gnoma sMD yb gnitacolla rosnes syalpsid dna atad sknil ot sMD
gnidrocca ot eht noitamrofni stnemeriuqer ta hcae MD edon dehsilbatse( ni esahP,)III
noitamrofni ssecca stniartsnoc dna syalpsid dna atad sknil .ytilibaliava tI sezimitpo eht
gno mnaoitacinumm o sclal e sw,a MhDc a fedoa onloitamrofni .sMD
esahP.V ,yllaniF esahP V fo eht mhtirog lsaetelpmoc eh tlanoita zeirnuatgcruortsyb
gniyficeps a MD dnammoc yhcrareih ot ezimitpo eht ytilibis nnoopisteurbirtsid dnaMD-retni
lortnoc ,noitanidrooc sa llew sa ot ecnalab eht lortnoc daolkrow gnoma sMD gnidrocca ot
sntoniarts neoscitrepxe .sMD
se gsau toks ic o,vaetyebh rrdtaape se,sf sefecidein vmohrt pie rs hfoaecoghhalptEa to ylevitareti
yfidom eht ecruoser-ksat dna ecruoser-MD ,noitacolla sa llew sa eht noitamrofni sseccadna
gno msaerutcur tnsoitacinummoc .sMD
enil-nO noitatpadAesahP . nI noitidda ot gnitareneg na lamitpolanoitazinagro
tnemu rs tensdani i vlxeooorrobaptw t,rflu oeonsdooim sdsei i myfrgio ecfate apedrsrntuastcurts
rof a kci ut qndhenc i arncsaoi neifrostfoiaeftt ppnoaida eh ttneve efcoruo sreor MeDruleieasf(
kuhcveL[ et al ,. ]8 9.9 )1rsolfiat ed retfA a eyctrlu uorasofe(r a pu o,rsg efcor unoise reht esacfo
a MD e d)oenruli asfa h s, t dlnne,aieiynae flor bdig iteetnetsrtnihanasedtzoudricjiondcaacgearro
dnaeht wen ecruoser-ksat noitacollaygetarts si detarenegni esahP I fo eht mhtirogla rofeht
gniniamer noitrop fo eht ,noissim retfa hcihw sesahP II hguorht V era desu ot enimretedeht
dete lhp gmeVu oro scarIe hIs .ta,ehe rPss uaintchIctu rltasnoitazin a sgenerhigotn ayhrcassecen
s ryme r rt nae,osn ind.fuieoogtls im.acantelh au (pPI lgIdon eviene p riaufaaiootvr bgeoehrtdlo
Operational Operational Task
Task Resource Precedence
Requirements Capabilities Graph
ph1ase
tsacshke dule; ecruoseR-ksaT
resoupraccek ages tsacshke dule; ecruoseR-ksaT noitacollA
resoupraccek ages noitacollA
DM’s
Expertise
ph2ase Constraints
DM-task assignment; ecruoseR-MD feedback
DM’so perationalw orkload DM-task assignment; ecruoseR-MDnoitacollA
DM’so perationalw orkload noitacollA
Task
Information Flow
ph3ase Diagram
inter-DM data-transfer; ytilanoitcnuF-MD
DM process coordination; DM’s decision workload DM process coordination; inter-DM data-transfer; noitacollA
DM’s decision workload
Data-Display
Resource
ph4ase Capabilities
feedback
DM’si nformationl oad; noitamrofnI-MD
communication structure DM’si nformationl oad; noitamrofnI-MD noitacollA
communication structure noitacollA
Control
Requirements /
ph5ase Specifications
DM’sc ontroll oad; MD
D M’sr esponsibilities DM’sc ontroll oad; yhcrareiH MD
D M’sr esponsibilities yhcrareiH
sseco rnPgis elDanoitazina g . r.2OgiF
ssec o er,fhpyitl l.a) nhicFta rmc ossrpfu omrrgoft a wlgepnnitare nne egrheth t,asrpu omrrgoftalp
fo gnitareneg wen lanoitazinagro ygetarts ro/dna erutcurts sliaf kuhcveL[( et al ., 1998]), the
e btsu mnoissim detroba .
2.3 se iet rif u logtdi ncnbri eaauldnttpOengn iadaielhCosnocMeoorDpTAxmooBC
g nsi nddol n iixad sueet sb lns gi oepgirnm,thmiseitt ossslnnceaueeiddmonmo reirva nwretufOos
:)3.gi Fs(tnenopm oncev egsniwoll oe f hfstotsisn o,csnoitazinag rloamit ptonatimocnoc
(1) rotae nsielcerDuoseR ;)R(
(2) r eenri ulnttocuiuOsrstiSM ;)M(
(3) re erMluDitfcourrPtS ;)D(
(4) tce taii hrececrtnAiarmCrofreP (P);
(5) rota reelnuedGehcS (S);
(6) Allocation Definer ;)A(
(7) rotang iyshecDrareiH (H).
eh T tsst rneieefnrohpt(moc secrruootsaeeRnileD , noissiM erutcurtSreniltuO , dna MDreliforP )
tsissa eht resu ni gnipoleved cityla neavitatitnauq sledom rof eht noissim dna noitazinagrotaht
evres sa na tupni rof ruo lanoitazinag rnogised .mhtirogla ehT ecnamrofreP airetirCtcetihcrA
tnenopmoc si desu ot etalupits ecnamrofrep serusaem rof eht evitcepsorp lanoitazinagrongised
dna ot enifed a ecnamrofrep tsoc noitcnuf taht setagergga noissim sevitcejbo dna ngised
.sretemarap ehT tsal eerht stnenopmoc( eludehcSrotareneG , Allocation Definer , dna yhcrareiH
rotangiseD ) edivorp a pets-yb-pets noitazilausiv fo eht lamitpo lanoitazinagro ngisedssecorp
(e.g., eludehcSrotareneG component produces the task-resource allocation that corresponds to
esahP I fo ruo lanoitazinagro ngised ,mhtirogla elihw Allocation Definer dna yhcrareiH
rotangiseD .)s she g csun Voeo g I rsrfieIepahosthht ee tPwrdl e oepholsmttluoac
Tool Box Components:
R
R: ResouDrecleisn eator ;
S A
M: Mission Structure Outliner ;
H D: DM StructureProfiler ;
M D P: PerformanCcrei terAirac hitect ;
S: Schedule Generator ;
P
A: Allocation Definer ;
H: HieraDrecshiyg nator .
erawtfo Sru Oro ferutcetihcr Atnenopmo C. 3.giF
tnemnorivnE
eh Trearluutdcoumr tfso de t tar nrueetorms anunwoli trl tfiiluov(iosnahetgeu doegrhnhtitwollof
)snoitces swolla eno ot ylppa tnere fnfoiidtazi msimthptoirogla ta tnereffid segats fo ehtngised
ssecorp ot eldnah eht ytixelpmoc fo a cificeps melborp ta .dnah ruO loot swolla eht resuot
er oslupo xiserlaevvel fo ,e ytltaeiedx no es)imtdlnelnnpozeeamiidr(oslecnafeu fmsfiiioddveht
gnitluser noissim ,erutcurts dna hsilbatse eht lanoitcnu fseicnednepedretni gnoma ehtnoissim
stnemele taht enifed eht scimanyd fo eht noiss i.mtnemnorivne nI ,noitidda ruo loot sddaeht
ytilibapac f odenifed -nsrgneiossiuetdacifid otma suoirav segats fo eht ssecorp dna syalpsideht
scirtem fo lanoitazinag r,oecnamrofrep eht tnemniatta fo noissim ,sevitcejbo dna ehtdaolkrow
noitubirtsid ssorca eht .noitazinagro ,ecneH ruo loot sedivorp a etelpmoc noitazilausiv foeht
gl ,nansingsl oiebeiscahteont adrerzpeisnua gotertcv ouiydsdnnuo etcahs efropm oenchotissim
dna eht tnatimocnoc lanoitazinagro serutcetihcra roirp( ot lautca noissim gnissecorp yb eht
.)noitazinagro
yB gniyficeps eht ecruoser-ksat noitacolla ,ecnereferp sa llew sa ecruoser segakcap otssecorp
hcae noissim ,ksat ruo loot setareneg a loop fo noitazinagro seigetarts rehtar( neht aelgnis
.)ygetarts ,suhT ni eht tneve fo larutcurts ,seruliaf eht noitatpada edom fo ruo loot swollaeht
dipar on-line d.eastsaedc odgrenpmoe rmrsoap nfnoroie itp htpc aorrtaopefasda
nI ,yrammus ruo lanoitcnuf-itlum erawtfos tnemnorivne sedivorp eht resu htiw ehtgniwollof
:serutaef
• ;led onmoiss igamnitad pdu nganita e rc
• rof a nevi gnois s , ilsgmatn nnidoitniaaatrratezsn ineenoghlactag nrlooaimtiatzpionagro
;ngised
• ;seru l dieMnacDafru o nsooetirtatp aydgaeta rdltnasarutcu retnsil -no
• ;noitazinag rnoev ifasgosentsub oer hgtnisses sa
•;seigetar tlsan oitazinag rsouoir agvnitaula v,enoitazinag rdo nnaoiss inmev irag of
• rof a nevig ,noissim gnitareneg eht ecnamrofrep snoitciderp rof suoiravdenifed-resu
;snoitazinagro
• estlnn bgeggairnn psei ifaeft, yocdfay eroiuglholdleatfpatnmvaoeeri ttasa znienvaiggro
;ygetarts
• rof a nevig noissim d,nnaoit agzniinsaigvreod dn agnizilausi veht lanmoiittpaozinagro
strategy.
ehT elrauntrceettnii hdcnraa seitila nfooitcn u,hftcnaeenop msoac llew sa n oeihttaci lfpoparuo
detartsu le,lrniaoitazina glraom i gtnnpaiongi sdneno daigs nsaiil me tdonotemmnori venreawtfos
.snoitc egsniwoll oef hnti
3. pets-yb-petS gniledoM fo a xelpmoC.noissiM
oeTtartsu lwloih ot esu ru ode steonrpea omwerntgpofarokiscvanpe ro fgniledom a noissimdna
gningised a tnatim o,cnnooictazinagro ew poleved a deifilp mliascitehtopy hemag-rawnoissim
oirane c.selpmaxe oT thgilhgih ruo s' lsoeoittilibapac ni gniledom ,wen railim a,fsntucejboruo
.puek aemcruos edr nnaoiss ismuoititc isfecudort neilpmaxe
Example. o inl roaaic nsisest iciersm hu.t Ososwpaoylhl of r anmlIllae eterss froaoectinlileb
dengis ssda insaecruos ef tr oneaesv is)giGFT Jp(uo reGcr okFs atTn i ,oamJuinnell idMri heTht
ot tcudnoc a detecaf-itlum noitarepo demia ta gnikcatta dna gniyortsed eerht cigetartsymene
:stcejbo a lamrehtoeG ,tnalP-rewoP a radaR ,rewoT dna a ranoS .noitatS morFecnegilletni
,secr utois si nwo ntkaht eh tym esntei nduesu ottcet oerhp t e s veteodclbuseialrjscebsnwoiiomt
deman( , )ysrraenso iiartm eassvtaelsliuprPettab( ,)srehsinu Pdna thgiL res a.Lseirettab tI siosla
n w,otnak hetu dn o eio ltt tipynhmg awurnc s eii anrnfeoie ivce,nihegttdic osaemht rehsidnnuaP
thgiL resaL yrettab stinu eht( tcaxe rebmun fo hcihw si )nwonknu era ton detavitca litnuyeht
eviecer na mrala egassem mor fetairporp pyam eencenegill e.tsntiinu litnU rie h,tnoitavitcaeht
n orrhs oeca sfhi esrth erioowyls n(gb no ariset yestser nii re revnr attenuedthhisnagsaabiiLLnuP
gnipeek meht evitcani litnu eht elttab .)secnemmoc tI si detamitse taht ti sekat eht ymene eno
etunim ot etavitca hcae lanoitidda .tinu nO eht rehto ,dnah eht sresire vnliuaPmer nitnatsnoc
ecnegillet nyildnei r,fnoitamrof neivo bea h otntoiti d .d neaIm intev iyg n taear inf adc nsasenidaer
strope rtaht eht ymene si gnisu etvfiafrcre vroiha stu odce sm)rserte(pee Prof.e cdnnaazlingocer
elihW 'srepeeP niam noitcnuf si ot tops yna dnal erafraw gnicnavda drawot eht,tnalP-rewoP
radaR ,rewoT dna ranoS ,noitatS dna ot dnes eht mrala egassem ot lla ymene stinu deksatot
tcetorp eseht ,stcejbo srepeeP nac osla yrrac suoirav dnuorg-ot-ria selissim dna nac eb desuot
yortsed eht dnal erafraw .stinu ehT noitisopmoc fo yldneirf stessa htiw( elita)ssreeivtilibapac