DTIC ADA434278: Joint Doctrine for Targeting

100 Pages·1.2 MB·English

by  Defense Technical Information Center

Joint Publication 3-60
Joint Doctrine
for
Targeting
17 January 2002
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Joint Doctrine for Targeting
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PREFACE
1. Scope 3. Application
This publication provides doctrinal a. Doctrine and guidance established in
guidance for joint targeting across the range this publication apply to the commanders
of military operations. Additionally, it of combatant commands, subunified
provides time-sensitive target considerations. commands, joint task forces, and subordinate
components of these commands. These
2. Purpose principles and guidance also may apply when
significant forces of one Service are attached
This publication has been prepared under to forces of another Service or when
the direction of the Chairman of the Joint significant forces of one Service support
Chiefs of Staff. It sets forth doctrine to govern forces of another Service.
the joint activities and performance of the
Armed Forces of the United States in joint b. The guidance in this publication is
operations and provides the doctrinal basis for authoritative; as such, this doctrine will be
US military involvement in multinational and followed except when, in the judgment of the
interagency operations. It provides military commander, exceptional circumstances
guidance for the exercise of authority by dictate otherwise. If conflicts arise between
combatant commanders and other joint the contents of this publication and the
force commanders (JFCs) and prescribes contents of Service publications, this
doctrine for joint operations and training. It publication will take precedence for the
provides military guidance for use by the activities of joint forces unless the Chairman
Armed Forces in preparing their appropriate of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, normally in
plans. It is not the intent of this publication to coordination with the other members of the
restrict the authority of the JFC from Joint Chiefs of Staff, has provided more
organizing the force and executing the mission current and specific guidance. Commanders
in a manner the JFC deems most appropriate of forces operating as part of a multinational
to ensure unity of effort in the accomplishment (alliance or coalition) military command
of the overall mission. should follow multinational doctrine and
procedures ratified by the United States. For
doctrine and procedures not ratified by the
United States, commanders should evaluate
and follow the multinational command’s
doctrine and procedures, where applicable and
consistent with US law, regulations, and
doctrine.
For the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff:
JOHN P. ABIZAID
Lieutenant General, USA
Director, Joint Staff
i
Preface
Intentionally Blank
ii JP 3-60
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................. v
CHAPTER I
FUNDAMENTALS OF TARGETING
(cid:127) Introduction .............................................................................................................. I-1
(cid:127) The Purpose of the Joint Targeting Process................................................................ I-1
(cid:127) Targeting Defined ..................................................................................................... I-2
(cid:127) Target Defined .......................................................................................................... I-2
(cid:127) Principles of Targeting .............................................................................................. I-4
(cid:127) Effects-Based Targeting ............................................................................................ I-5
CHAPTER II
THE JOINT TARGETING PROCESS
(cid:127) The Joint Targeting Cycle ........................................................................................ II-1
(cid:127) Post-Campaign and Operation Activities................................................................ II-10
CHAPTER III
JOINT FORCE TARGETING DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
(cid:127) Joint Targeting Integration...................................................................................... III-1
(cid:127) Delegation of Joint Targeting Process Authority..................................................... III-1
(cid:127) Target List Development Responsibilities............................................................... III-2
(cid:127) Joint Targeting Coordination Responsibilities......................................................... III-3
(cid:127) Relative Division of Joint Targeting Process Responsibilities................................. III-4
(cid:127) Joint Force Commander Staff Responsibilities ....................................................... III-5
(cid:127) Service and Functional Component Commander Responsibilities .......................... III-8
(cid:127) Target Nomination Procedures............................................................................... III-8
(cid:127) Joint Guidance, Apportionment, and Targeting Team Functions............................. III-9
(cid:127) Joint Targeting Coordination Board....................................................................... III-10
(cid:127) Joint Targeting Steering Group.............................................................................. III-12
(cid:127) Federated Targeting Support ................................................................................. III-12
(cid:127) Department of Defense Organizations Supporting Joint Targeting......................... III-12
(cid:127) Non-DOD Organizations Supporting Joint Targeting ............................................ III-15
APPENDIX
A International Law and Legal Considerations in Targeting.................................. A-1
B Time-Sensitive Target Considerations................................................................ B-1
C Integrating Component Targeting Processes....................................................... C-1
D Common Reference Systems: Area and Point ................................................... D-1
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Table of Contents
E References......................................................................................................... E-1
F Administrative Instructions................................................................................ F-1
GLOSSARY
Part I Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................... GL-1
Part II Terms and Definitions .............................................................................. GL-4
FIGURE
I-1 General Target Categories and Subcategories.................................................. I-3
I-2 Time-Sensitive Target Categories.................................................................... I-5
II-1 Joint Targeting Cycle Phases.......................................................................... II-2
II-2 The Combat Assessment Process.................................................................... II-8
III-1 Notional Relative Division of Joint Targeting Process Responsibilities......... III-5
B-1 Time-Sensitive Targeting Process................................................................... B-3
C-1 Joint Targeting: Input to Joint Operations Planning and Execution ................ C-1
C-2 Four-Phase Land and Maritime Targeting Process.......................................... C-3
C-3 Six-Phase Air Targeting Process..................................................................... C-5
C-4 Joint Air Tasking Cycle.................................................................................. C-7
iv JP 3-60
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
COMMANDER’S OVERVIEW
(cid:127) Discusses the Fundamental Principles of Targeting
(cid:127) Describes the Joint Targeting Process
(cid:127) Outlines Joint Force Targeting Duties and Responsibilities
(cid:127) Provides Time-Sensitive Target Considerations
(cid:127) Discusses Integration of Component Targeting Processes
Fundamentals of Targeting
The purpose of targeting is Within military operations, targeting must be focused on
to provide a logical creating specific effects to achieve the joint force commander’s
progression in the (JFC’s) objectives or the subordinate component commander’s
development of supporting objectives. Targeting proceeds from the definition
warfighting solutions to of the problem to an assessment of the results achieved by the
meet the joint force executed courses of action. The process allows for the testing
commander’s (JFC’s) of multiple solution paths, a thorough understanding of the
objectives. problem, and the refinement of proposed solutions. The joint
targeting process is flexible and adaptable to a wide range of
circumstances.
Targeting matches the Targets fall into two general categories: planned and immediate.
JFC’s objectives, Planned targets are those known to exist in an operational area
guidance, and intent with with actions scheduled against them to generate the effects
inputs from each desired to achieve JFC objectives. Immediate targets are those
component and staff that have been identified too late to be included in the normal
element to identify the targeting process, and therefore have not been scheduled.
forces and effects Immediate targets have two subcategories: unplanned and
necessary to achieve the unanticipated.
objectives.
A joint force component’s Effective targeting is distinguished by the ability to generate
assigned targets and the type and extent of effects necessary to facilitate the
desired effects are directly realization of the commander’s objectives. Identification of
related to the JFC’s centers of gravity and decisive points is essential to achieving
objectives. the JFC’s objectives, guidance, and intent through joint force
effects. Joint forces typically require the ability to attack centers
of gravity throughout the area of responsibility and/or joint
operations area. Joint forces detect and attack targets or target
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Executive Summary
sets to achieve specific desired effects. However, unintended
collateral damage from target attacks must be taken into
consideration throughout the targeting process.
The Joint Targeting Cycle
There are six phases in the The six phases of the joint targeting cycle are built upon the
joint targeting cycle. principles of effective joint targeting. The cycle focuses
targeting options on the JFC objectives for combat operations,
while diminishing the likelihood of undesirable consequences.
(cid:127) Phase 1 — Commander’s Objectives, Guidance, and
Intent.
(cid:127) Phase 2 — Target Development, Validation,
Nomination, and Prioritization.
(cid:127) Phase 3 — Capabilities Analysis.
(cid:127) Phase 4 — Commander’s Decision and Force
Assignment.
(cid:127) Phase 5 — Mission Planning and Force Execution.
(cid:127) Phase 6 — Combat Assessment.
Joint Force Targeting Duties and Responsibilities
JFCs establish broad With the advice of subordinate component commanders, JFCs
targeting guidance during set priorities, provide clear targeting guidance, and determine
theater campaigns and the weight of effort to be provided to various operations.
major operations. Subordinate component commanders identify high-value and
high-payoff targets for acquisition and attack, employing their
forces in accordance with the JFC’s guidance to achieve
missions and objectives assigned by the JFC. The JFC
establishes the joint targeting process within an organizational
framework optimized for targeting operations. A primary
consideration in organizing this framework is the joint
force’s ability to coordinate, deconflict, prioritize, synchronize,
integrate, and assess joint targeting operations.
vi JP 3-60
Executive Summary
Targeting occurs at all The JFC is responsible for all aspects of the targeting process,
levels of command within from establishing objectives, coordination and deconfliction
a joint force and is applied between component commanders, through to combat
by component-level forces assessment. Component commanders conduct execution
capable of attacking planning and achieve JFC objectives through the application
targets with both lethal of land, sea, air, space, and special operations forces capabilities.
and nonlethal means to All components are normally involved in targeting and should
achieve the desired effect. establish procedures and mechanisms to manage the joint
targeting functions. The JFC may prohibit or restrict joint
force attacks on specific targets or objects without specific
approval based on political considerations, military risk,
collateral damage risk, the law of armed conflict, and rules of
engagement. The JFC normally appoints the deputy JFC or a
component commander to chair the joint targeting
coordination board (JTCB). When a JTCB is not established
and the JFC decides not to delegate targeting oversight
authority to a deputy or subordinate commander, the JFC may
perform this function at the joint force headquarters, with the
assistance of the operations directorate. The JFC ensures that
this process is also a joint effort involving applicable
subordinate commands. The joint targeting process is a highly
iterative process that needs close coordination during combat
operations. To ensure the widest flexibility and greatest reaction
to the adversary, the joint targeting process should be closely
linked to the component commander with the preponderance
of assets to strike joint targets and the staff to adequately plan,
control, and coordinate these missions. Normally the majority
of joint targets are attacked with joint air assets.
Time-Sensitive Targets
Time-sensitive targets A time-sensitive target (TST) is described as a target of
require detailed planning such high priority to friendly forces that the JFC designates
and coordination. it as requiring immediate response because it poses (or
will soon pose) a danger to friendly forces, or it is a highly
lucrative, fleeting target of opportunity. TSTs may be
planned or immediate. TSTs such as airborne aircraft and
missiles and submarines may be handled by separate
components, but others may require detailed inter-Service
and/or functional component planning and coordination.
The JFC provides specific guidance and prioritization for
TSTs within the operational area.
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Executive Summary
Integrating Component Targeting
Integrating the component Planners perform a targeting capability assessment using
targeting processes currently available weapons and weapon systems during both
supports joint operation deliberate and crisis action planning. Space-based and in-
planning and execution. theater reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition
capabilities can provide the JFC and component commanders
targeting information on adversary locations, dispositions, and
intentions. Surface force commanders normally use a four-
phase process (decide, detect, deliver, and assess) to enhance
joint fire support planning and interface with the joint targeting
process. The joint air tasking cycle applies targeting to air-
specific operations via a six-phase air targeting process:
objectives and guidance, target development, weaponeering,
force application, execution planning and/or force execution,
and combat assessment. Special operations forces normally
use a similar deliberate six-phase targeting and mission planning
process for specific targets or mission assignments.
Information operations capabilities can be used to attack
adversarial human decision processes, information and
information systems, and nodes used to process information
and implement decisions.
Joint awareness of target Component coordination and communication are especially
planning and target status critical for TSTs. A JFC or component commander normally
is vital to all JFCs. considers weight of effort when an emerging target is of
sufficient priority to direct diversion of committed assets.
Operations center directors should normally have access to a
common operational picture to support targeting in a dynamic
environment. Common reference systems can provide a
universal, joint perspective to define specific areas of the
battlespace, enabling the JFC and component commanders to
efficiently coordinate, deconflict, integrate, and synchronize
TST attacks. The JFC must integrate targeting efforts
throughout the joint force to ensure the effective
accomplishment of theater campaign or major operation
objectives.
CONCLUSION
This publication provides doctrinal guidance for joint targeting
across the range of military operations. Additionally, it
provides TST considerations.
viii JP 3-60