DTIC ADA430192: Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystals for Near IR and Visible Optoelectronics Applications

0.52 MB·English

by  Defense Technical Information Center

AFRL-SR-AR-TR-AS-

REPORT DOCUMENTATION FAGE oooh

Tenn 2 ly 200;- Deg 2008
[iss rnin Paula's Crs fr Nese IR saaan BL Ls
Tin iee Optelseroiee Appleton: aR TER -

ALQSiIPK wasss0
RATORET B
ea nteoy

[csivaty otarko
store, VU

teen
sn ens Of of Soin Recor ACER
fav Ranh

ae [rasan —|
Hs Ne Teen

[astmaton, VA 22002-1972

“Dibbibuke Hades At vahinite ag

pomermr «20050218 027 |

fre ow ote ra: itn ons <paccene fr enainsticg twodincosoral 2DYpkctnic eal, wie wil cago
[imerne cian, Os apteaeh hasbeen o-alzeanaodaral pose EC, otic races 420 hagend 2309 oF

| cel wide ‘at ece ci oie icles neq a 9 29 patie sap bo calcd seth NCG nv Fh eres ith
[sos hac nsnn psi carb ud ite Sanne ashe pany rem “acu Fh se Dadi =
fsb pee oh cee ale eg lard ecensouet Seale to. duucnnceal paki cystals Dat ope de CY
vine tasecvleagt regi tie igh porn The perry aos of ls ask ass ben Dcotel oe Us Foes
cance seachren an ele Phe ston lrcvel mannii and baits La high npr tp eatin Tha
fades ete or ee shat re: wna os aod bo godsred wi hovel zl store apart er ease
rth eee paper fears ow feral wis is emtuee Jars othe mas ante oct 2 pletonie st
ProgressAbstract

“the focus ofthis project isto develop a process for cor stusting weraiensianal (2D)
photonic crystals, which will be amcuable fo commmercinlization, One approaca has been
fo utilize aanochannst glass (CG), which eonsists of a 2D hexagonal arays of
cylindtial voids that navorse the entre thickness ofthe glass. A.2D ploctonis cam be
realized with NCG if high indox mnaerals with good wansmission propertics can be
fntexduced inf the channols. This is fhe primary mission and focus of this projec. In
addon, e-bean ltzograpby techniques ae also being utlized co construct pretalype
‘ewo-dimcasional photonic erysbk that aperae in te LV to low IR wavcleng’h region of
ths light spectrum. The primary discoveries ofthis work have besa ticoretew. modeling
of ga flows in nanoscale strictures aud modes for the formation of aovel nanoparticles
and nanowi:es in high aspoct ratio structures. Tre findings oF Uis work suggest thar novel
elieinfcal sensors could be coustrcted with chanel glass where nanoparticles or
nanowires with specie properties have heen formed within the channels, In tms ofthe
‘itimate goal of the project, -D photonic crystals based on nanochaune) plas, tbe Fil
conclusion is that nanochame xlass i not an appropriate fozndation with which to
construct 2D photonie ysl.
David Melhey

1, Projeet Overview

‘The Focus ofthis project isto develop a process for constructing two-dimensional (2D)
hotanic erysals, which willbe aracnsble te commersilivation. Our approach has been
toutilze nanochannel glass (NCG), which consislsf a 2D hexagonal arrays of
cylindrical voids tht tnverse the encirs thickness ofthe lass. A 2D photonic can be
realized with NCG if high index materials with good transmission properlies cam he
inzouced into the channels. This isthe primary mission wd focus of this project. In
‘ition. e-beam lithography tochnicucs ao also being ullized 1 eynstructprotatype
‘svo-dimensional photonlo crystals that operat in the UV ly low JR swavelength region of
the light spectrum.

2, Progress

2.a. Diflerentiatly Pamped Plasma Enbaced Chemical Vapar Deposition of Oxides in
Channel Glass

A model forthe tranaport of guses dawn nanochannels (Pig. 1) was developed in order to
‘dstornine the optimal conditions for introducing, optical materals into cx0 dimensional
natechanel glass arrays, The verticslazis ofthe plot in Fig. is the warspont flax as 3
function of chanel iameter and differential pressure 2otoss the usochanncl samples,
‘This model assisted us in explaining the Comiationof nanoparticles in channels during,
dopovilion (Fig. 2). These results have been published in the Joumal of plied Physics.

Figure 1. Transport flux down for Figure 2, The formatioa of fron
differentatiy pumped substrates, ‘oxide nanoparlicle in channel glass
asa fiction of channel diameter Re,

and differential posure (Ref. 1}

‘Based on this sry it was concluded that an altemative method! for inirnducing high
index materials into ranochannel glass would need to bs developed
Devid Mallroy

2b. Atumie Tayer Deposition Modification of System

‘The differential pumped! depesition system has been successfully modifid such thal high
index mitcrials can now he ieposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD), This system can
ddepasice high index ox'dew such as tantalum axide and haftiuen oxide, Displayed in Fig, 3
Js the complete system that inchudes computer controlled gas delivery and saenpls

boeating, Displayed in Fig, is a close-up of Tre chamber. ‘The systam is completely
antamated and allows precise control ofthe Tiousands of eyeles needed to deposit 100
‘m-plus films of of high index oxides

‘Figure 3, The eurrent configuration ofthe deposition system for producing, 2-D photonic
crystals based on uncochannel glass provided by the Naval Research Lahoratory

24, Resulls of Atomie Layer Deposition of Oxides ip Channel Glass

‘We have discavered thet we can for KCl nanowires into channel gts, The first
teats were performed without diffrcatial pumping ncross the channels. The results are
shown below in Hig, 4, which shows the formation of single crystal ICC] nanowires. We
arc in the provers af exploring the pkotolumninescence properties. The ability to grow
‘material in the channels without differential pumping sugucsts thal when include se
‘il succeed in filling the channols and therefore obtain our goal af realizing 2D pheturic,
crystals, The distribution of the nanowires ix entered am 240 mo and stl a tancand
deviation of 50 nm, The process has ben modified such tkst HCI cau bo uscd instead of
tantalum chloride. This atcaly simplifies the process and opens up the wer ofthese
anowirethightvision substratss for enhanced visualization or lunetionalization of aight
virion goggles. A paper entitled “Potassinm Chlovide Nauowiros Grow inside Micro-
channel Array Glass Using Atomic Layer Deposition” has hoon suamitta for
publication.
Davie Metiroy

igure 4, Ascanning electron microscope Figure §. Diameter distribation of KC!
imageof KCL nanowires insite microchannel ofthe sample in Fig. 4
efass.

3, Fotare Plans

Have bog to design wnd proves developrsent to cocstuct txo dimensional
pholonie suuctutes using nanowires, thereby elimiuated the weed for using aanochamne!
glass, These devives would be hazed on GaN nanovrires and would be integrated with Si
lechnolouy, The eoncept i iflustated in Fip. 6 where instead of an array of voids the
seray would consist of GaN’ nanowires,

Figure 6, A conceptual image of Foture fabrication of 2-1)
photonic crystals using GaN nanowires

6, Final Recommendation

[Nanochannel glass (NCG) is 2 vory intvesting inedium that appeared lo have potenti!
for photonics applications, Isfial altompls o fl the channels with metala were
promising, However, alempts to [otreduce high index materials, relative to the NCG,
proved tobe much mote diffinlt, An exhaustive nurabor of feclniques wero utilized in
‘xdor to achiove the goal of creating a2-D photonic oryaul. in every ease inhomogeneous
filling af the channels was favored over homogeneous filling, ie, umopartstes and
David Mellroy

nanowires, While itaeresting results, they were uot the desired materials, ie

hhomogencnus, low defect, high index materials, These difficulties were encountered for

micron scale channels, and in tar, sugges thal filling nauoscale channels is untenable,
‘The diffienftios encountered sre aleihutel lo Ue Tllowing issues:

1. The confinod geomenry ofthe channels significantly alters the growth kinetics
of materials,

2, The high wxpect ratio ofthe channels, whea taken in conjuction with €1)
‘prckahite uniform filling of the chauncl from one sie to the other.

3. Materia used in the formation of NCG Ioich pul of Uw NCG, wich would be
detrimental to the optical propertis of the photonic crystal ifuniforat
filling was achieved

A.NCGis incompatible with high temperature (-400C) deposition techniques
Ise om our ste,

‘The final eonchision is that NCG is nota unsuitble as a template For Che
constuction af 2-D photonic crystals and my rocommendution ito noc proceed in the
future with NCG for optical applications where filling othe channels with bigh index
optical materials are requir

5. Publications

‘Nanopatticle Fonuation in Microchanne! Gtass hy Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor
Deposition, D., MeTirny, J. Muso, Y. Kranoe, I. Merchinek, C. kbor, 8, Moore, E,
‘Manji, R. Gandy, Y_-K. Hong, M. Grant Norton, H, Cavalion, Ruely Bouz, BJ. Justus, A
Rosenberg, . Apple Physios 93, 3643 (2003),

Potassium Chloride Narowies Grown inside Micro-channel Array Glass Using Aton.
Layer Deposition, Daging Zhang, Sami Moore, Siang Wei, Abdullah Alkhatco,

Dev Gungudean, Hasan Mahmood, and David N. Meliroy. Aaron D. LaLonde, M. Grant
Nouton, James §. Yenug and Chougmin Wang, submitted to Applied Physics Leters

6, Presentations

‘The Effects of Physical Coufincment on tho Formation of Nanomaterials the
oteatial Lowsds th: Realization of 3D Nanaaensors, Materials Research Society,
San Freseisea, CA (April, 2094). (uvited)

“Tantalum Oxide Nanoislands ane! Continuous Films Grossn by Atomiv Layer Deposition,
‘The American Physical Society, Autin, TX, March 6, 2003. Abstct: Daging Zhang,
Tisog, Wel, Santuel Moore, Xianghei Chou, Leah Bergiana, D) Erie Asion, Batric Posie,
‘and David Mellzoy, Bull Amer. Ps Soe. 48, (200%).

Synthesin af Free Slunding Tron Spheres by Plasrca Enenced Chemical Vapor
Depunition, The American Poysioal Society, Seatle, WA, March 15, 2001. Abstract:
. Pavid MeDroy

Jason Murchinek, Abdullah Alkhateeb , Rex Ganey, David N, Metlroy, M. Grunt Nortoa,
BLL. Justus, Buh. diner. Phys, Soo. 46, (2001) 1954.

Nanoparticle Formation Using Naaochannel (ass in a Plasina Environment, Northwest
American Physical Socicty, Partlind, OR, May 20, 2003. Absteect: Eh Manji, Dave
Metloy, Radha Padmmabhim, Hongmei Han, Rex Gandy, and Ashley Kado,

7, Collaborations

A. Rosenbarg = NRT.
BLL. Juswx = NRT.

R Ben = ITT Indust-ies Night Vision

Fames S. Young Pacific Northwest Netioua! Laboratory
Chengmin Wang - Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
YK, Hong - University of ldsho, Materials Engineering
8, Students

(Chea Rhert, B.S Physic, 2002
Sara Moore, BS Chemical Hnginoots
Hongmei Haut, M.S, Physic, 2003
Ratina Padwnanabhau, M.S Chemical Engineering, 2K
‘Wei Jiang. M.S, Physics. 2008

Pradeep Paga, M.S. Electrical Tngineering, anticipated Spring 2005

2008