DTIC ADA422448: Evaluation of Dredged Material Proposed for Disposal at Island, Nearshore, or Upland Confined Disposal Facilities - Testing Manual

337 Pages·4.5 MB·English

by  Defense Technical Information Center

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Evaluation of Dredged Material Proposed
for Disposal at Island, Nearshore, or Upland
Confined Disposal Facilities — Testing
Manual

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers January 2003

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, pub-
lication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does
not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of
such commercial products.

The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official
Department of the Army position, unless so designated by other
authorized documents.

PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPER
ERDC/EL TR-03-1
January 2003
Evaluation of Dredged Material Proposed
for Disposal at Island, Nearshore, or Upland
Confined Disposal Facilities — Testing Manual

by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center
3909 Halls Ferry Road
Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199

Final report

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited

Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Washington, DC 20314-1000
Contents
Preface.................................................................................................................xvi
1—Introduction..................................................................................................1-1
1.1 Background............................................................................................1-1
1.2 Purpose and Scope.................................................................................1-3
1.3 CDF Contaminant Pathways..................................................................1-3
1.4 Applicability...........................................................................................1-5
1.4.1 Disposal in CDFs..........................................................................1-5
1.4.2 This Manual Does Not Address....................................................1-5
1.4.3 Relationship to Other Dredged Material Management Efforts.....1-6
1.5 Organization and Approach for Evaluations..........................................1-7
1.6 Statutory and Regulatory Overview.......................................................1-8
1.6.1 Statutory Overview.......................................................................1-9
1.6.2 Other Regulatory Considerations................................................1-11
1.7 References............................................................................................1-12
2—Structure and Approach of the UTM............................................................2-1
2.1 Tiered Structure for Evaluations and Testing.........................................2-1
2.1.1 Tier I.............................................................................................2-2
2.1.2 Tier II............................................................................................2-2
2.1.3 Tier III..........................................................................................2-2
2.1.4 Tier IV..........................................................................................2-4
2.1.5 Progressing through the Tiers.......................................................2-5
2.1.6 Decisions after Each Tier..............................................................2-6
2.1.7 Management Actions....................................................................2-6
2.2 Considerations for Risk Assessment......................................................2-7
2.2.1 Overview of Risk Assessment......................................................2-7
2.2.2 Contaminants of Concern...........................................................2-10
2.2.3 Receptors of Concern.................................................................2-10
2.2.4 Basis of Management Action Decisions.....................................2-10
2.3 Fundamentals of Testing and Evaluation.............................................2-13
2.3.1 Sampling and Chemical Analysis...............................................2-13
2.3.2 Applicable Standards..................................................................2-13
2.3.3 Consideration of Mixing/Attenuation/Dispersion Zones............2-14
2.3.4 Control Material.........................................................................2-14
2.3.5 Reference Material for Plant and Animal Uptake Evaluations...2-15
2.3.6 Statistical Considerations............................................................2-17
2.4 References............................................................................................2-17
iii
3—Initial Evaluations.........................................................................................3-1
3.1 Determination of the Need for Contaminant Evaluations.......................3-1
3.2 Identification of Relevant Pathways.......................................................3-2
3.2.1 Environmental Setting and General Characteristics......................3-2
3.2.2 CDF Design and Management Characteristics.............................3-3
3.2.3 Dredged Material Characteristics..................................................3-4
3.2.4 Identifying Relevant Pathways.....................................................3-4
3.3 Compilation of Information....................................................................3-5
3.4 Identification of Contaminants of Concern (COC).................................3-8
3.4.1 Need for Sediment Chemistry.......................................................3-9
3.4.2 Characteristics of Contaminants of Concern.................................3-9
3.4.3 Documentation of COC..............................................................3-11
3.5 Consideration of Prior Evaluations and Testing...................................3-12
3.6 Tier I Decisions....................................................................................3-12
4—Effluent During Disposal Operations............................................................4-1
4.1 General Considerations..........................................................................4-1
4.1.1 Effluent Processes.........................................................................4-1
4.1.2 Method of Filling..........................................................................4-2
4.1.3 Regulatory Considerations............................................................4-3
4.1.4 Mixing Zones................................................................................4-3
4.1.5 Data Requirements.......................................................................4-4
4.1.6 CDF Design for Dredged Material Retention...............................4-5
4.1.7 Summary of Tiered Evaluations for Effluent................................4-5
4.1.8 Sampling Requirements................................................................4-7
4.2 Tier I - Initial Evaluation of Effluent......................................................4-7
4.3 Tier II - Water Quality Screens for Effluent...........................................4-7
4.3.1 Tier II – Effluent Quality Screen - Assumed Total Dissolved
Release............................................................................................4-8
4.3.2 Tier II - Effluent Quality Screen - Equilibrium Partitioning.........4-9
4.3.3 Tier II – Effluent Decisions..........................................................4-9
4.4 Tier III – Effluent Water Quality and Toxicity Evaluations..................4-10
4.4.1 Tier III - Effluent Total Suspended Solids Evaluation................4-10
4.4.2 Tier III - Effluent Water Quality Evaluation – Effluent Elutriate
Test (EET).....................................................................................4-11
4.4.3 SETTLE – Computer-Assisted Settling Data Analysis...............4-13
4.4.4 EFQUAL - Computer Assisted Analysis of Effluent Water
Quality...........................................................................................4-14
4.4.5 Tier III - Effluent Elutriate - Water Quality Decision.................4-15
4.4.6 Tier III - Effluent Toxicity Evaluation........................................4-15
4.4.7 LAT-E - Computer-Assisted Effluent Toxicity Evaluation........4-16
4.4.8 Tier III - Effluent Toxicity Decision...........................................4-16
4.5 Tier IV - Effluent Risk Assessment......................................................4-17
4.5.1 Evaluation...................................................................................4-17
4.5.2 Tier IV Effluent Decision...........................................................4-17
4.6 Effluent Management Actions..............................................................4-17
4.7 References............................................................................................4-18
5—Surface Runoff After Disposal Operations...................................................5-1
5.1 General Considerations..........................................................................5-1
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5.1.1 Runoff Processes..........................................................................5-2
5.1.2 Influence of CDF Design and Operation on Runoff.....................5-3
5.1.3 Regulatory Considerations............................................................5-3
5.1.4 Mixing Zones................................................................................5-3
5.1.5 Data Requirements.......................................................................5-4
5.1.6 CDF Design for Runoff Control...................................................5-4
5.1.7 Overview of Evaluations for Runoff Discharges..........................5-5
5.2 Tier I - Initial Evaluation of Runoff.......................................................5-5
5.3 Tier II – Water Quality Screen for Runoff.............................................5-7
5.3.1 Tier II - Runoff Water Quality Screen - Equilibrium
Partitioning......................................................................................5-7
5.3.2 Tier II - Runoff Water Quality Decision.......................................5-8
5.4 Tier III – Runoff Water Quality and Toxicity Evaluations.....................5-9
5.4.1 Tier III - Runoff Simulation Approaches......................................5-9
5.4.2 Tier III - Simplified Laboratory Runoff Procedure (SLRP)..........5-9
5.4.3 Tier III - Rainfall Simulator/Lysimeter System (RSLS)..............5-10
5.4.4 RUNQUAL Computer Assisted Analysis of Runoff Quality.....5-11
5.4.5 Tier III - Runoff Water Quality Decision....................................5-12
5.4.6 Tier III - Runoff Toxicity Evaluation..........................................5-12
5.4.7 LAT-R Computer Assisted Runoff Toxicity Evaluation.............5-13
5.4.8 Tier III - Runoff Toxicity Decision.............................................5-13
5.5 Tier IV – Runoff Risk Assessment.......................................................5-14
5.5.1 Tier IV Runoff Evaluation..........................................................5-14
5.5.2 Tier IV Runoff Decision.............................................................5-14
5.6 Runoff Management Actions...............................................................5-14
5.7 References and Bibliography...............................................................5-15
6—Leachate to Groundwater..............................................................................6-1
6.1 General Considerations..........................................................................6-1
6.1.1 Leachate and Contaminant Transport Considerations...................6-2
6.1.2 Water Quality Standards for Leachate..........................................6-4
6.1.3 Consideration of Attenuation........................................................6-5
6.1.4 Data Requirements.......................................................................6-5
6.1.5 Disposal Area Design...................................................................6-6
6.1.6 Summary of Tiered Evaluations for Leachate...............................6-6
6.2 Tier I Leachate Evaluation.....................................................................6-8
6.3 Tier II Leachate Quality Evaluations......................................................6-8
6.3.1 Tier II - Leachate Quality Screen..................................................6-8
6.3.2 Tier II - Leachate Decision...........................................................6-9
6.4 Tier III - Leachate Quality Evaluations..................................................6-9
6.4.1 Tier III - Sequential Batch Leachate Test (SBLT)......................6-11
6.4.2 Tier III - Pancake Column Leachate Testing (PCLT).................6-12
6.4.3 Tier III - SBLT or PCLT Adsorption or Challenge Testing........6-12
6.4.4 Tier III - Groundwater Modeling................................................6-13
6.4.5 Tier III Leachate Quality Decision..............................................6-15
6.5 Tier IV - Leachate Risk Assessment....................................................6-16
6.5.1 Evaluation...................................................................................6-16
6.5.2 Tier IV Leachate Decision..........................................................6-16
6.6 Leachate Management Actions............................................................6-16
6.7 References and Bibliography...............................................................6-17
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7—Guidance for Evaluation of Volatile Emissions............................................7-1
7.1 General Considerations..........................................................................7-1
7.1.1 Volatilization Processes................................................................7-1
7.1.2 Condition 1 - Submerged Dredged Material.................................7-3
7.1.3 Condition 3 - Exposed Dredged Material.....................................7-3
7.1.4 Regulatory Considerations............................................................7-4
7.1.5 Data Requirements.......................................................................7-5
7.1.6 Summary of Tiered Evaluations for Volatile Emissions...............7-5
7.1.7 OSHA Air Quality Standards.......................................................7-6
7.2 Tier I – Initial Evaluation of Volatile Emissions....................................7-8
7.3 Tier II – Volatile Emissions Screen........................................................7-8
7.3.1 Tier II – Volatilization Screen......................................................7-9
7.3.2 Tier II - Volatile Emissions Decision............................................7-9
7.4 Tier III – Volatile Flux Chamber Test..................................................7-10
7.4.1 Volatile Emissions Laboratory Test Procedure - Volatile Flux
Chamber (VFC)...................................................................................7-10
7.4.2 Tier III - Volatile Emissions Decision........................................7-10
7.5 Dispersion Evaluations for Volatile Emissions....................................7-11
7.6 Tier IV – Volatile Emissions Risk Assessment....................................7-12
7.6.1 Evaluation...................................................................................7-12
7.6.2 Tier IV - Volatile Emissions Decision........................................7-12
7.7 Volatile Emissions Controls.................................................................7-13
7.8 References and Bibliography...............................................................7-13
8—Animal Bioaccumulation..............................................................................8-1
8.1 General Considerations..........................................................................8-1
8.1.1 Animal Bioaccumulation Processes..............................................8-1
8.1.2 Regulatory Considerations............................................................8-1
8.1.3 Data Requirements.......................................................................8-3
8.1.4 Summary of Tiered Evaluation of Animal Bioaccumulation........8-3
8.2 Tier I – Initial Evaluation of Animal Bioaccumulation..........................8-5
8.2.1 Compilation and Evaluation of Existing Information...................8-6
8.2.2 Development of Conceptual Site Model.......................................8-6
8.2.3 Tier I - Evaluation Procedure........................................................8-9
8.2.4 Tier I - Animal Bioaccumulation Decision.................................8-10
8.3 Tier II – Theoretical Bioaccumulation Potential..................................8-10
8.3.1 Tier II – Theoretical Bioaccumulation Potential Procedure........8-11
8.3.2 Tier II – Theoretical Bioaccumulation Potential Decision..........8-12
8.4 Tier III – Animal Bioaccumulation Test..............................................8-12
8.4.1 Tier III – Animal Uptake Test Procedure...................................8-12
8.4.2 Tier III - Animal Bioaccumulation Decision..............................8-13
8.5 Tier IV – Animal Bioaccumulation Risk Assessment..........................8-14
8.5.1 Evaluation...................................................................................8-14
8.5.2 Tier IV - Animal Bioaccumulation Decision..............................8-14
8.6 Animal Bioaccumulation Management Actions...................................8-15
8.7 References............................................................................................8-15
9—Plant Bioaccumulation..................................................................................9-1
9.1 General Considerations..........................................................................9-1
9.1.1 Plant Bioaccumulation Processes..................................................9-1
vi
9.1.2 Regulatory Considerations............................................................9-1
9.1.3 Data Requirements.......................................................................9-3
9.1.4 Summary of Tiered Evaluation of Plant Bioaccumulation............9-3
9.2 Tier I – Initial Evaluation of Plant Bioaccumulation..............................9-4
9.2.1 Compilation and Evaluation of Existing Information...................9-4
9.2.2 Tier I - Evaluation Procedure........................................................9-5
9.2.3 Tier I - Plant Bioaccumulation Decision.......................................9-5
9.3 Tier II – Prediction of Plant Bioaccumulation Potential.........................9-7
9.3.1 Tier II - Prescreen Evaluation of Field Plant Tissue.....................9-7
9.3.2 DTPA Procedure for Prediction of Plant Bioaccumulation
Potential..........................................................................................9-7
9.3.3 Tier II - Plant Uptake Program (PUP)...........................................9-8
9.3.4 Tier II - Plant Bioaccumulation DTPA Decision..........................9-8
9.4 Tier III – Plant Bioaccumulation Test....................................................9-9
9.4.1 Tier III - Plant Survival and Growth...........................................9-10
9.4.2 Tier III - Plant Bioaccumulation of Contaminants......................9-10
9.4.3 Tier III - Plant Bioaccumulation Decision..................................9-11
9.5 Tier IV – Plant Bioaccumulation Risk Assessment..............................9-11
9.5.1 Evaluation...................................................................................9-11
9.5.2 Tier IV - Plant Bioaccumulation Decision..................................9-12
9.5.3 Plant Bioaccumulation Management Actions.............................9-12
9.6 References............................................................................................9-12
10—CDF Contaminant Management Actions..................................................10-1
10.1 Operational Management Actions......................................................10-2
10.2 Treatment of Effluent, Runoff, and Leachate Discharges..................10-3
10.3 Engineered Control Measures............................................................10-3
10.3.1 Barrier systems.........................................................................10-4
10.3.2 Surface covers...........................................................................10-4
10.3.3 Liners........................................................................................10-4
10.4 Treatment of Dredged Material Solids...............................................10-5
10.5 Guidance for CDF Management Actions...........................................10-5
10.6 References..........................................................................................10-5
Appendix A: Glossary........................................................................................A1
Appendix B: Column Settling Test and Effluent Elutriate Procedures...............B1
B.1 Introduction............................................................................................B1
B.2 Effluent Elutriate Tests for Water Quality Evaluation............................B1
B.2.1 Apparatus......................................................................................B2
B.2.2 Effluent elutriate test procedure....................................................B3
B.2.3 Chemical analyses.........................................................................B6
B.2.4 Effluent contaminant concentrations.............................................B7
B.3 Effluent Elutriate for Water Column Toxicity........................................B8
B.3.1 Effluent elutriate apparatus...........................................................B8
B.3.2 Effluent elutriate procedure...........................................................B8
B.3.3 Effluent Elutriate Toxicity Evaluation..........................................B9
B.4 Column Settling Tests for Effluent TSS/Turbidity.................................B9
B.4.1 Column settling test apparatus......................................................B9
B.4.2 Column settling test procedure....................................................B13
vii
B.5 References............................................................................................B14
Appendix C: Test Procedures for Surface Runoff Discharges............................C1
C.1 Introduction............................................................................................C1
C.2 Simplified Laboratory Runoff Procedure for Runoff Quality
Evaluation...............................................................................................C1
C.2.1 Materials and apparatus................................................................C2
C.2.2 Procedure......................................................................................C3
C.3 Rainfall Simulator/Lysimeter System (RSLS) Procedure for Evaluation of
Surface Runoff Quality...........................................................................C6
C.3.1 Materials and apparatus................................................................C6
C.3.2 Sediment characterization.............................................................C8
C.3.3 RSLS procedure............................................................................C8
C.3.4 Characterization of runoff samples and preparation for analysis...C8
C.3.5 Other analyses of runoff water......................................................C9
C.3.6 Interpretation of results.................................................................C9
C.4 Runoff Toxicity Evaluation....................................................................C9
C.4.1 Runoff water preparation for water column toxicity test.............C10
C.4.2 Apparatus....................................................................................C10
C.4.3 Test procedure.............................................................................C10
C.4.4 LAT-R computer-assisted runoff toxicity evaluation..................C11
C.5 References............................................................................................C11
Appendix D: Leachate Testing Procedures.........................................................D1
D.1 Introduction............................................................................................D1
D.2 Theoretical Basis and Considerations for Testing..................................D1
D.2.1 Equilibrium Assumption...............................................................D1
D.2.2 Equilibrium-controlled desorption in a CDF................................D4
D.2.3 Oxidation status of sediment.........................................................D5
D.2.4 Ionic Strength................................................................................D5
D.2.5 Considerations in Test Selection and Test Conditions..................D8
D.3 Sequential Batch Leach Test (SBLT) for Freshwater Sediments...........D9
D.3.1 Materials and apparatus..............................................................D10
D.3.2 Procedure....................................................................................D11
D.3.3 Data presentation........................................................................D12
D.4 Pancake Column Leach Test for Estuarine Sediments.........................D13
D.4.1 Column materials and apparatus.................................................D13
D.4.2 Column Preparation Procedure...................................................D15
D.4.3 Collection and preservation of column leachate samples for
total metal, chloride ion, total organic carbon, pH, and electrical
conductivity analyses.....................................................................D16
D.4.4 Collection and preservation of column leachate samples for
analysis of organic constituents......................................................D19
D.5 References............................................................................................D21
Appendix E: Evaluation of Mixing in Surface Waters.......................................E1
E.1 Introduction............................................................................................E1
E.1.1 Background...................................................................................E1
E.1.2 Regulatory considerations.............................................................E2
E.1.3 Potential applications of initial mixing..........................................E2
viii
E.1.4 Evaluation of dissolved contaminant concentrations by comparison
with WQS........................................................................................E3
E.1.5 Evaluation of concentrations of suspended plus dissolved
constituents by comparison with toxicity test results........................E3
E.1.6 Physical characteristics of dredged material discharges................E3
E.1.7 Confined disposal facility (CDF) effluent discharge.....................E3
E.1.8 Surface runoff discharge...............................................................E4
E.2 Applicability of Models and Techniques................................................E4
E.2.1 General considerations..................................................................E4
E.2.2 Considerations for tidally influenced rivers and estuaries.............E4
E.2.3 Recommended models and techniques..........................................E5
E.3 Cornell Mixing Zone Expert System (CORMIX)...................................E5
E.4 Macintyre Analytical Method for CDF Discharge in Riverine
Conditions..............................................................................................E6
E.4.1 Introduction...................................................................................E6
E.4.2 Data requirements.........................................................................E7
E.4.3 Calculation procedure...................................................................E7
E.4.4 Example mixing-zone calculation...............................................E11
E.5 Fasttabs Modeling System for Evaluation of Hydrodynamic
Transport..............................................................................................E14
E.6 Dilution Volume Method for CDF Effluent Discharges.......................E15
E.6.1 Approach.....................................................................................E15
E.6.2 Sample computations..................................................................E18
E.7 References............................................................................................E19
Appendix F: Laboratory Evaluation of Volatile Emissions and Volatile
Dispersion Modeling...........................................................................................F1
F.1 Introduction.............................................................................................F1
F.2 Laboratory Volatile Emission Test Procedure.........................................F1
F.2.1 Apparatus......................................................................................F2
F.2.2 Flux chamber.................................................................................F2
F.2.3 Sediment preparation.....................................................................F3
F.2.4 Laboratory conditions....................................................................F4
F.2.5 Laboratory volatile emissions test procedure.................................F4
F.2.6 Data analysis..................................................................................F5
F.3 Volatile Exposure Evaluation.................................................................F6
F.3.1 Site exposure concentration...........................................................F6
F.3.2 Off-site exposure concentration.....................................................F7
F.4 References...............................................................................................F8
Appendix G: Animal Bioaccumulation Test Procedures....................................G1
G.1 Introduction............................................................................................G1
G.2 Tier II - Theoretical Bioaccumulation Potential (TBP) of Nonpolar
Organic Chemicals..................................................................................G1
G.3 Tier III – Terrestrial Animal Bioaccumulation Test...............................G3
G.3.1 Terrestrial species selection..........................................................G3
G.3.1.1 Life history..........................................................................G3
G.3.1.2 Taxonomy...........................................................................G4
G.3.2 Laboratory procedures..................................................................G4
G.3.2.1 Test variations.....................................................................G6
ix