DTIC ADA419992: Analysis of the Potential Advantages of Discharging Water Mist in the Primary Damage Area Immediately Following a Weapon Hit

1 MB·English

by  Defense Technical Information Center

Naval Research Laboratory

‘Weshinglon, 20375-5820

NRLIMRI6180--14.8734

An Analysis of the Potential Advantages
of Discharging Water Mist in the
Primary Damage Area Immediately
Following « Weapon Hit

Geant G.Bacx, HT
“i, Semmes
Hughes Associates, ne
Batimere, MD

amence W. Wane
Toro Favre

‘Navy Zectonloyy Center for Safety and Survivabiticy
Chemistry Divison

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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION,

ons

m8
TRRMINOLOGY.
TECHNICAL. DISCUSSION.

41° Analical Techuiques.
42 Appliostion Rests. :

421 Delming he Comparteiat Goma wr

42.2 Detinine the Compartment Venilation.
4823 Detinirg The Water Mis System Parameters
424 Analytical AaessmenUT1ea86 uu

424.1 Two-layer Analysis.

4242 Onelayer (welled) Analysin

42.43 Anatytion| Sunmary

WATER MIST SYSTLM DESIGN CONSIDERATION,
SUMMARY,

DREDLRENCAS,
TIST OF ACRONYMS

Adjaceneto Primary Damage Area
Consolidated Fine nd Sinoke Transfer

Danage Concsol

DDemage Control Assistant

Danage Cones! — Asanaation for Redvecdé Meaning
Intematiral Maritime Onganiraton

Naval Reseach Laboratory

[Naval Surface Warfare Center

Primary Damage Area

Supervisory Cantol Sysem

Smnke Ejection Salem

‘Ship Vuloesabiity Met

Vulnerability Assossaene Report

Weapas Eilecls Tes
AN ANALYSIS OF THE POVENTIAL ADVANTAGES.
OF DISCHARGING WATER MISF IN THE PRIMARY DSMAGE AREA.
IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING A WEAPON HIT

19 INTRODUCTION

‘The recently completed Damage Contel ~ Automation for Reduced Manning (DC-ARM)
rogram helped in idenlfy und develop the systems, equipment and iechriques thal will be require to
sgnifcontly reduce the monaingrequitenents for damage contol (DC) and improve DC performance.
‘The DC-ARM technologies identified lo contitate mast to impruved DC performance and reled

-noning incite
> Watermislfo ie sippression and fre continent,
= Seniors for fite deveetion and fr churoclerizalion.
+ iremain distributive contols fr robsinese, survivability and ienlation offre main
rapmaes,

+ Smoke ejection system (SES) for closing smake onthe DC deck,

+ Access closure monitoring to improve siteation awareness,
+ Video installed in most spaces for compartment monitoring and redues investigation
workload, nc

» Supervisory Contd System (SCS) enable offetive situation awarences and ovtzall
contro af the DC response.

‘The DC-ARM program was bull upon sri rat-scale technology demonstrations that
progressed fron mana (FY 98) [1] fo Femote maneal (FY OU} [2 to aulooated (reflexive) cunt in
EV 08 [3] forthe DC response, The program demonstrated that the DC maapovter requirements on 2
nnviem destroycrtype ship could be significantly reduced fiom present manning bevel of 205 o 45
people, with the proper integration of IC system automation and improved DC docicine (ongantzaion 8,
procedures).
‘One important finding dentitied during the DC-ARM prograc [23] was the sequstement ts
resin the thems leat in ths primary damage are (FDA) to vomnpletc I socovety actions in she
adjncent primary Jatge area (APDA)mpaces. During dre DC-ARM program, this wos accomplished

thrugh mann fie Fighting using an indirect atch, The rotution inthe thermal conditions in the PDA

{ond reduced Sikelinond for ire spread) observed dong thet tests created and generated he sere of

sing a survivable ster mist aystom to achieve sina reslts

“The curren 1-ARM water mist system installed onthe exUSS Shatvel! ws designed to mest
the fre hazard annagement objectives established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) re
{est protocols for “aceormmendation, public spacés and service cae” on civilian ships [4]. The IMO
terminology For" Accoramodation spaces, Corridors, Publie spaces and Sorvce areas” vomespouds i.
[Navy terminology “Small spaces, Passageways, Large spaces and Storage areas," reqpectively. ‘The
system consists of uniformly spaced oveshead open pendent nozals. ‘The muzzles have a K-factor of1.9
Lonvbar” (0.13 gpm) und are installed wth a maximmurenozete spacing of 2.5m (11.5 A). The
system is design to opeente at 70 bar (1000 ps) and to discharge 04 Lp (0.003 gpa), thevatoe
cameenly ed forthe LPD-17 machinery spaces (3)

Since te sytem s designed to commercial stoudards, iis atitcly to survive in the primary
damage area (PPA). Previous bllle danoge ropors have shoven thal sysemis rowing through the sacs,
particularly inthe overhead near the conterne of the ship, ae moat ansceptibi to dame and are
‘unlikely to murive the bist, As a rsul, de eurent system i ikely tobe Hite nis ability to prevent
‘ashover inthe FDA, To aehicve automated fishover snppression inthe PDA, more survisanie water
ist ayo desis need tobe develope und tested, Two such designs contsning sidewoll norris have
abready been identifies (6,7)

Prior fo investigating mare survivable design/approaches, tke aroount of wate reqnired to control
{he fre inthe PDA und prevent fire spread fo jacent spaces neoded robe identified. This paper
nalyzes the effects of dischurgiag mst inte the PDA. and its ability 0 thermally manage the coon in
he space, The analysis vas then applied toa range of ate damage conus io demonstrate the
‘potential advantages ofthis approach

20 OBJECTIVE

“The objective ofthis analysis wus lo identify the potential advantages (thermal management

capobililies) of spraying water mist ily the PDA immediately following a weapou hit, Analytic
techniqnes, indent data und previous experimental results were analyzed and comhinod to form the basis

this investigation
30

TERMINOLOGY

“The following toms should be wnderstoe privet filer discussion,

Primary Damage Aves (PDA) These compartments ure diecly affected bythe seeapans
blast The bulehends, decks or overt within Uno compartments ore ether

fSrgmented or removed os reall of te overpresure. is assumed that thor soe:

‘comnmnicition betsy etn all reas ofthe PDA.

Adjacent ta Pionry Damage area (APDA) —'These semparoments/spaces bende the
PDA. They share a caromon boundary (i, bulkhead, overhead, cr deck) wilh
compartment thal is part of the PDA, There is. no fiee communication between the PBA
and APDA. Combustibiesin there compartments have the potential lv inte du to heat
leansfecred through the beundary fiom the PDA,

Control — ‘iit the fre growth raerbeatJcloage sae of he ied Loan he
Tikclibood of Fre spree tan afjcent space.

‘Suppression —A significa reluction in Bie size (beat release rats) to a nial volo

Extingvismeat ~ A reduction ofthe fire sie that elease rate) ta the point where
‘amsing comistion cases exist

Flathover— ‘be wanstin frm a Toad fire toa filly developed fire wheres Fel
‘surfaces are burning andthe compartacat Fills with fame. This canton has been
Tikedemptiaily to upper layer compartment temperaturcs onthe order of SUI-EO0 °C
O27 Im,

Tenable Conditions Base on the effects tha clevated terperamres have on hurnans
‘md electronic equipment, 2 maxim temperature of 80°C (175 °F) is cousdered
‘enable 2), In aatking this detemilion way asvumod that reaponse team members
‘syonld be outed in coven, ash yen ad breathing mess, such that no aka wuld

‘ae expared.

Setting Bounties: Mainlaning tenable condivons and preventing a fire fom
becoming csablishel in APDA voxqpartments
9. Pileted Ipxtion ~ Ftansing cembuaivn i initiated by an extent (ssi) aoures, much ana

park of wal independ fans. Conaliionsreyuived for pilot ignition consist of a
sninirmor heat Box uf 10 #Win? /Y} andor fos! surface temperature beeen 200.
0 26 (92-872 °F) [1

10, Spontancons ignition Flaming combustm is iitited by healing fom an ental
sovree in the aheencs of pilot, Conditions required for spemtanecus igutiou consist of
snimmar heat ox of 20 KWit? 0 amd fr fhe sorees temperstare belorete 250+

430°C (482-842 °F) NY

11, Foe! Limited Fire A fire where the beat clea rate is controlled by the combustible
material i. quantity, buming eharacerstis, and soface ares) in he compartment
ft

12, Veotiltion Limite Fite ~ A fie where the beat tcfene rate is contalled by the air tow
inte te ecmpartment (both natural and forced} [10h

1. Ventilation Factor AVF where A ie the are of Ge veut opening in sqnare meters and
its the height ofthe vont pening in meters. "This paroueter defines the maximum air
‘os into compartment fering a vention Fimited fre and has the uals of m 7104

14, ‘Thermat Management ~ Tho ability of water musvspmny system to rnintain the
emperstoes in 9 compartment to acceptable evel. (Acceptable tevels may be based on
eter Mashower suppression, fre spread, o enabiity)

“TECHNICAL DISCUSSION

41 Amatytical Teckatqnes

During atypical weapou it, the short duration high inteeity derma pute erate bythe
detonation of te ward is followed dhorly hereafter hy a filly developer compartment ze. The
inital tomperotre spe cavecd by the detonation and consumption of be residual missile fuel/puepeliant

cannot casily be mitigated by the mmviving pottion af the mist system. Separate R&D progrns have
been prupused to sty the efticls of preemptive discharge of water mist on mitigating he effects of the
bint. Its general boeved that de duration nf his pike is to shor to ease fe apreadtowdiceot
spaces through intat boundaries, A aresul the objective of Ue mist system should be fo mitigate rhe
ets ofthe ensting conpartment Gre, which isthe focus ofthis investigation [17]
“Thermally manag the consitinas inthe PDA during he ensuing commpovtnent Ine hast
significant effecison he conitions inthe space. irl the reduction in tenypeacuse will decrease the sir
Slow rate info the canpartoent, which Invere the mainawin fie size that an be supported by any wetrat
vent openings, Secon tthe sinter mia stan ean creale adeqnterarbence inthe region aromnd she
fire, ue water vaporstcam and vitiled gases wl dllte the oxygee, Nonce reducing the fre sae even
further. In iter casey he frst step the alysis isto predict he temperatures in the PDA, These
‘emperattes were proved by conning an energy balance raleulaliow on fie compartment (PDA)
capressed by the follwing equation:

rca = Prrtss + Drag * Ore o

where Qe i the het relenoc iste oF he ft; Op. #8 the energy Fost throng) the wal, citing, and

oot: Op iste energy St ont of he vert opting, 2n8 Dy Jo the cory sore hy he mi

“The following assumptions wore made to simplify the calculi

1) Combustion as compete and kes place ently within the coatines of the
comparmoene (te brat lease ate ofthe fies cme,

@) The temperature war uniform within the compartment tall times (after bscharge), and
the gas exhausted were assumed Yo be a he compartment temperature:

(8) The exhavet gases and the gases cunlaine i the compartment were assumed t0 he
strate with water vapor;

(8) A single surface heat uansfor coefficient was used for the entre inner suface of the
compocte

45) The est ransfor theough the corupartnent boandeves ws unidimensional, i. comms
and efges ae ignore and the buwaes ate assumed tobe “afte slab” and

(6) Mist droplets were assume fo be heated to the pomparimet gas tempera.

“The individual componeess oF Rqvation (1) wore clculated ws follow: assuming # veutation
mite fire, the best elece rate is catetated using the following equations:

5
Dre = Cites Sty, )

where € the combustion efficiency, ri i he sioxyson available lo suppert combnction, aa

Ad, isthe heat oF reaction of wir.

“The energy/enthlpy lot tough the hounancs ofthe compartment canbe esinatedvsing an
overal heat Ins coeficent id the fellowing. cquation:

Grovtmy = be As BT co)

‘sbere fy isan overall heal uonefercocficom (30'WinK as ue base ou plevions mrasmroments

(02), 4, fete aren Die walls and exiting of he commana) aud APs the emperiore

Jifference between the seady-state compartment temperatures und lke inital ambiett onda

“The energyfenbalpy Tost cmt of havent opening is cummprzed uf to componeuts the energy
requir to heat he to the compartment temperature, amd the eneryy associated withthe satmsted
_water vapor leaving the enmparment, “Fhe ralfalive losses ut of (ac vent opening were assumed io be

rlgive. The vent lonses ue given by dhe following equation:

rm = ge Dre co

“The loses ossovited with heating the arf the compartment temperature ure ven by the

following equation
Qyur = Meo Cy OT o

“Were ig isthe muss ow rte of fie gmex out ofthe commparlnenC, is he specifi heat ofthe gn,
and AT inthe temperate diferooc berwoen the slendy-state eaupartineatfemporatures an the arbicat
sirentring the compartnent, IF We assume rt,» i (ie, ignore fhe increase in mass flowrate
retuling fom the foc and water), thet the mass flowrate through he compari can be estimated
‘sing Patio (0), hich sapien to wert compurlments [10

GAH Cy pyle) anode, ©

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