DTIC ADA372701: Evidence for Vapor Bubble Luminescence.

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by  Defense Technical Information Center

Princeton
University
Princeton University
Joseph Henry Laboratories
Department of Physics
EVIDENCE FOR VAPOR
BUBBLE LUMINESCENCE
G.T. Reynolds
Technical Report #1
January 14, 2000
ONR Grant N00014-00-1-0010
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Princeton University
Joseph Henry Laboratories
Department of Physics
EVIDENCE FOR VAPOR
BUBBLE LUMINESCENCE
G.T.Reynolds
Technical Report #1
January 14, 2000
ONR Grant N00014-00-1-0010
Evidence for Vapor Bubble Luminescence
The observation of light at deep sea hydrothermal vents at wavelengths
in the visible from 450 nm to 650 nm [1] can not be explained as thermal
radiation at the observed temperatures (~ 350°).
The physical processes that have been considered as possible explanations
include sonoluminescence. Sonoluminescence (SL) is a phenomenon in which
light is emitted when a liquid is cavitated in some manner. [2, 3] In laboratory
studies the cavitation is usually excited by ultrasonic sources of 20 KHz to
MHz, and the light results from the implosion of bubbles of radius less than
100 /im. Leighton and Walton have shown the presence of bubbles in various
conditions of running water, breaking waves, etc. [4]. There is good reason
to believe that bubbles can occur in vent fluid (Figure 1) and these might be
excited to oscillate and implode. SL has been shown to occur when a liquid
flows through a Venturi tube, a water jet impacts on a stationary plate or a
spark discharge occurs in a liquid. SL has not been observed when liquids
boil, electrolysis, or by the action of a propeller. [5]
However, early in 1999 A.J. Walton, working in the Cavendish Labora-
tory, Cambridge, reported seeing light from a process associated with macro-
scopic vapor bubbles, [6] when superheated steam bubbles condensed in wa-
ter.
The steam was produced in a domestic cappuccino machine, adapting the
usual frothing attachment to a glass tube which ended several centimeters
below the water surface in a rectangular tank. The tip was viewed with
a home-made microscope coupled to a 4 stage high gain image intensifier.
On introducing a steady stream of bubbles into the tank a bright emission
was evident on the output phosphor of the intensifier, and recorded photo-
graphically in 20 second exposures. Due to the nature of the source of the
bubbles, Walton initially called this "cappuccino luminescence", but prior to
publication dignified it as "Vapor Bubble Luminescence" (VBL).
Walton's results are conclusive, but it was decided to repeat the experi-
ment for confirmation using a photomultiplier detector in our Princeton Lab-
oratory. The photomultiplier has the advantage of providing time resolution
within the 20 sec interval of bubble formation.
The photomultiplier used to register the signal was an RCA 8575 run at
1700 volts. The photomultiplier was housed in a light tight cylinder, with a
top insert that accommodated at 100 ml beaker into which the output tube
of the cappuccino frothing tube fixture was inserted, and through which the
superheated steam was ejected into the water in the beaker, which was at
room temperature. The final orifice, through which the steam entered the
water was variously 1 mm and 3 mm in diameter. The steam bubbles were
introduced by opening the valve of the frothing device just after the boiling
began and water started to flow into the cup in the usual fashion.
Examples of the recorded photomultiplier output are shown in Figs. 2 and
3. Figure 2 shows the result when steam was introduced to sea water and
Fig. 3 the result when steam was introduced into tap water. The recording
chart ran at 40 mm per minute, so that the signal is ~ 18 sec duration,
consistent with Walton's 20 sec exposures. The difference in the response
between tap and sea water is interesting but must be considered preliminary,
awaiting a more extended investigation of the various parameters involved.
Following the photomultiplier experiment an attempt was made to record
the luminescence using an intensified CCD camera (Hamamatsu C2400-32)
with a Century Optics 17 mm f.95 lens, focused approximately 3 cm from
the bubble formation. No convincing signal was observed from tap water.
A very weak signal was detected from sea water, but it was obvious that
integration of frames for 10 sec or so would be necessary for a more convincing
demonstration.
A full characterization of the luminescence requires spectral information.
Walton has reported observing a weak spectrum, just above noise level, in-
dicating a broad continuum slightly enhanced toward the blue.
In view of the relevance of VBL to light observed at deep sea hydrothermal
vents, it is worthwhile to consider an experiment using ALISS (Ambient Light
Imaging and Spectral System) to look for the luminescence in sea water. This
instrumentation has the capability of providing time resolution or integration
and spectral information. The luminescence observed in such a laboratory
experiment would not be complicated with thermal radiation, as is in the
vent observations.
References
[1] C.L. Van Dover, G.T. Reynolds, A.D. Chave, and J.A. Tyson, Geophys.
Res. Lett. 23, 2049-2052 (1996).
[2] A.J. Walton and G.T. Reynolds, Adv. Phys. 33, 595-660 (1984).
[3] RB. Barber, R.A. Miller, R. Lofstedt, R. Putterman, and K.R.
Weninger, Phys. Rep. 281, 65-143 (1997).
[4] T.G. Leighton and A.J. Walton, Eur. J. Phys. 8, 98-104 (1987).
[5] R. Latorre, Acustica 42, 132-141 (1981).
[6] A.J. Walton, private communication.
Figures
Fig. 1 Boiling and Bubble Formation in vents, from D.A. Butterfield
et al, JGR, 95, 895-921 (1990).
Fig. 2 Photomultiplier response to steam bubbling in sea water.
Fig. 3 Photomultiplier response to steam bubbling in tap water.
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Evidence for Vapor .Bubble Luminescence PR — 00PR00102-00
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N00014-00-1-0010
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Reynolds, George T.
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14. ABSTRACT
A novel type of luminescence has been studied from steam vapor
bubbles condensing in sea water and tap water. A possible
application to the light observed at deep sea hydrothermal
vents is discussed.
15. SUBJECT TERMS
Vapor bubbles, luminescence, deep sea vent light.
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a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT a THIS PAGE Geo. T. Reynolds
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