DTIC ADA338573: Europe and Asia in Space, 1993-1994.

455 Pages·36 MB·English

by  Defense Technical Information Center

Europe
& Asia in Space
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19980309
085
KAMAN SCIENr'"(cid:127)IC
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PLEASE RETURN TO: IATORY
BMD TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER
BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE ORGANIZATION ( .
-
7100 DEFENSE PENTAGON
WASHINGTON D.C. 20301-7100
Front Cover: The Japanese Hypersonics Flight Experiment (HYFLEX) will be the first mission of
the new J-1 launch vehicle and will be instrumental in assessing reentry technology
for the planned H-Il Orbiting Plane (HOPE).
Back Cover: The Russian RD-701 tri-propellant (liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen, and kerosene)
engine is being considered for the Multi-purpose Aerospace System (MAKS), an
air-launched, unmanned reusable spaceplane.
Accession Number: 6085
Publication Date: Jan 01, 1993
Title: Europe & Asia in Space 1993-1994
Personal Author: Johnson, N.L.; Rodvold, D.M.
Corporate Author Or Publisher: Kaman Sciences Corp., 1500 Garden of the Gods Rd., Colorado Springs,
CO 80907
Abstract: This second edition of "Europe and Asia in Space" covers the space activities of European and
Asian countries during 1993-1994. Ballistic missile proliferation in third world countries and advances in
IR technology detectors have generated increased interest of France, Western European Union and Japan
in space based early warning systems.
Descriptors, Keywords: Europe Asia Space 1993 1994 ballistic missile proliferation IR technology space
based early warning
Pages: 436
Cataloged Date: Oct 02, 1996
Copyrighted or Not.$/\JO
Document Type: HC
Number of Copies In Library: 000001
Record ID: 42418
EUROPE AND ASIA IN SPACE
1993-1994
PLEASE RETURN TO:
CENTER
INFORMATION
BMD TECHNICAL
Nicholas L. Johnson
Principal Scientist
David M. Rodvold
Associate Senior Scientist
Prepared for
USAF Phillips Laboratory
Kirtland AFB, NM 87117
Prepared by
Kaman Sciences Corporation
1500 Garden of the Gods Road
Colorado Springs, Colorado 80907
The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not reflect the official
policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or the US
Government.
FOREWORD
The United States Air Force's Phillips
Laboratory is proud to present this second edition
of Europe and Asia in Space covering the space
activities of European and Asian countries during
1993-1994. The success of Europe and Asia in
Space can be, in part, measured by the
distribution of the 1991-1992 book. To date over
2200 copies have been mailed. Requests have
been from around the world and include individuals, corporations,
educational institutions, and governments. Feedback has been universally
positive. We hope you find Europe and Asia in Space useful and
informative. We would like to hear your comments on this report. Please
phone [phone] or send comments to:
Phillips Laboratory/XPF
Attn: Europe and Asia in Space Project
3550 Aberdeen Ave SE
Kirtland AFB, NM 87117-5776
MICHAEL L. HEIL, Colonel, USAF
Commander
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREW ORD ........................................................................................................................................ i
PRINCIPAL ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................... vii
1. PRINCIPAL SPACE ORGANIZATIONS AND INFRASTRUCTURE .......................................... 1
1.1 European Space Agency .................................................................................................. 1
i .2 France ............................................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Germany ........................................................................................................................... 7
1.4 India .................................................................................................................................. 8
1.5 Israel .................................................................................................................................. 10
1.6 Italy .................................................................................................................................... 10
1.7 Japan ................................................................................................................................ 12
1.8 People's Republic of China ............................................................................................... 14
1.9 Russian Federation ........................................................................................................... 17
1.10 Ukraine .............................................................................................................................. 20
1.11 United Kingdom ................................................................................................................. 22
References ................................................................................................................................... 25
2. SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND LAUNCH FACILITIES ....................................... 31
2.1 European Space Agency .................................................................................................. 31
2.2 Germany ........................................................................................................................... 40
2.3 India .................................................................................................................................. 41
2.4 Israel .................................................................................................................................. 44
2.5 Italy .................................................................................................................................... 45
2.6 Japan ................................................................................................................................ 46
2.7 Norway .............................................................................................................................. 49
2.8 People's Republic of China ............................................................................................... 50
2.9 Russian Federation .......................................................................................................... 53
2.10 Spain ................................................................................................................................. 68
2.11 Sweden ............................................................................................................................. 68
2.12 Ukraine .............................................................................................................................. 68
2.13 United Kingdom ................................................................................................................. 71
References ................................................................................................................................... 74
3. MANNED AND MAN-RELATED SPACE PROGRAMS .............................................................. 99
3.1 International Space Station ............................................................................................... 99
3.2 European Space Agency .................................................................................................. 100
3.3 France ............................................................................................................................... 105
3.4 Germany ........................................................................................................................... 105
3.5 Kazakhstan ....................................................................................................................... 105
3.6 Japan ................................................................................................................................ 106
3.7 People's Republic of China ............................................................................................... 107
3.8 Russian Federation ........................................................................................................... 107
3.9 Ukraine .............................................................................................................................. 123
References ................................................................................................................................... 128
4. EARTH APPLICATIONS PROGRAMS ....................................................................................... 140
4.1 Com munications ................................................................................................................ 140
4.1.1 European Space Agency ..................................................................................... 140
4.1.2 EUTELSAT .......................................................................................................... 145
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(continued)
4.1.3 France ................................................................................... 146
4.1.4 Germany................................................................................. 149
4.1.5 Hong Kong .............................................................................. 150
4 .1.6 Hungary.................................................................................. 151
4 .1.7 India .............................. 151
4 .1.8 Indonesia ................................................................................ 153
4 .1.9 INMARSAT.............................................................................. 154
4. 1.10 INTELSAT ............................................................................... 154
4.1 .11 Iran ....................................................................................... 155
4.1 .12 Israel ..................................................................................... 155
4. 1.13 Italy....................................................................................... 156
4. 1.14 Japan .................................................................................... 157
4.1 .15 Luxembourg ............................................................................. 160
4. 1.16 Malaysia ................................................................................. 161
4.1 .17 NATO .................................................................................... 161
4. 1.18 Norway................................................................................... 162
4. 1.19 Pakistan.................................................................................. 162
4. 1.20 People's Republic of China ............................................................ 162
4. 1.21 Philippines ............................................................................... 163
4. 1.22 Russian Federation ..................................................................... 163
4. 1.23 Saudi Arabia............................................................................. 179
4. 1.24 Singapore................................................................................ 180
4.1 .25 South Korea............................................................................. 180
4.1 .26 Spain..................................................................................... 181
4.1 .27 Sweden .................................................................................. 181
4.1 .28 Taiwan ................................................................................... 182
4.1 .29 Thailand.................................................................................. 182
4.1 .30 Turkey ................................................................................... 182
4. 1.31 Ukraine................................................................................... 182
4. 1.32 United Kingdom ......................................................................... 183
4.2 Navigation and Geodesy......................................................................... 184
4.2.1 European Space Agency............................................................... 184
4.2.2 France ................................................................................... 184
4.2.3 INMARSAT.............................................................................. 185
4.2.4 Germany................................................................................. 185
4.2.5 Itlay....................................................................................... 185
4.2.6 Japan .................................................................................... 186
4.2.7 People's Republic of China ............................................................ 186
4.2.8 Russian Federation ..................................................................... 186
4.3 Earth Observation and Remote Sensing....................................................... 192
4.3.1 European Space Agency............................................................... 193
4.3.2 France ................................................................................... 196
4.3.3 Germany................................................................................. 197
4.3.4 India...................................................................................... 198
4.3.5 Israel ..................................................................................... 200
4.3.6 Italy....................................................................................... 200
4.3.7 Japan .................................................................................... 201
4.3.8 Pakistan.................................................................................. 204
4.3.9 People's Republic of China ............................................................ 204
4.3.10 Portugal.................................................................................. 208
4.3.11 Russian Federation..................................................................... 208
4.3.12 South Korea..................................................................... -,.... 225
4.3.13 Ukraine................................................................................... 226
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(continued)
4.4 Materials Science .............................................................................................................. 229
4.4.1 European Space Agency ..................................................................................... 229
4.4.2 France .................................................................................................................. 231
4.4.3 Germany .............................................................................................................. 231
4.4.4 Italy ....................................................................................................................... 231
4.4.5 Japan ................................................................................................................... 232
4.4.6 People's Republic of China .................................................................................. 233
4.4.7 Russian Federation .............................................................................................. 233
References ....................................................... 241
5. SPACE SCIENCE AND EXPLORATION PROGRAMS .............................................................. 281
5.1 Life Sciences ..................................................................................................................... 281
5.1.1 European Space Agency ..................................................................................... 281
5.1.2 France .................................................................................................................. 282
5.1.3 Germany .............................................................................................................. 283
5.1.4 Japan ................................................................................................................... 284
5.1.5 People's Republic of China .................................................................................. 284
5.1.6 Russian Federation .............................................................................................. 285
5.1.7 Ukraine ................................................................................................................. 286
5.2 Geophysics ....................................................................................................................... 287
5.2.1 Czech Republic .................................................................................................... 287
5.2.2 European Space Agency ..................................................................................... 288
5.2.3 Germany .............................................................................................................. 289
5.2.4 Italy ....................................................................................................................... 289
5.2.5 Japan ................................................................................................................... 290
5.2.6 People's Republice of China .................................. 290
5.2.7 Russian Federation .............................................................................................. 291
5.2.8 Sweden ................................................................................................................ 292
5.2.9 United Kingdom .................................................................................................... 293
5.3 Solar System Investigations .............................................................................................. 293
5.3.1 European Space Agency ..................................................................................... 293
5.3.2 France .................................................................................................................. 296
5.3.3 India ..................................................................................................................... 297
5.3.4 Japan ................................................................................................................... 297
5.3.5 People's Republic of China .................................................................................. 299
5.3.6 Russian Federation ........................................ 299
5.4 Extra-Solar System Observations ..................................................................................... 303
5.4.1 European Space Agency ..................................................................................... 303
5.4.2 Germany .............................................................................................................. 306
5.4.3 India ..................................................................................................................... 306
5.4.4 Italy ....................................................................................................................... 307
5.4.5 Japan ................................................................................................................... 307
5.4.6 Russian Federation .............................................................................................. 309
5.4.7 Spain .................................................................................................................... 313
5.4.8 Sweden ................................................................................................................ 314
References ....................................................... 315
6. NATIONAL SECURITY PROGRAMS .......................................................................................... 331
6.1 Imaging Reconnaissance .................................................................................................. 332
6.1.1 France .................................................................................................................. 332
6.1.2 Italy ....................................................................................................................... 333
V
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(concluded)
6.1.3 Japan ................................................................................................................... 333
6.1.4 People's Republic of China .................................................................................. 333
6.1.5 Russian Federation .............................................................................................. 334
6.1.6 Spain .................................................................................................................... 337
6.1.7 W estern European Union ..................................................................................... 337
6.2 Electronic Intelligence ....................................................................................................... 338
6.2.1 France .................................................................................................................. 338
6.2.2 Russian Federation .............................................................................................. 338
6.3 Ballistic Mi ssile Launch Detection ..................................................................................... 343
6.3.1 France .................................................................................................................. 343
6.3.2 Japan ................................................................................................................... 343
6.3.3 Russian Federation .............................................................................................. 343
6.3.4 W estern European Union ..................................................................................... 346
6.4 Space Defence .................................................................................................................. 346
6.4.1 Russian Federation .............................................................................................. 346
6.5 National Security Support Systems ................................................................................... 349
6.5.1 Russian Federation .............................................................................................. 349
6.6 Unknown Mi ssion .............................................................................................................. 349
6.6.1 Russian Federation .............................................................................................. 350
References ............................................................................................................................. 351
7. SPACE-RELATED LEGAL DOCUMENTS .................................................................................. 359
7.1 Russian Decree No. 4878-1, 27 April 1993 ....................................................................... 360
7.2 Russian Decree No. 4879-1, 27 April 1993 ....................................................................... 362
7.3 Russian Decree No. 5663-1, 20 August 1993 ................................................................... 364
7.4 Russian Decree No. 1282, 11 December 1993 ................................................................ 378
7.5 Russian-Kazakh Memorandum on the Baikonur Cosmodrome, 26 December 1993 ........ 383
7.6 Russian Directive No. 624-r, 3 May 1994 ......................................................................... 385
7.7 Russian Decree No. 996, 29 August 1994 ........................................................................ 386
7.8 Russian Law No. 28-F3, 24 October 1994 ........................................................................ 388
7.9 Russian Presidential Edict, 24 October 1994 .................................................................... 389
8. 1993-1994 EURASIAN SPACE LAUNCHES .............................................................................. 391
9. APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................. 407
Al. Frequencies Used by European and Chinese Satellites in 1993 and 1994 as Monitored
by the Kettering Goup ....................................................................................................... 408
A2. Historical Eurasian Satellite Deployment Failures ............................................................ 410
A3. European and Asian Astronauts/Cosmonauts, 1961-1994 ............................................... 418
10. ACKNOW LEDGM ENTS AND CREDITS ..................................................................................... 423
11. SPACECRAFT CLASS INDEX .................................................................................................... 427
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