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Vo- T IY A .31 1 ................. 4w ago'" CA ES 4 C IL41 jpý :1!ý t4ý ntV i'wý kcý V, 'Nk INTRODUCTION Army Vision 2010 is the blueprint for the Army's contributions to the operational concepts identified in Joint Vision 2010. It is the conceptual template for how the United States Army will channel the vitality and innovation of its soldiers and civilians and leverage technological opportunities to achieve new levels of effectiveness as the land component member of the joint warfighting team. Joint Vision 2010 provides a coherent view of the future and the implications for joint operations expressed in terms of emerging operational concepts. Army Vision 2010 focuses on the implications of that environment for the fundamental competency the Army contrib- utes to joint operations-THE ABILITY TO CONDUCT PROMPT AND SUS- TAINED OPERATIONS ON LAND THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE SPECTRUM OF CRISIS. It identifies the operational imperatives and enabling technologies needed for the Army to fulfill its role in achieving full spectrum dominance. PIMW(cid:127) Ii5jCTED 4 14 Army Vision 2010 also serves as a linchpin between Force XXI, the Army's ongoing process to manage change and advance into the 21st Century with the most capable Army in the world, and the Army After Next (AAN), the Army's emerging long-term vision. It is the necessary and intermediate objective en route to the next generation of strategies, soldiers, structures, and systems. While Army Vision 2010 strives to visualize developing concepts and technologies to improve capabilities circa 2010, the AAN process stretches to conceptualize the geostrategic environment 30 years into the future. Force XXI, Army Vision 2010, and AAN work collabora- tively to identify the types of capabilities and areas of technology applications that will accom- modate their respective environments and the implications for Doctrine, Training, Leader Development, Organization, Materiel, and Soldiers. ForceX XI, Army Vision 2010, and AAN establish a continuum of orderly change, assuring a disciplined approach to meeting the challenges of an uncertain future and maximizing the innovativeness of the military, academia, and industry. As the Army progresses along this continuum, aligning its vision with Joint Vision A Common Heritage 2010, it will serve us well to keep in mind why F. T the Nation has an arm y, the values that dis- F1 -11! .f,!I , ,o .. .b tinguish our soldiers, and the bond between Why the Army and the Nation ... these things An Army ... will not change. They are the essence of our being, and neither the geostra- To F To Provide teglc environment nor technology (cid:127). To l TO PNoFviiwdt will break the common threads ThAend KN aWtiionnl 's MRainligtae.R ..O af .(cid:127),(cid:127)(cid:127) lop that tie yesterday's soldiers at ,(cid:127) wrOptions ::: ~Short Of : (cid:127)! Valley Forge to today's sol- To Deter Shor Of f War Aggression diers on the demilitarized 4 tY zone in Korea, or in Yesterday Today Tomor..w Bosnia, or elsewhere around the globe, to tomorrow's soldiers in the 21st Century. - Ties Yesterday's Soldiers to Tomorrow's WHY AN ARMY -YESTERDAY, TODAY, AND TOMORROW To Fighta ndW in the Nation's Wars The power to deny or to destroy is possessed by each of the military Services. The contribution of land forces to the joint warfight is the power to exercise direct, continuing, and comprehensive control over land, its resources, and its peoples. It is this direct, continuing, and comprehensive control over land,r esources, and people that allows landp ower to make per- manent the otherwise transitorya dvantages achieved by air and navalforces. 2 To Provide a Range of MilitaryO ptions Short of War - MilitaryO perationsO therT han War (MOO1TW) Land forces perform important, and largely unique, functions besides denial and destruc- tion. Because of their versatility, they are distinctly capable of making contributions in a sustained and measured way across the broadest array of national requirements. Primary among these contributions is the role land forces play in support of preventive defense. Through peacetime engagement, land forces are active and dominant players in preventive defense activities ranging from nation building to military-to-military contacts. Through their presence, they provide a unique capability to impart American/democratic values as they interact with nations' armies and peoples to favorably shape the world environment and help keep potential dangers to our security from becoming full-blown threats. They are the force that protects and controls populations, restores order, and facilitates the transition from hostilities to peace. It is through this dimension of influence that the land force component, the Army, serves to strengthen the Nation's position in security and foreign policy, in negotiating treaties, in dealing with foreign governments, and in establishing alliances. The land component is also the force of choice to respond to natural and man-made disas- ters, assist communities during civil disturbances, and perform civic action/nation-building projects as required. In a dynamic and unpredictableg eostrategice nvironment,t he U.S. Army provides a full range of choices to the Nation and a hedge against uncertainty-a unique asset, a nationala sset. To DeterAggression The threat of employing fully trained, highly motivated military forces equipped with modem, powerful warfighting systems serves as a credible deterrent to adversaries who might otherwise perceive the risk of conflict worth the spoils of war. The forward stationing of land forces on foreign soil identifies regions of U.S. vital interests and signals the highest degree of commitment that these interests will be protected. The deployment of militaryf orces in times of crisis commits the prestige, honor,a nd resolve of the Nation. The deployment of landf orces is the gravest response that can be made, short of war, to demonstrate the nationalw ill to prevent conflict. Full Spectrum Dominance 3 THE ARMY'S ENDURINGVALUES YESTERDAY,TODAY, AND TOMORROW The Army is more than an organization, it is an institution with a unique and enduring set of values. The Army instills these values in its soldiers and civilians, the men and women who are the Army. The terms the Army uses to articulate its values-honor, integrity, selfless service, courage, loyalty, duty, and respect-inspire the sense of purpose necessary to sustain soldiers in combat and help resolve the ambiguities of military operations where war has not been declared. Leaders of character and competence live these values. They build an Army where people do what is right, treat others as they themselves want to be treated, and can be all they can be. THEARMY-NATION BOND YESTERDAY,TODAY, AND TOMORROW Committing the Army commits the Nation. Committing the United States Army makes a strong statement that friends and adversaries alike cannot misinterpret. No other single gesture so clearly demonstrates the ultimate commitment of the U.S. to a particular outcome as placing American soldiers in harm's way. The Army's strength always has been, and always will be, the American soldier. Soldiers are the Army. The Army makes the most significant investment it can make to the Nation's security by properly training, equipping, and supporting our soldiers. 4 THE GEOSTRATEGIC ENVIRONMENT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR LAND FORCES THE LAND FORCE - THE VERSATILE FORCE With the end of the Cold War, a prominent theory arose that there would no longer be a need for large land forces, that power projection and national military strategy could primarily be carried out through precision strikes using technologically advanced air and naval forces. This "standoff' approach would reduce the level of U.S. involvement and commitment and thus the requirement for large land forces. Reality proved that theory to be invalid. 1950-1989 During the 40 years from 1950 &O gffxyAen04 to the collapse of the Soviet xOrl-f" r $pee(cid:127)u(cid:127) ot Pence Union, the Army conducted 10 D•fM(cid:127)no table deployments. We Planned For This Exepectru ofi Since 1990, in the short span Beeu ted -,- fA.. of six years, we have deployed 25 times-an increasei n missions by a factor of 16. This new paradigmr eflects the significance of land forces in supportingt he NationalS ecu- "Peace is not only better than war, but infinitely more arduous." rity Strategy of engagement George Bernard Shaw and enlargement. 5 What will the future hold ... ? The significance of land power as the force of decision will continue to rise for several reasons. First, most future operations will occur on the lower and middle portions of the continuum of military operations ranging from disaster relief to global war, where land forces provide unique and essential capabilities, the most options, and the most useful tools. These types of operations require the commitment of U.S. land forces to establish leadership and to enable our allies and coalition partners. They call for soldiers on the ground, directly interfacing with the civilians and/or military involved in the crisis. Should the Nation's military be called to take on additional, nontraditional missions in support of a broad- ened National Security Strategy, the utility of land forces will increase even more. The second reason for the rise in significance of land forces is their direct relevance to the National Military Strategy's strategic enablers: overseas presence and power projection. Without a doubt, all Services fulfill critical functions in support of these two enablers; however, two unique characteristics apply to land forces. First, they provide the most visible, sustained foreign presence-on the ground, 24 hours a day, person-to-person ... cooperating, sharing risks, representing America. Second, as illustrated in the accompanying chart, landf orces not only provide the most flexible and versatile capabilitiesf or meeting CINC force requirements, from humanitariana ssistancet o combat operations,b ut constitute the highest per- centage of the committedj oint force. Role Of The Army In Joint Operations JUST CAUSE JTF-LA SHARP GUARD SUPPORT HOPE (Panama, Dec 89) (Los Angeles, May 92) (Former Yugo., Aug 94) (Rwanda, Aug 94) 21,700 moll Mv t1,447 % 1,100 DESERT STORM HIURRICANE ANDREW FIREFIGHTING ABLE SENTRY (SWA(cid:127), Feb 91): (LILA, Sep 92) (Westcrn US, Aug 94) (Macedonia, Jan 93) 04648 24,900 114'ý0. 0 4460 PROVIDE COM FORT II RESTORE IiOPE UPHOLD DEMOCRACY I ULTINATIONAL (Turkey/lraq, Sep 911) (Som alia, Jan 93) (Hiaiti, Now 94) FORCE 1,400 1.,0 1,600 (Sinai, Jan 96) JTF.GTMO DENY FLIGHT VIGILANT WARRIOR JOINT ENDEAVOR (Cuba, Jun 92) (lBosnia, Apr 94) (Kuwait, Nov 94) (Iosoba, Feb 96) 1,200 16'900 6,0963 ! 23,300 USA U-SMC tSN USAF 6 Third, land forces are important to the U.S.'s international credibility. The recent past provides a convincing example in the NATO deployment to Bosnia. Recognizing the substantial participation of U.S. air and naval forces over the past three years to support the naval blockade, air supply operations, and a no-fly zone in the Balkans, the NATO peace plan ultimately re- quireda large, visible contingento f U.S. ground troops. Fourth, U.S. land forces are most suitable for supporting the military's contribution to peacetime engagement and interaction with foreign military forces. The overwhelming major- ity of militaryf orces throughout the world arep redominantly armies. Few countries have the need or resources to maintain significant air or naval forces. Military engagement in these countries normally means army-to-army contact. Moreover, we see this phenomenon gaining impor- tance. As former army officers ascend to key positions in their national leadership structures, the Army's cooperative ties will increase in significance and continue to provide U.S. leadership with valuable contributions to international engagement. However, while cognizant of the increased demand for land forces at the lower end of the contingency spectrum in the near term, we must remain vigilant of the fundamental role of the Army-to fight and win the Nation's wars as the land component of the joint force. While the threat of global war may be diminishing, the world continues to be a dangerous place, especially in those regions where traditional conflict is an acceptable means of achieving national interests, specifically the Euro-Middle East and the Asian Arc regions. Within each of these regions lie numerous nation states on their way to participating democracies and/or advanced economies. In this "transitional zone," the inherent instability in the region could evolve into actual war as once dominant states perceive an unfavorable shift in power relative to their neighbors. These states, while less capable militarily than wealthy democracies, have access to the most advanced military technology. This phenomenon creates a new danger in the future, i.e., conflict with a nation having a very sophisticated and asymmetric capability. The motivations and prosecution of these wars will be varied. In the Euro-Middle East region (west of the Urals to the Persian Gulf to the North Atlantic), oil and radical fundamental- ism serve as potential catalysts to armed conflict and will continue to do so into the foreseeable future. In the Asian Arc region (stretching from Petropavlosk to India/Pakistan), resides one half of the world's population. In that region the shortage of food and arable land will pose increas- ingly demanding challenges in the next century. China alone has 1.2 billion people, making the U.S. population, by comparison, "right of the decimal point." Here also, war will continue to be viewed as a viable means of achieving or protecting their national interests. The conduct of war will be equally dissimilar. The general nature of combat notwithstanding, the very essence of conflict prosecuted by nations in the Asian Arc region is unlikely to be the same as that prosecuted by nations in the Euro-Middle East region. Disparate cultures, terrain, and climates will drive significant differences in their force structures, tactics, and warfighting strategies. 7 Collectively, the geostrategic environment, the near-term increased demand for operations on the lower end of the spectrum of crisis, and the continuing requirement to prepare to win the Nation's wars suggest a redefinition of general missions for the military. These missions can be categorized into seven general areas: Defending or Liberating Territory, Punitive Intrusion, Conflict Containment, Leverage, Reassurance, Core Security, and Humanitarian. Redefining Missions. Full Spectrum Capabilities In A Changing World Required Army Missions Capabilities Increased *Defending or Liberating Territory T oMRCT. rLReliaon ncHeVRYC/L T/SOF .................................................................................HVY/LT/SOF C onfl ict .... Joint LRC Terrorism....................................... L T/SO F Continues ý,Operations >>Punitive Intrusion Counter Drug ............................. LT/SOF/TECH Counter Terrorism............................ LT/SOF ' DDoomm iinnaannttC ounter Proliferation ..................................... SOF . >>Conflict Containment Roles For MOOTW ................................................. HVY/LT/SOF Laed Forces >>Leverage TM D ...... ..................... ................. TECH S-Space Applicatio.n..ss.. .................................TECH WC41 Systems Integration .............................. TECH Within these Battlefield Awareness .................................. TECH seven mission areas -Reassurance lie num erous crises that Presence ................................................. HVY/LT/SOF >>Core Security the m ilitary m ay be tasked to NMD ............................................................. TECH respond to in the years ahead. , Counter Drug .................................... HVY/LT/SOF/TECH Illegal Immigration ...................................... LT/SOF While the magnitude and frequency of Crime in the Streets .................................... LT/SOF these crises are unpredictable, it is certain >4lumanitarian that the full spectrum of Army capabilities will Disaster Relief ..................................... LT/SOF Population Evacuation ........................... HVY/LT/SOF be required to contribute to each of these gen- Refugee Protection ................................. HVY/LT/SOF eral missions at some time in the next century. Cooperation, Exchanges, & Training .... HVY/LT/SOF Technology will also play a unique role in defining capabilities as we look to the future. Consequently, we must continue to leverage the superiority of the U.S. industrial base and maintain a decisive advantage across the full range of these mission areas. While at the moment we have technological superiority, advanced warfighting capabilities are available to any nation with the means to procure them. Not coincidentally, the most active customers lie in the "transitional zone." IMPLICATIONS "*W e must have a military capable of deterring or defeating an emerging competitor. "*A regional focus is required for rapid response to crises in the "transitional zone," where the Nation's vital interests are most at risk. 8 *T he frequency of demands for land forces will increase as the Army is called upon to support peacetime engagement activities, i.e., multilateral military exercises, training, military-to-military exchanges, as well as crises on the lower end of the continuum, e.g., humanitarian relief, peacekeeping, peacemaking, etc. • Technology will play an important role in enabling full-spectrum operations. These implications suggest two primary axes: a regional focus for the traditional role of our Army and a balanced force mix to ensure "full-spectrum capability" to execute the roles and missions most likely to be levied on land forces as we enter the next century. Each of these axes will require leveraging technology to ensure swift victory with minimal casualties across the continuum of crisis. Army Vision 2010 provides the directional azimuth for these parallel axes and assists in sizing, organizing, and equipping the Army, and in developing the doctrine for land force operations in support of Joint Vision 2010. Leader development and training programs will be con- tinually refined to keep the Army prepared to execute these full-spectrum operations as the force of decision. THE WAY AHEAD Historically, we have not had the exact Army we needed when we needed it. Still, we were never truly wrong because we built an Army with a core set of capabilities and infused it with the agility and flexibility to adapt to domestic or international demands as they arose. The future will demand more ... the modality of agility will be even more essential to our ability to adapt to a dynamic strategic environment. We will need to continuously leverage technology to ensure our force has the requisite advantage to preclude conflict if possible, but to win decisively if necessary, and to leverage the capabilities of our allies and coalition partners. In the aggregate, we must "lighten up the heavy forces and heavy up the capabilities of the light forces." Ultimately, we must always be assured of victory and certain we will never be forced to negotiate from a position of weakness. At the very heart of this strategy is our continuing commitment to a Total Quality Force. The challenging global security environment, the complexity of emerging technologies, and the diverse missions being assigned to the Army will require men and women of intelligence and dedication, in the active and reserve components, who are able to adapt quickly to the missions at hand. Reductions in the active force have made the reserve component even more essential to meeting the Nation's needs across the full spectrum of operations, from disaster relief to war. They are equal partners in meeting the challenges of the 21st Century and must be trained and equipped with modern, compatible equipment to perform assigned missions with their active duty counterparts and coalition partners. Consequently, maintaining quality soldiers and civilians throughout the Total Force is our top priority. To sustain the essential contributions soldiers and civilians make, quality of life programs, a steady flow of promotions, and schooling opportunities must continue throughout their careers. 9