DTIC ADA285188: Annual Report of the Secretary of Defense to the President and the Congress, January 1994

354 Pages·19.4 MB·English

by  Defense Technical Information Center

AD-A285 188
to the President
and the Congress
- .46
~AM,*
Les Aspin
-
K Secretury of Defense
January 1994 9-15
Th nulDUrs tpj ufl lc miicvcv i cto
11 w adr(V) o Iil 1 i :1tdSit ~ t o L6 1
4I0 Ili huc %,iiekRirL i cI ý i 9-3ognnfo ) tIu 'H
Imrr ml-agcelIIf oIvaalmdaw Wm
p@e C mmIasrn o 9o 1 i dl i(hsWrsrvt.gIII1kau r) uis o olt u fah
duliato mu(h btie ro uhr
Report of the Secretary of Defense
to the President and the Congress
January 1994
I5bN; 0-16 -01,3933-6,_
TAB3LE OF CONTENTS
Niessago of thc SCcirt y olI\01De! nse .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... xili
PAR(cid:143)T 1: N'keting the Challenges of the New Security Era
l1iiroducionl........................ .............................. I
1
The New SeCurity EnIVIronmenClt.............. ................ ......... 2
The Old Versus Jhe New Security Envirojinenlt................. ....... 2
The Four 1)angars.................................... ............. 3
Responding Willh dic Bottom l-Up Reviewý. ................ ......... ...........
Sizing, Shaping, and ,Maintaining die Right Force for die
Ncwv Erm - lThe bottom -Up Review.................................... 4
The Bottom-Up Recview%% -.-.............................. ............. 4
IBeyaird die Bottom-Up Rcvickss... ................................. ...... 60
Counterpi olileration mid Threat Reducticn............................. ..6.
Nuclear Posture Review............................. ................ 7
Maintaining Ready io Fighi Forces............... ...................... 8
Using Force in the Post-Cold WNar, Post-Soviet Era ............... .. ........... 8
Engagement, Prevention, and Part-lnership.................................... 9
PART 11: Defense Initiatives
THE BOTTOM- UP REVIEW - FOR~CE STRUCTURE AN!)
CRITI CAL ENH~ANCEMENTS ................... .I I
Introduction . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. II
Force Structure Analysis...................................... .......... II
Major Regional C.onflict-,. .............................................. II
Scenarios ts Planniirrg -Th 'Is...... .................................... 12
The Four Phases of, U.S.- Comrbat Operations.............................. 13
Supporting Capabilities ............................................. 15J
Tire: Majo r Regionl' ('olithet B3uilding Blolck............................15
Fofee Enhancements fori Regional (.ontiic........................... ............ 10
Increased Effectiveness of Early Ariivirig Forces........................... 10
Added Arrmy Ruserve 'ornponiier Capahr ilties ...... ........... ........... I
sla.ua ýgic M'obility Enhan~L~lCemneints........... ............................ 9
Overseas Presenrce .......... ......... ....... ............. ............ 2(0
Providing 1'rescrice ...... ý. ... I.................................... 2
Pacei( Enlf( ten ciit anid lniiteryeimon Op matri wr . .... . .e .. . .. .
Building; air Overall Force, Stru~cture -- Gener-al Purpose F-rnci%...................24-1
Overill Force Structure........................ ...... .................. 2o
-
Conclusion ....................................................... .. 27t
REAM)NESS...........................................
1.
In1trductnoli............................................. ..... ...... 28
WvR,:adilrcss i, N-lumber One ................ ......... ... ......... 2
Readirres, Chllen1ges ............ ..... ..... .... .... .......... . . 29)
Meetinig t~e('IaC mge G.idin. t ii t .. . .....
Unider sanid It .......... ................ ...................... . 10
i¼1?
iii
)rgani .e A\round It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. .1
Su iN. A head of It .. . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . .. . . . . . II
The FY 1995-99) Prograins and Budget. .. . . . . .... .. . .. ... .. . 31
Assessmnent of'Readiness Fun ling .. ...... ....... ..... 32
C onclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
COUNTERPROLIFERATION AND) THREIAT REI)ICTION 34..
Inn xjuction . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . .. . .. .3.1
Counte rprol 11eI ratinn ..................... ............................ .341-
The Counter-prolmleration Initiative ............... .. . . . . .. . . 1
Coiiccptual Elemnentus of a (CoinpeI fiensive Strategy ........... .. ........... 30
DoD Counterproliferiation Programs............................ ...... 3
Cooperative Threat Reduction....................................... .... 41
Nunn-Lugar Program .......... ................................. 4
Defense (Conversion.................................................44
Accelerated Deactivation............................................ 45
Regime Implementation............................................... 45
STARTand START 11............................................ .. 45
Intermediatec-Ra~nge Nuclea~r Forces.................................... 46
Anti-Ballistic: Missile Trecaty ................. .................... . ... 47
Conventional Eorccs, in Europe and ( peni Skies Treatie . ....... 47
Nclenical Wea-prom Ccratyc n~eot n.............. ..................... 4
Cemirtcoaul Regpn'im1es................. ............................ 4S
11 N Specia onmsonnIr................... ................ ... 4
Conlupon..........eime.. ............................................ .5)
UALLISTIMciaI SSIE~DsoE FNSESq......................... ........ 549
Concxlusinun............................... .......................... 50
The Role oft Ballistic Missile Defeiises in Meeting NewA Iangers ................... 51
Dajrj~cis of Weaponsof Mass Tcestructioni..................... .......... 52
Regional Dangers........... ...................................... 53
Ballistic Missile Defense Priorities and Programls ................................ 54
UMD Cooperation with Allies and Friends....................... ........... 55
Conclusion .............................. ........................... 50
NUCLEAR POSTURE REVIEW............................... 57
Iniinduction................................................ ......... 57)
Continuity in the Post-Cold War World...................................... 57
('haugc-. in the lntmnatifnal Securiity Enviioninont.......................... 5I
'Ih ie Di.sappearanice of dhe Warsaw Pact Conmiveiomial Tlicat.......... ........ 5X
The New Nucicar Dangers ... . . .. . . . .. . . . 5()
Responding ito thre Cha~nging Security Lirviionineiit .. . .. t).
New Rcspoiiss for'These New Nulclar Threats ...... (.0)
Ongoing Force Structure ('haliges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (.1I
Thre Nuclear Posture Review . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. (,2
'oticlusion1...... ......................................................
1
iv
DEMOCRACY AND PEACEKEEPING ...................... .. (4
Introduction .................. ....................... . ...
Pe'eacekeeping and Pcacc Eijl orcciment in the Post-Cold War Eta .................... (4
Peace Opex rations Strategy ........ .............. .................. ... 4
Using Force in the Post-Cold War, Post-Sovict Eta ........................... (9
A ddressing Threshold Q ucstions . ........................................ 65
U.S. M ilitary Participation in U.N. Peace Operations ......................... 006
Peace O perations O verview ......... ............................... 07
U.N .Peacekeeping Operation .. .................................... . . 09
Non-U.N. Pcacekceping Operatiors ..................... ............ 701
Peace Enf!orcem ent O perations . ....................................... 7(
Hutmn iutrian Assistance and 1lun in Right .............. . ............ ... 72
Promotion ol Dcniocracy and Countcrdrng Eflorts by Dol) .................. 72
l)DL D Counterdrug E fort ...... .......................... .. .. ...... .. .. 73
Attacking the Flh w of Drugs at the Source ...................... ....... 73
Atktcking the Fl,.ow of D)rugs in Trwusit ................................ 74
Attacking the Distribution and Use (A Illegal Drugs in the United (cid:127)'StlN ...... 74
D em and R eduction ................................................ 74
BUILDING A DEFENSE PARTNERSHIP WITH RUSSIA,
UKRAINE, AND TIlE NEW INDEPENDENT STATES
OF THE FORMER SOVIET UNION .................... 70
ln trod u c tJo . .... .. ... .. .... .. ... .. .... .. .. ... .... . ..... ..... .. .. . .. 76
T he Straiegic Parm crsiup ... ........... ..... .......................... 7o
U .S.-Russia Defense Cooperation . ..................................... . 70
U .S.-Ukraine D elcnse Cooperation ......... .... ....................... 78
1i.S.-Ka',akhstan Defense Cooperation .................................... -/9
U .S.-Belarus D efense Cool eration ....................................... I(M
U.S. Defcnse Cooperation ,w'ith Other Succ'c.sor State .. ........... .......... 80
C o nclu sion ....... ..... . .... . .... .. .. ..... . ....... ..... ..... . ..... .. . 1
ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY ............................. 82
In trotd u ction . ..... ..... ..... .. ... ... .. .... ..... . . .. ..... .... ..... .. . 82
A N ew A ppioach ..... ........ ....................... ........... . 82
R estori,.g D ol) Facilities .. ... .. ........ ............ .. .. ....... 83
Fast Track C'can up ......................... . ....... . . ... CA
Complying %kitlhE lnm iionnental, Salctoy, and I (cal 1l L avw's .. .................. 85
C ons'-, ving Resources ......................... ................ ... . .. 5
L eg a cy .. .......... ....... ...... ... ... . ... .... .... .. . ... ... . .. X0
S'icventing Po llutuon ..................................... ............. X7
Technology: '"heC utting Edge .. ....................................... IxN
A G lo b a l Vi ew . . .. ..... ..... .. ... .. .. ........ . .... . ..... .... .. .... ..8,
Dclci osEe nvirotunental Sccmu ity Council ........................... ..... . . . 9
C o n clu sio n ........ .... .. .. . ............. . . .. . ..... .........9 )
ARTI I11" Defense Managemnent for the New Era
ECONOMIC SFCURITY ........... ..................... ..
I n tr n u c tio n .. .... ... .. . .... ........ . .. . .................. . . . ..
Diua! U se Technology ......... .. ................. ... . .... .. .... 1
"1b1 Ind usu ial Ii iisc .. ..... ..... . ............. . ....... .. . ........ .. 93
v
B1aSC C i(cid:127),st w and Rc dag ri;m 1t . . ................. .. .. . .
D efense H c ilvestn ecl ......... ...... ... .. .. ......... ....... .... 94
pe)ople ................... ........................... ....... 95
- Ass,i,,tance thi C o unin .. u nis, n......n..... ... ...
,R inv:stment Proeranis for the Industriad Bue ............ . ......... 9(1
Ar"nai+ient[ C.iioperari on...........................................
C ot;clusiott .... ... ..... . ... ... 9(n
FiNA.NCIAL MANAGEMENT ....... ....................
]nim o d uctia n ... . .. ... .. ........... ........ . .. ... .... . . . 'J
lulndam(cid:127)jmn 't|al Caues of D iD Financial I,,l itgcilnit ;'FoblCiii ......... ... .
Legacy of Vertically Oricnitcd Disparatc ( )rgmu.,:e,,,-) .......... 9
IEmphasis on Combat Over Support .......... .................. . 9.%
Piedom iran.ce of Physical O)ver Financial Controls ..... .................
.1-
Complacency About Financial Management Problems ................... 98
Blucprint to Reform DoD Financial Maiagemcnt ....................... . .. 9X
""oolsI ti hinmplmcn t DoD.s Financial Management Blueprint ........................ I (X)
The Deleme. Business Operations lund ................................. I()
Senior Fi nwcial Managencnt ( )vcr,, ghIt Council ....................... 1(K)
Dclcose Finiancc and Accounting Service ... ........... ...... . .. . Iti
Chief Financial Oflicers. Act nm. ter plai .................. ..... .1'.2
Financial Managemcnt 1Education and Training ......................... 102
C o n clusio n .... .... .. ... .. .... .. ..... ..... .... .. .... . .. .. ..... .... . 101(
ACQUISITION REFORM ....................... ........... 1,'
Ih trod uctio n ... ..... .... ... ... ... .. .... ... .. ... ... . .. . .. . ... ... ... . ItM
W hy Change is Necessary ............................................. (V1
W hat N eeds to he C hanigcd ............................................. i-4 1
Midntain TucInological Superiority aiw a Strong Natioinal Iidt0:,th ia! Ba(cid:127)e . 1.G I
Rt:duce Acquisition ('osts Through Adoption ol Blsimcs,, Practiccs
LACharacteristi,, ot World-Clas, Stupplirs ..................... .... 05
The Solution - A Vision for the Future .............................. . 105
Requirementri, Detcntinatim, and Rlstiurcc Allocation (WhIat to 1B3U0N V.)') .
DiD Acquisition Process (how We b u, It) ............................. 10.)I
Contmea t Tcrns amid Conditions ........................ .. ...... .... 10. 7
A pproach ...... ..... ... .. .... .. .... ..... .. .... .... ... ... ... .. .... . 10 8
Deputy Under Sc(,rctary of Dcle,-n,.e (Acquisition Reforni ............. ... 108
DoD Acquisition Reform Senior Steeling Group ....... .... ............. I 0
Ptocess Action Teums amid Working Groups ........... .............. . I MW
Actions to Date .............. .............................. 101))
scclion 800 Panel Rcp-oti ... ... ....... .... . .................. 109
P',oc ss A ction Te rn.i ... ......... .... ................ .. . .. .... 10)9
Dcfnse,,c Acquishoii Pilot Program , ... ................... . .. 110
Co.nchl.uion ................................................. ill)
P E'R S O IN LI . ........................ ...... ........... ... Ill
lII tI dutiion ...................................................... 1Il
R,ducd Force Strun.,:c -aid M anpo,,w.r Level, .l.........................
RI.crui, them ........................................................ 111
Rccruiting in dih Scluctld Reserve .... ... .. . .... ...... ....... .. 114
Full 'timroe SUoppi rt to the RcR rvc omfoicnt ................ ........ 114
Retecntirn and Scparatin. .. .... ............ ....... .. II1
vi
TIrain T h :nn . .... ....... . ......... . 11 7
Cominintnent to Individua' T;-inin) . . ... .. . . . . . . . . 11 7
Individual 1iaunilg Rtesojrec.. --- FY F)95) i3udi:t . . . . . . . . . . 11 7
(urrerit Pri n,n uns to TInpr oc ']oainr i'. I i 7
C.aiccr F-orcc Ti rn .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. Iis
Treat Thein Fairly . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . ..... .. Ii
IPc alh C'ate .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 118
Q uality of Litc .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. 1
F wn ily I. . . . ... . . . .. . .. .... 120
Conclusion........ ..... ................. .................. ..... 121
PA R'r V: Defenst: Resources
INFRASTRU(1URE ANI) LOGISTICS
.12
in tr~xJ lttio .. .. . . . .... . ... ...
Wii~it i:,hi .,suuc' ir a id I ogistics. . . .. . ... .......
Force M a:agemn . . . . .. .. .. . . ... . . . . . . . . ! 5
Cenitral Logistics . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12'5
M~iiwging Distribution and Inventories .. .. .. .. . .. . . ... 125
Depot M aintenance . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . 12.7
Transportation............... .......................... ........... 128
Logistics Businecss Systems Modcr-nitation.................. ............ 129
Instai1lations Sunprm)t ........ ................................. ....... 129
9'Thti Critical Maria-cnent Chiallcrnge . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. 129
Installattions; Mamiagemcmt ..... .. .. 311
Q uality oh Lilhc .. . .. .. .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . ..
Base Utilization....................................... ..... ..... 1132
Energy Resource Miriagement ......................... ............. 133
Base Realgnment and Closure................................... .. .13 3
Conclusion............................... ........ ................ 135
RESEARCH AND TkCIINO1,G!Y ... .. ......... 130
lrmt;od ucuoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Scienice and Techinology Prograin . .. . . .. . .. . . I . . . . . 136
Science and Te cli nobog y O rgan i zati oin anld Foi]n . .. .. .. . ... . .
Advanced Ct 10:c Pt Technology I em m sIntimoo1P ro ig;[ III.. .............. ... 137
Advanced Research Projr~ts Ag.ncy ................................. 17
Technology Rcinwestincmmm Pmi,'.;i,. ... ........................ 138
Examuples oif ARNL's hinov'att'.c Tccirino!,'\ fDevch pmnentl 1h lort.........131)
xaunplcs o ARPA P. ,: rains in) Mi lmut. Applicamtion'...................1401
k4
Ballistic Missi'le lelens Orrgan'i~t~oni............ ......... ... ........... 141
Defenise Nudclar Agenicy............ ............ ...................... 144
Conclusion..................................... ............ ... ... 4(
PA RT V¶: Defense Commineiits
STRATEGIC NUCLEAR FORCE'S....... ........... ......... 14/
hln-r~kodL'i 0........................................... ........... .... ... 1-47
c~a~dBl ~lLlistdic it ercinsstileenst.l. .....................147
S-,a-IBascd 13alhl tic M iý'.ilcs ..... . . . . . . . . . 4
vt'
Long-laul- Ifow l.'cr Vck.cse.. .... . ... ...... ... ....... ..... ... 141)
F in d in g ... .... .... ..... .. ................ .. ...... .. .. ........ 15 0
C o n c lu sio n ... .. .. .. .. .... .. ... .. . .... .. . .......... . ..... .. . 152
L ,3 N D F O R C E S .............................. ...... ...... 153
In trodocm tm ... ..... ... .. .... ...... ..... . ... ... .. ... ... . 15 1
M. ,. ,, i. .. ... ... .. ... ..... .. ... .............. . . .. ... .. 15 -S4
-i,t' ..... ... ..... ........... ......... . . .... .. ... . ...... .. ] 5 1
F o rc e .,, .. .... . .. ............... .. . .. .. .. . .. . .... . . . .. . 154
'W eapon Sy sc . ...... .. .............. ....................
Fo rce S irn cturc .. ..... .... .... ... ..... .... . ...... .... ... .. .. ... ..155
S uti ni g .. ..... .............. .. .... .. .... ..... .... .... ...... ...
Readiness wnd Sustainahi lity .............................. .......... . 159
M od, n i/.:atio n .. ... ... ...... ...... .. . .. .. . .... .... . .. .......... .... 160
O(t hor In itiatives . ......... ...... .... .. . . ..... .... .. ....... ... .. . ... 163
C o n c lusion ..... ............... .. .. .. .... . ................ .......... I(A
N A VA L FO R C ES .............................. ............ 165
l.,ll~u o li m ... ........... .... ... ................ .... ... ............ 10(cid:127)5
M issio n s .. .... ......... .. ... .. .............1.. ....... .. . .. .. 10 5
"lhr c :i ... ..... ........... ... ......................... .. ............ 16 0
loice Structurc and C apabilities.. ..................... ................... 160
F orce S tructu re ....................................... ........... 16 7
C apab ilities ......... . ..... ....... ... .. ..... .... ... .. ........ ... .. 109
Rcadincss uid ;ustainability ........... ........................ ....... I7r)
M od ern i zat io ... .. ..... ...... .... .. ...... ...... .. .. .. .... ...... .... .. 17 1
S ipihbu ildimg .. .. ..... ..... .... .. ..... .. ... .. ... .. ..... ....... . .. 17 1
Wcapul .sy.stem s ............................................... 174
Free tdoni o Nav antioni ................................................ .. 17
I,io . .. . ........... .. .. ...... . .. .... . .. 17 6
AV IAT IO N FO R C ES ........................................ 177
Introd uctio n 177
. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .
M issio ns ....... ............... ...... ..... ............. ... .. ..... ... 17 8
T h re a t .... ..... ............... .. ... ...... ................. .. ..... ... 17 8
Force Stroctuic and Capa)ih ilics ......................................... 179
F orce S tructure ......................................... . ........ 1 79
Ca pahiliti s ..................................................... 183
Readiness and Su.itain(cid:127)aililv... .................................... 191
M, demn i/ation ... ..... ............. .................... ........ .. .. 192
Sustain Aircraft M ode. O/Ati~nll1 .9.2................ ....................
Im prove A irc atlt Su. viva.t ilt ... .1........ . ... . ......... .9....4.. l9
Dominate tie Informldtion Sphere ................... 19)
C onclusio n ... . ........... ........................ ........... .. .. . 198
M O BILITY FO RCES ....................................... 199
Introd uctio n .. .. . . ....... ..... .. .... . ..... . ... ... ... ... ....... .. .. 199
M ob ility M issions ............ .......... ..... ........... ...... ... 199
M ajor R cg om l.dC o ln licts .1................... . .......... ........... P99
O verseas Prc ce cc ............... ..... . .. ..... .. .............. 11,9
] tim ani arian A ssistan ce ......... ... .... ........... . ....... 2(X)
viii
Limited Interventioin t )peratin r" .. .. .... . .. 2(W
M obility Oh)jcctivcs .. .. ... .. .. . ).
Force Stir ctirre arnd (';ilhfities ... . . ... .... ..
A irlift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 2( 11
Aerial Refueling ...... ................. . 2 ()
S ealilt . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . 2("
Prepositironing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 2( (
Increasing, Capabilitries to Meet Future ('lm~lleirgcs. . .... . . . .. . . . . . 207
A irlift Pro,,ia ins .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . 2
Sealilt and Afloat Prcposilionim r ~ o~rg ait ... . . . . . .. . . . . . .. 20
l'rOgNOWr for Prepvo atmlo irr Ashoit: .... .... ... .... ...
?SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES . ............. 210)
Inrtrodutiotno r ...... . ............. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .1))0
S0F',sHe' itagc: Roles and Missions . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . 21(o
SOF's Role in Support of [Defense Strateg).......................... ........ 211
SOF and the Dangers Posed hy Weapons of' Mass De.Struction .................... 211
S()F and Regional Dangers 1--Large-Sca-le Avggession.........................212
SOF and Regional Dang--rs Low-lntens~ityv Conflict ...... ................... 212
--
SOF wid the Challenge.s of Dernocrati zati oil...................... .......... 2
Delviinig Appropriate Sol- Miss.,ions anld ELnsuiling, Maxilmirrn I:flcctiveness .... 213
Current anid Recent Operations................ ............. .... ........ .215
Foirceý r.. .... .. . .. .. ................................ 2
SOF T1hemes for the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. 2 17
Conelnilon......................................................... 218
SPACE FORCES ........................................... 219
Introduction ............................................ ............ 219)
Space Forces and ?he Revolution in Modern Wwarlai...........................219
-4The Persian Gulf Conflict anrd Space Systems Support to Militay )peralnOns." 219)
C41 and the U.S. Contribution to Globhal Sccurity..........................221
Space and Nuclear Deere....................22
Space Force: Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . ?2 1~
Spaice Support . . . . . . . . . ................ .1. . . . . .
Florce Eirharreenrerr.... ......... .... .. . 2
rs Space Control ............. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . 2
Forcc Application .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..225
M ajor IDot Space Pfograiii . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . -
Space Launch Moder nizationi . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . '2(
M ilitar-y Satellite Coiiiiurnicationri . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. 22o
Space-Based E~uly Warning . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. 227
Conclusion.............................. .................. ........ 228
RESERVE COMP~ONENTS ............................ ... 229)
Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .22')
New Lxnrgcis D~emand Ne v Roics fo dinie Guiri'. anid KRm- %'L 229)
R egioinal 1 hr eats .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 229)
P1roliferation of Weapons, of Mass tDcstruci on 23........D
IFailure of Dcrnocrati/atior .. . .. . .. . . 2...
Ecornomiic ChllIeIc nge s.......... ......... ..... .................. 21~
ix