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DTIC ADA239607: The Effectiveness of a Sediment and Erosion Control Ordinance: Richland County, South Carolina PDF

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Preview DTIC ADA239607: The Effectiveness of a Sediment and Erosion Control Ordinance: Richland County, South Carolina

239 607 ADA THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A SEDIMENT AND EROSION CONTROL ORDINANCE: RICHLAND COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA V by Andrew J. Cordova Bachelor of Science Jacksonville State University, 1981 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the AUGOY 1991 Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in the Department of Geography University of South Carolina 1991 Department oW&G eography Depar of Geography Director of Thesis 2nd Ra Department of Geography Dean of the Graduate School 3rd Reader This document has been approved for public release and sale; its distribution is unlimited. 91-06985 .sl 17? REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave b ank,) 12. .R0EPO1RT- D1ATE8 -91i 3 RFEiInORaTl TYP E ,: AT S CO','F k , 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE . ,G r.3 RS The Effectiveness of A. Sediment and Erosion Control Ordinance: Richland County, South Carolina 6. AUTHOR(S) Andrew J. Cordova 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) ANHD ADORESS(E-S) ' ,-_Qe,'iiG CCA;'!ATON Masters Thesis University of South Carolina Department of Geography Columbia, SC 29208 9. SPONSORItG/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND AOORESS(ES) i0}.s. t GS.C_.J : EPGC-.T I R; N'OC,OM BE RG Commander .............. ._ -S. Total Army Personnel Commiand - ATTN: TAPC-OPF-E 200 Stovall Street 11. SUPPLEMENTARY4OTES- I- 12a. DISTRIBUTION AVAILABILITY STATEIENT lb. DI3Tt,UT1ON CODE This report may be made available to the public. The report does not contain any classified or confidential cro.I " re.L'ranc information. I 13 ARSTAC- 'li he effectiveness of the Richland County Sediment andErosion Control Ordinance is evaluated primarily through documentation of erosion and sedi- ment respoae tb suburban housing development. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) are used to predict soil erosion and sediment yield, respectively. Suspended sediment concentrations were monitored for three storms to test and compare the accuracy of predicted sedi- Iment yields.-- The USLE estimates for 1970 and 1990 indicate a two-fold increase in soil erosion potential, attributable primarily to construction activity. Observed sediment yields tended to be somewhat lower than those predicted by the MUSLE, but 'they are similar enough to support the use of the model to determine a first approxi- mation of sediment yield. Observed sediment yields were about an order of magni- tude less than estimated soil production in the basin suggesting sediment delivery ratios of only about 10%. This low ratio indicates a large amount of storage in the Sbasin. 'Stream channel cross-section surveys reveal aggradation and sediment storage lin channels, but channel dredging during this study prevented accurate determinati.ni of storage volumes. Housing and road construction disrupts the natural~eroslon- resistant surface1>a_n d-can accelerate erosion a dlivey.to-c¢hannel .systems.------, 141 !Sediment and Erosion Control, Universal Soil Loss Equation, 'Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation ; TR E 01- T,-- UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED (i;2j) '1 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SF 298 The Report Documentation Page (RDP) is used in announcing and cataloging reports. It is important that this information be consistent with the rest of the report, particularly the cover and title page. Instructions for filling in-each block of the form follow, it is important to stay ,vithin the lines to meet optical scanningr equirements. Block 1. Agency Use Only (Leave blank) Block 12a. Distribution/Availability Statement Denotes public availability or limitations. Cite any Block 2. Report Date. Full-publication date availability to the public. Enter additional including day, month, and year, if available (e.g. 1 limitations or special markings in all capitals (e.g. Jan-88). Must cite at least the year. NOFORN. REL, ITAR). Block 3. Type of Report and Dates Covered. State whether report is interim, final, etc. If SSetaetnetms ents5 2o , 111 eIcc hhniicaa l t applicable, enter inclusive-report dates (e.g. 10 J -8 - 3 Jum8).Documents.' Jun87 -30 Jun-88). DOE - See authorities. Block 4. Title and Subtitle. A title istaken from NASA- See Handboo' NHE 2200.2. the.part of the-report that provides the most NTIS Leave blank. meaningful and complete information. When a report is prepared in more-than one volume, repeat the primary title, add volume number, and include subtitle-for the specific volume. On DOD- Leave-blank. - classified documents enter the title classification DOE Enter DOE distribution categories in-par entheses" from-the Standard Distribution for Block5. Fundina Numoers. 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Performino Orqanization Report code (NTIS only). Number. Enter the unique alphanumeric report number(s) assigned by the organization Blocks 17.- 19. Security Classifications. Self- performing the report. explanatory. Enter U.S. Security Classification in Block 9. SponsorinofMonitonno Aqenw Name(s) accordance wPith U.S. Security Regulatons (I e, and Address(e. Self-explanatory. UNCLASSIFIED). If form contains classified information, stamp classification on the top and Block 10. Sponsorinq/lilonitorin Aec bottom of the page. Report Number. (it knovin) Block 11. Supplementary Notes. Enter Block 20. Limitation of Abstract. This nlock must information not included elsewhere such as. be completed to assign a hmi ation to the Prepared in cooperation wrijth..., Trans. of _ To be abstract. Enter either UL (unhlmited) or SAR (same published in.... When a report is revised, include as report). An entry in tnis bjock is necessary if a statementvhether the newv report supersedes the abstract is to be limited lfbiank, the abstrac' or supplements the older report is assumed to be unlimited. it)dcr ;~rn 295 Ba&k (R'v 2-89 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................ iii LIST OF FIGURES .......................................... iv LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS ....................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ......................................... viii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .................................. 1 LOCAL AND FEDERAL REGULATIONS FOR NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION ........................................... 2 SEDIMENT AND EROSION CONTROL IN SOUTH CAROLINA ....... 4 THE RICHLAND COUNTY ORDINANCE ........................ 5 MONITORING EROSION AND SEDIMENT YIELDS ............... 7 STATEMENT OF PURPOSE ................................. 8 STUDY SITE DESCRIPTION .............................. 10 CHAPTER 2. METHODOLOGY .................................. 18 PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT ............................ 18 STREAM VELOCITY AND DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT ........... 21 SUSPENDED SEDIMENT MEASUREMENT ...................... 25 SOIL LOSS ESTIMATION USING THE USLE ................. 27 SEDIMENT YIELD USING THE MUSLE ...................... 38 STREAM CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY ............................4 1 INTERVIEWS: SEDIMENT AND EROSION POLICY ............ 41 CHAPTER 3. RESULTS OF ANALYSIS ........................... 44 PRECIPITATION DATA .................................. 44 STORM HYDROGRAPH DATA ............................... 48 SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION .................... 51 PRE-DREDGE PERIOD .............................. 56 POST-DREDGE PERIOD.............................. 58 SOIL LOSS ESTIMATES FOR 1970 ......................... 64 SOIL LOSS ESTIMATES FOR 1990 ......................... 67 SEDIMENT YIELD ESTIMATES FOR 1990 ................... 72 STREAM CHANNEL CHANGE AND MORPHOLOGY ................ 74 SEDIMENT AND EROSION CONTROL POLICY--A COUNTY AND ENGINEERING PERSPECTIVE ....................... 86 THE COUNTY PERSPECTIVE .......................... 89 THE ENGINEERING FIRM PERSPECTIVE ............... 90 CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............... 94 CONCLUSION .......................................... 94 RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................... 98 APPENDIX A STAGE RATING CHARTS FOR PIPES .............. 100 APPENDIX B EROSIVITY INDICES FOR RAINSTORMS ........... 101 APPENDIX C SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION LAB PROCEDURES ...... 103 APPENDIX D INTERVIEW QUESTION SHEETS .................. 106 APPENDIX E USLE ESTIMATES FOR 1970 AND 1990 ........... 110 APPENDIX F MUSLE ESTIMATES FOR 1990 .................... 125 APPENDIX G STREAM CHANNEL SURVEY CROSS SECTIONS ....... 128 REFERENCES CITED ........................................ 135 PERSONA, COMMUNICATION ................................... 140 UNPUBLISHED INTERVIEWS .................................. 140 PLATE 2 ................................................. 141 AccesionFc ( U 5.W :::: ;:, By .... ........ ---.-- -.- - qjwl I i ; " '" _ _____iT ABSTRACT The effectiveness of the Richland County Sediment and Erosion Control Ordinance is evaluated primarily through documentation of erosion and sediment response to suburban housing development. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) are used to predict soil erosion and sediment yield, respectively. Suspended sediment concentrations were monitored for three storms to test and compare the accuracy of predicted 4ae-sediment yields. The USLE estimates for 1970 and 1990 indicate a two- fold increase in soil erosion jotential, attributable primarily to construction activity. Observed sediment yields tended to be somewhat lower than those predicted by the MUSLE, but they are similar enough to support the use of the model to determine a first approximation of sediment yield. Observed sediment yields were about an order of magnitude less than estimated soil production in the basin suggesting sediment delivery ratios of only about 10%. This low ratio indicates a large amount of sediment storage in the basin. Stream channel cross-section surveys reveal aggradation and sediment storage in channels, but channel dredging during this study prevented accurate determination of storage volumes. i Housing and road construction disrupts the natural erosion-resistant surface and can initiate accelerated erosion and delivery of sediment to channel systems. Without adherence of contractors to preventative measures specified in approved erosion and sediment control plans, sediment production can be substantially increased even in areas of relatively stable soil such as this in the Sand Hills. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest and sincere gratitude to the members of my thesis committee for their total support, patience, encouragement, and understanding during all phases of my project. Special thanks to Dr. Allan James for helping me keep a positive attitude and to "think rain". I couldn't have tackled this bear withoun your help. Thanks to Mungo Inc. for permitting me to use Winslow as a study site. Special thanks to Mr. Bill Dixon for providing plans and taking time from his busy schedule to help me in my project. I would also like to thank Mr. Ralph Pearson and Jeff Boyer from the Richland County engineer's office for taking time from their busy schedule to enlighten me on sediment and erosion control in the county. Thanks to Mr. William H. Brown, Mr. George Derrick, Mel Gaddy, and Tom Margle for taking time to participate in my interview. I owe my deepest and sincere thanks to my family for putting up with my "quest" for rain. I know it was hard to. understand my obsession with rain and muddy water but, I am certain that one day, you still wont! I dedicate this thesis to Liz, Andy II, and Ben. I love all three of you! iii LIST OF FIGURES 1-1. Winslow Creek study site location ................... 11 1-2. Crane Creek and Smith Branch watersheds ............. 12 1-3. Winslow Creek drainage basin ........................ 14 1-4. Winslow Creek soils series map ...................... 15 2-1. Rain gauge location and Thiessen polygons ........... 20 2-2. Sample storm hydrograph ............................. 22 2-3. Diagram of sampling station site on Winslow Creek ...24 2-4. Winslow Creek basin and sub-basin delineation ....... 33 3-1. Graph comparing rain gauge data for Winslow Creek and University of South Carolina ........................ 45 3-2. Isohyet map for August 8, 1990 storm ................ 47 3-3. Isohyet map for September 22, 1990 storm ............ 47 3-4. Isohyet map for September 9, 1990 storm ............. 50 3-5. Sediment concentration-discharge regression for August 6 through October 10, 1990 .......................... 52 3-6. Sediment concentration-discharge regression for 30" and 36" pipe August 6 through September 22, 1990 ....5 4 3-7. Sediment concentration-discharge regression for August 6 through September 22, 1990 ........................ 54 3-8. Residuals for 30" pipe for August 6 through September 22, 1990 ............................................ 55 3-9. Residuals for 36" pipe for August 6 through September 22, 1990 ............................................ 55 iv 3-10, Diagram of drainage ditches flowing into Winslow Creek .. .. ......................................... 57 3-11. Sediment concentration on stream hydrograph pre-dredge period August 6, 1990 ............................... 59 3-12. Sediment concentration on stream hydrograph pre-dredge period August 8, 1990 ............................... 59 3-13. Sediment concentration on stream hydrograph post- dredge period September 8, 1990 ..................... 62 3-14. Sediment concentration on stream hydrograph post- dredge period September 9, 1990 ..................... 61 3-15. Sediment rating curve for post-dredge period September 22, 1990 ............................................ 61 3-16. Regression for pre-dredge and post-dredge sediment concentration-discharge for August and September.... 65 v

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