Table Of Content

USACERL TECHNICAL REPORT N-91/02 January 1991 US Army Corps of Engineers ... Construction Engineering Research Laboratory 2 241 AD-A23 Hazardous Waste Minimization Assessment: Fort Carson, CO by Seshasayi Dharmavaram Douglas A. Knowlton Bernard A. Donahue On November 8, 1984, the U.S. Congress signed into public law the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) act establishing a D T IC national policy on waste minimization. Regula- tions created to support the HSWA require ^ ELECTE hazardous waste generators to develop and follow a hazardous waste minimization program. AR 1991A Moreover, the Department of Defense has established a goal of 50 percent reduction in hazardous waste generation by 1992 (comparedD to 1985 generation data). After surveying hazardous material procurement; hazardous waste generation; and current methods of treatment, storage, and disposal, researchers conducted feasibility and economic analyses of minimization options and prepared a hazardous waste minimization (HAZMIN) plan for Fort Carson, CO. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. .91 " The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official indorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Depart- ment of the Army position, unless so designated by other authorized documents. DESTROY TillS REPORT WIIEN IT IS NO LONGER NEEDED DO NOT RETURN IT TO TIE ORIGINATOR REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Fom Appov.d Publrortig burden for this ollecon of infomation Is etmated to vermge 1 hour p, reepone, Including the time for reviwing anstroions, seaohng Ftstindga ta Doumeo, gathering and mlntaining the data needed. and oonpleIn and rolewlng the ollection d Wnormation. Send Oomments regarding this burden etimate or any other sec of this collection of tiformnation, Including suggestions for reducing this burden. to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for inforrmtion Operations and Reports. 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, bukte 1204. Adington. VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget. Paperw ork Reduction Project (0704-0188). Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY IISE ONLY (Leave Blank) 12. REPORT DATE 93. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED J January 1991 Final I 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Hazardous Waste Minimization Assessment: Fort Carson, CO IAO 3788, dated 25 July 1988 6, AUTHOR(S) Seshasayi Dharmavaram, Douglas A. Knowlton, and Bernard A. Donahue 7, PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboatory (USACERL) 2902 Newmark Drive, PO Box 4005 Champaign, IL 61824-4005 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORINGIMONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER Headquarters, U.S. Army Forces Command (HQ, FORSCOM) Fort McPherson, GA 30050 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Copies are available from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161 12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILIPY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for pubiic release; distribution is unlimited. 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) On November 8, 1984, the U.S. Congress signed into public law the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) act establishing a national policy on waste minimization. Regulations created to support the HSWA require hazardous waste generators to develop and follow a hazardous waste minimization program. Moreover, the Department of Defense has established a goal of 50 percent reduction in hazardous waste generation by 1992 (compared to 1985 generation data). After surveying hazardous material procurement; hazardous waste generation; and current methods of treatment, storage, and disposal, researchers conducted feasibility and economic analyses of minimization options and prepared a hazardous waste minimization (HAZMIN) plan for Fort Carson, CO. 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15 NUMBER OF PAGES 248 Ft Carson CO hazardous wastes 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT Unclassied tnclassified Unclassified SAR NSN 7540 01-280-5500 SWudd Form 298 (Rev 2 &9) Proancod byA NSI Std 239.18 298- 102 FOREWORD This work was performed for Headquarters, U.S. Army Forces Command (HQ, FORSCOM), under an interagency reimburseable order IAO 3788, dated 25 July 1988. The FORSCOM technical monitor was Rudy Stine. The work was done by the Environmental Engineering Team of the Environmental Division (EN), U.S Arraiy Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (USACERL). Mr. Bernard Donahue is the Acting Team Leader and Mr. Walter Mikucki is the Team Leader. Dr. Edward W. Novak is the Acting Chief of EN Division. The technical editor was Gloria J. Wienke, USACERL Information Management Office. The contributions made by Ms. Sharon McClellan (FORSCOM); and Mr. Chittaranjan Ray and Mr. Richard Stanbaugh (both of USACERL), in the completion of this project are acknowledged. COL Everett R. Thomas is Commander and Director of USACERL and Dr. L.R. Shaffer is Tcclunical Dir-ctor. 2 CONTENTS SF 298 1 FOREWORD 2 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES 10 INTRODUCTION .. ............................................. 13 Background 1134 Objective 15 Approach 15 Scope 15 Mode of Technology Transfer 2 HAZARDOUS WASTE MINIMIZATION ............................. 16 Source Reduction 17 Better Operating Practices 17 Product/Material Substitution 17 Process Changes 18 Recycling Onsite/Offsite 18 Treatment 19 HAZMIN Assessment 20 3 FORT CARSON ................................................. 27 History/Geography 27 Tenants 28 Environmental Programs 28 Air Pollution Control 28 Water Pollution Control 3310 Solid Waste Management Hazardous Materials and Waste Management 31 Pesticide/Pest Management 35 4 SOURCES OF WASTE GENERATION AND TYPES OF WASTES ........... 36 FORSCOM Installations Y. Source Types 36 Motor Pools and Vehicle Maintenance Facilities (MPVM) 37 Industrial Maintenance, Small Arms Shops (IMSS) 39 Aviation Maintenance Facilities (AMF) 41 Paint Shops (PS) 42 Photography, Printing, and Arts/Crafts Shops (PPAS) 42 Hospitals, Clinics, and Laboratories (HCL) 43 Other Source Types 44 Wastes Selected for Technical/Economic Analysis For 4A5ession NTIS GRA&I DTIC TAB JuftIfiention iBy~.______ i Dlstrlbution/ 3 Avfilanbllity Code " A',ail Iand/or :Dist Speoial ~II CONTENTS (Cont'd) 5 WASTE MINIMIZATION FOR MOTOR POOLS AND VEHICLE MAINTENANCE FACILITIES AND AVIATION MAINTENANCE FACILITIES .................................................... 76 SGurce Reduction 76 All Wastes - Better Operating Practices 76 All Wastes - Better Operating Practices - Segregation 77 All Wastes - Better Operating Practices - Periodic Maintenance and Cleanup of Equipment 77 Solvent (PD680-1) - Material Substitution - PD680-II 77 Solvent (PD680-H) - Better Operating Practices 77 Solvent (PD680-1l) - Better Operating Practices - Emissions Minimization 77 Solvent (PD680-TI - Process Change 78 Solvent (PD680. I) - Process Change - Testing 78 Solvent (PD680-II) - Process Change - Solvent Sinks (Equipment) Modifications 78 Carburetor Cleaner - Product Substitution 78 Used Oil - Better Operating Practices - Selective Segregation 78 Used Oil - Process Change - Fast Lube Oil Change System (FLOCS) 79 Caustic Wastes - Product Substitution 79 Caustic Wastes - Process Change - Hot Tank (Equipment) Modifications 79 Aqueous or Caustic Wastes - Process Change - Dry Ovens 79 Aqueous Wastes - Process Change - Two-Stage Cleaning in Jet Spray Operations 80 Antifreeze Solution - Better Operating Practice - No Draining 80 Antifreeze Solution - Product Substitution 80 Antifreeze Solution - Process Change - Testing 80 Antifreeze Solution - Process Change - Extend Life 81 Brake Shoes (Asbestos Waste) - Better Operating Practices 81 Recycling Onsite/Offsite 81 Solvent (PD680-II) - Onsite Recycling - Distillation 81 Solvent (PD 680-I) - Offsite Recycling - Contract/Leased Recycling 81 Solvent and Carburetor Cleaner - Offsite Recycling 82 Carburetor Cleaner - Offsite Recycling - Contract/Leased Recycling 82 Used Oil - Onsite Recycling - Gravity Separation/Blending 82 Used Oil - Offsite Recycling - Closed-Loop Contract 82 Used Oil - Of-site Recycling - Sale to Recyclers 83 Antifreeze Solutions - Onsite Recycling 83 Lead-Acid Batteries - Offsite Recycling 83 Aqueous or Caustic Wastes - Equipment Leasing 83 Dirty Rags/Uniforms - Onsite/Offsite Recycling - Laundry Service 83 Treatment 84 Used Oil - Onsite Pretreatment - Filtration 84 Used Oil - Onsite Pretreatment - Gravity Separation 84 Used Oil - Onsite Treatment - Blending/Burning 84 Aqueous Wastes - Onsite Pretreatment - Filtration 85 Aqueous Wastes- Onsite Treatment - Evaporation 85 Aqueous Wastes - Onsite Treatment - Waste Treatment 85 Carburetor Cleaner - Offsite Treatment 85 4 CONTENTS (Cont'd) Antifreeze Solution - Offsite Treat-iaent 85 Lead-Acid Battery Electrolyte - Treatment 85 NICAD Battery Electrolyte - Treatment 86 6 WASTE MINIMIZATION FOR INDUSTRIAL MAINTENANCE, SMALL ARMS SHOPS ........................................... 97 Source Reduction - Solvent Cleaning 98 PC/MC/TCE Product Substitution 98 TCE/PC/1,1,1-Trichloroethane - Better Operating Practices - Tcst&;g 98 1,1,1-Trichloroethane - Better Operating Practices - Aluminum Scratch Test 99 1,1,1-Trichloroethane - Better Operating Practices - Emissions Minimization 99 1,1,1-Trichloroethane - Better Operating Practices - Material Conservation 99 i,,I-Trichloroethane - Better Operating Practices - Material Transfer and Storage 100 1,1,1-Trichloroethane - Better Operating Practices - Chemical Purchase 100 1,1,1-Trichloroethane - Better Operating Practices - Operator Handling 100 1,1,1-Trichloroethane - Product Substitution - Aqueous Cleaners 100 l,1,1-Trichloroethane - Process Change - Ultrasonic Cleaning 101 1,1,1-Trichloroethane - Process Change - Process Controls 101 Recycling Onsite/Offsite - Solvent Cleaning 101 1,1,1-Trichloroethane - Onsite Recycling - Closed-Loop Distillation 101 l,l,1-Trichloroethane - Onsite Recycling - Degreaser 101 Treatment - Solvent Cleaning 102 1,1,1-Trichloroethane - Onsite Treatment - Filtration 102 1,1,1-Trichloroethane - Onsite Treatment - Freeze Crystallization 102 1,1,1-Tiichloroethane - OfTsite Treatment 102 Treatment - Alkaline Cleaning 102 Caustic Wastes - Onsite Treatment 102 Source Reduction - Dry Media Blasting 102 Dry Wastes - Product Substitution - Plastic Media Blasting 102 Dry Wastes - Process Change - Plastic Media Blasting 103 Source Reduction - Cutting and Threading 103 Cooling/Cutting Oils - Better Operating Practices - Material Conservation 103 Cooling/Cutting Oils - Better Operating Practices - Proper Concentration Maintenance 103 Cooling/Cutting Oils - Better Operating Practices - Proper Storage 104 Cooling/Cutting Oils - Better Operating Practices - Operator Handling/Segregation 104 Cooling/Cutting Oils - Better Operating Practices - Chemical Purchase 104 Cooling/Cutting Oils - Better Operating Practices - Metal Chips Removed 104 Cooling/Cutting Oils - Product Substitution 104 Cooling/Cutting Oils - Process Change - Equipment Modifications 104 Cooling/Cutting Oils - Process Change - Process Controls 104 Cooling/Cutting Oils - Process Change - Control Bacterial Growth 105 Treatment - Cutting and Threading 105 5 CONTENTS (Cont'd) Cooling/Cutting Oils - Onsite Treatment 105 Cooling/Cutting Oils - Offsite Treatment 105 7 WASTE MINIMIZATION FOR PAINT SHOPS ......................... 109 Source Reduction 109 Solvent-Based Paints - Product Substitution - Powder Coatings 109 Solvent-Based Paints - Product Substitution - Water-Based Formulations 110 Solvent-Based Paints - Product Substitution - Two-Component Catalyzed Coatihgs 111 Solvent-Based Paints - Product Substitution - Radiation-Curable Coatings 111 Paint Wastes - Better Operating Practices - Segregation 1i Solvent Wastes - Better Operating Practices - Adopt Good Manual Spraying Techniques 111 Solvent Wastes - Better Operating Practices - Avoid Adding Excess Thinner 111 Solvent Wastes - Better Operating Practices - Avoid Excessive Air Pressures for Atomization 112 Solvent Wastes - Better Operating Practices - Maintain Equipment Properly 112 Solvent Wastes - Better Operating Practices - Lay Out Equipment Properly 112 Solvent Wastes - Better Operating Practices - Isolate Solvent-Based Spray Units From Water-Based Spray Units 112 Solvent Wastes - Better Operating Practices - Close Floor Drains in Production Area 112 Solvent Wastes - Better Operating Practices - Purchase Proper Quantities of Paints 112 Solvent Wastes - Better Operating Practices - Segregate Wastes 112 Solvent Wastes - Better Operating Practices - Standardize Solvent Use 113 Solvent Wastes - Product Substitution - Use High-Solids Formulations 113 Solvent Wastes - Process Change - Choose Proper Coating Equipment 113 Solvent Wastes - Process Change - Replace Conventional Spray Units With Electrostatic Units 113 Solvent Wastes - Process Change - Replace Air-Spray Guns With Pressure Atomized Guns 113 Aqueous Wastes - Process Change - Dry Paint Booths 113 Recycling Onsite/Offsite 114 Paint Wastes - Onsite Recycling - Recycle Paint Overspray/Sludge 114 Solvent Wastes - Onsite Recycling - Ultrafiltration, Distillation. or Evaporation 114 Solvent Wastes - Offsite Recycling - Closed-Loop Contract 114 Treatment 114 Solvent Waste - Onsite Pretreatment - Gravity Separation 114 Paint/Solvent/Aqueous Wastes - Offsite Treatment 115 8 WASTE MINIMIZATION FOR PHOTOGRAPHY, PRINTING, AND ARTS/CRAFTS SHOPS ........................................... 116 Source Reduction - Photography and Printing Operations 117 All Wastes - Better Operating Practices - Proper Material Handling and Storage 117 Source Reduction - Photographic Operations 117 Photographic Chemicals - Better Operating Practices - Proper Chemical Storage 117 6 CONTENTS (Cont'd) Photographic Films - Material Substitution - Nonsilver Films !17 Other Photographic Wastes - Material Substitution 118 Fixing Bath Solutions - Process Change - Extended Bath Life 118 Photographic Wastewater - Process Change - Reduction in Water Use 118 All Photographic Wastes - Process Change 119 Source Reduction - Printing Operations 119 Metal Etching/Plating Wastes - Process Change 119 Metal Etching and Plating Wastewater - Process Change - Reducing Water Use 119 Lithographic Plate Processing Chemicals - Better Operating Practices - Reduced Chemicals Use 119 Lithographic Plate Processing Plates - Better Operating Practices - Proper Storage/Recycling 119 Lithographic Plate Processing Plates - Material Substitution 120 Web Press Wastes - Process Change - Break Detectors 120 Waste Inks/Cleaning Solvents/Rags - Better Operating Practices 120 Waste Inks - Better Operating Practices 120 Waste (Flexographic) Inks - Product Substitution - Water-Based Inks 120 Waste Inks - Product Substitution - UV Inks 121 Waste Inks - Product Substitution - EB Inks 121 Waste Inks - Product Substitution - Heat Reactive Inks (Web Presses) 121 Cleaning Solvents - Good Operating Practices - Pour Cleaning 121 Cleaning Solvents - Good Operating Practices 122 Cleaning Solvents - Product Substitution - Nonhazardous Formulations 122 Fountain Solutions - Product Substitution 122 Waste Paper - Good Operating Practices - Reduce Use 122 Recycling Onsite/Offsite - Photographic Operations 122 Spent Fixing Bath Solution - Onsite Recycling - Silver Recovery 122 Photographic Films - Offsite Recycling - Silver Recovery 123 Recycling Onsite/Oifsite - Printing Operations 123 Metal Etching and Plating Wastewater/Sludge - Onsite/Offsite Recycling - ividteriai Recovery 123 Used Metal Wastes - Ofisite Recycling 123 Waste Inks - Onsite Recycling 123 Waste Inks - Offsite Recycling 123 Cleaning Solvents - Onsite Recycling - Distillation 123 Waste Paper - Offsite Recycling 124 Treatment - Printing Operations 124 9 WASTE MINIMIZATION FOR HOSPITALS, CLINICS, AND LABORATORIES ......................................... 127 Regulations 128 Source Reduction - All Wastes 129 IW/PW/GW Sharps - Better Operating Practices - Segregation 129 Source Reduction - Infectious and Pathological Wastes 129 IW/PW - Better Operating Practices - Segregation/Labeling 129 IW/PW - Better Operating Practices - Collection/Transportation 129 IW/PW - Better Operating Practices - Storage 129 Treatment - Infectious and Pathological Wastes 129 7 CONTENTS (Cont'd) IW/PW - Treatment/Better Operating Practices - Incineration 129 IW/PW - Treatment/Better Operating Practices - Autoclaves/Retorts 130 Source Reduction - Sharps 130 Source Reduction - Hazardous Wastes 130 HW - Better Operating Practices - Inventory 130 HW - Better Operating Practices - Proper Storage 130 HW (solvents) - Better Operating Practices - Segregation 131 HW (solvents) - Product Substitution 131 HW (solvents) - Process Change 131 LW - Better Operating Practices - Disposal 131 HW (mercury) - Better Operating Practices 132 HW (mercury) - Process Change 132 HW (formaldehyde) - Better Operating Practices 132 HW (formaldehyde) - Process Change 132 CW - Better Operating Practices - Collection/Disposal 132 CW - Better Operating Practices 132 CW - Product Substitution 133 RW - Product Substitution 133 RW (2 'Radium) - Product Substitution 133 Recycling Onsite/Offsite - Hazardous Wastes 133 HW (xylene, other solvents) - Recycle Onsite - Distillation 133 HW (solvents) - Offsite Recycling 134 HW (mercury) - Offsite Recycling 134 HW (formaldehyde) - Onsite Recycling - Reuse 134 HW (photographic chemicals) - Recycle Onsite/Offsite-Silver Recovery 134 Treatment - Hazardous Wastes 134 HW (solvents) - Onsite Treatment - Incineration 134 HW (solvents) - Offsite Treatment - Incineration 135 LW (acids/alkalis) - Treatment - Neutralization 135 10 WASTE MINIMIZATION FOR OTHER SOURCE TYPES .................. 138 Heating and Cooling Plants 138 Used Oil Burning 138 Lau.dry and Drycleaning Facilities 139 Woodworking and Preserving 139 Pesticide Users 140 Open Burning/Open Detonation 140 Firerigliting and Training 141 Underground Storage Tanks (USTs) 141 11 WASTE MINIMIZATION FOR MISCELLANEOUS WASTES .............. 155 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 155 PCBs in Transformers 155 PCB Wastes Management 156 USACERL's PCB Transformer System 156 Onsite Mobile Treatment Units 156 Lithium Batteries 156 Ordnance 157 Contaminated Soil 157 8