Detroit Transportation Corporation Noise Abatement And Ride Quality Study Project No: MI‐80‐0004 DTC: Project Manager Cornelius Henry Transit Specialist June 2012 Acknowledgment(s) DTC Staff: Barbara Hansen, General Manager Ernest Latham, Maintenance Mgr. Mark Simmons, Maintenance Tech. Richard Luckey, Maintenance Tech. Roderick Mc Cartha, Maintenance Tech. Zola Hayes, Maintenance Tech. Robert Cantalini, Safety Manager James Colunga, Engineer Jordan Medeiros, Engineer Ophelia Robinson, Exec. Administrative Asst. PB Staff: Gordon Martyn Loram Staff: Lindsey Langton John Petucilli Detroit Transportation Corporation: Noise Abatement and Ride Quality Study 2 Detroit Transportation Corporation Table of Content Page # Executive Summary 1 ‐ 35 Study Methodology 36 Car Noise Assessment 36 – 37 Rail Grinding Project (Loram) 37 – 46 Factors Affecting Ride Quality 46 – 47 Surface Condition 47‐48 Corrugation Measurement 48 – 57 Prediction Model 58 – 65 (Linear Regression Model) Noise and Vibration Testing Report 68 Preventive Rail grinding and Noise Abatement Plan 70 Recommendation and Conclusion 72 DTC Rail Grinding Program 74 ‐ 113 Appendices A. Rail Measurement Post CAT System Wide B. Simple Linear Regression Noise Prediction Model C. Defiance DPM Noise and Vibration Measurement Report Detroit Transportation Corporation: Noise Abatement and Ride Quality Study 3 1.0 Executive Summary 2.0 Study Methodology 2.1 Study Objective 2.2 General Study Approach 2.3 Instrumentation Understanding and Overview 3.0 In Car Noise Abatement 3.1 Measurement Location 3.2 Measurement Instrumentation 3.3 Measurement Process 3.4 Data Collection and Results 3.5 Noise Measurement Results 3.6 Results and Comparison to Standards 3.7 Conclusions and Recommendations 4.0 Rail Grinding Project 4.1 General System Descriptions 4.2 Rail / Wheel Condition 4.3 DTC 2005 Rail Grind 4.4 Pre‐Grind Condition 4.5 DTC Project Objective 4.6 Rail Grinding Process 4.7 Corrugation Measurement 4.8 Post Grind Rail Profile 4.9 Conclusion and Recommendations Detroit Transportation Corporation: Noise Abatement and Ride Quality Study 4 5.0 Factors Affecting Ride Quality 5.1 Construction of Variables Affecting Ride Quality 5.2 General Assessment and Scoring of Variables 5.3 Conclusion and Recommendations 6.0 Surface Condition 6.1 Measurement and Instrumentation 6.2 Measurement Process 6.3 Measurement Locations 6.4 Conclusion and Recommendations 7.0 Corrugation Measurement 7.1 General Description of Approach using Corrugation Analysis Trolley (CAT) 7.2 Measurement Instrumentation 7.3 Measurement Process 7.4 Data Collection and Results 7.5 CAT Measurement Results 7.6 Result and Comparison to Standards 8.0 Corrugation and Noise Reduction Model – Simple Linear Regression 8.1 General Description of Model 8.2 Objective of Statistical Model 8.3 Data Collection and Results, Descriptive Statistical Testing and Parameters 8.4 Conclusion and Recommendations 9.0 Noise and Vibration Testing 9.1 General Study Objective 9.2 Instrumentation and Test Procedures 9.3 Statistical Results Detroit Transportation Corporation: Noise Abatement and Ride Quality Study 5 9.4 Results Plots 9.5 Equipment List 10.0 DTC Rail Graining Program General Program Description Truck Alignment Types Noise Measurement and Instrumentation Data Collection Rail Inspection and Corrective Measures Rail Corrugation Inspection and Correction Visual Inspection Rail Corrugation Measurement Surface Measurement Recommended Rail Grinding Maintenance Plan Required Resources Recommended Schedule: DTC Grinding Recommended Schedule: Major Grinding Conclusion and Recommendations Detroit Transportation Corporation: Noise Abatement and Ride Quality Study 6 Appendices A. Rail Measurement Post CAT System Wide B. DTC Statistical Analysis and Noise Corrugation Prediction Model C. Defiance DPM Noise and Vibration Measurement Report Detroit Transportation Corporation: Noise Abatement and Ride Quality Study 7 References 1) UTDC TECHNICAL REPORT DPM RAIL GRINDING MAINTENANCE MANUAL REVISED NOVEMBER 15, 1989 2) LORAM DPM POST RAIL GRINDING REPORT DECEMBER 2010 3) INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS‐ISO3095 REPORT; RAILWAY APPLICATIONS‐ACOUSTICS‐ MEASUREMENT OF NOISE EMITTED BY RAILWAY BOUND VEHICLES 4) INNOTRACK GUIDELINE D4.5.5‐GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT OF RAIL GRINDING‐2006 5) RAIL MEASUREMENT PRODUCTS FOR RAIL CORRUGATION‐LONGTITUDINAL PROFILES‐2007 6) RAIL CORRUGATION: CHARACTERISTICS, CAUSES AND TREATMENTS, SI.GRASSIE PHD. MAY 2009 7) BEST PRACTICES‐AREMA COMMITTEE #4, SUB COMMITTEE #9‐2000 8) DTC MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT – RAIL GRINDING PROGRAM, PAST PRACTICES AND EXPERIENCES 9) ATS CONSULTING 2010 10) SL GRASSIE AND J. KALOUSEK “RAIL CORRUGATION: CHARACTERISTICS, CAUSES, AND TREATMENTS” JOURNAL OF RAIL AND RAPID TRANSIT, PROC OF I MECH ENG, 1993 201F, 57‐68 11) SL GRASSIE, “RAIL CORRUGATION: CHARACTERISTICS, CAUSES, AND TREATMENTS”, JOURNAL OF RAIL AND RAPID TRANSIT PROC OF I MECH E.2009 223F, 581 – 596 12) SOCIETY OF ACOUSTICAL ENGINEERING (1998) FUNDAMENTALS OF NOISE AND VIBRATION: FRANK FAHY AND JOHN WALKER 13) TRANSIT NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ASSESSMENT MAY 2006: FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION Detroit Transportation Corporation: Noise Abatement and Ride Quality Study 8 Definitions A‐Weighting: A standard filter used to alter the sensitivity of a sound level meter with respect to frequency so that the instrument is less sensitive at low and high frequencies where the human ear is less sensitive. Also is expressed as dBA. Accelerometer: A transducer that converts vibration motion to an electrical signal proportional to the acceleration of that motion. Ambient: The pre‐project background noise or vibration level. Amplitude: Difference between the extremes of an oscillating signal. Alignment: The horizontal location of a railroad or transit system as described by curved and tangent track. Automated Guideway Transit (AGT): Guided steel wheel or rubber tired transit passenger vehicle operating singly or in multi‐car trains with a fully automated system on fixed guideways along an exclusive right‐of‐way. Consist: The total number and type of cars, locomotives, or transit vehicles in a train‐set. Corrugated Rail: A rough condition of alternating ridges and grooves which develop on the rail head in service. Decibel: The standard unit of measurement for sound pressure levels and vibration level. Technically a decibel is the unit of level which denotes the ratio between two quantities that are proportional to power; the number of decibels is 10 times the logarithm of this ratio. Also written as dB. Equivalent Level: The level of steady sound which, in a stated time period and a stated location, has the same sound energy as the time varying sound. Also written as Leq. Flange: The vertical projection along the inner rim of a wheel that serves, together with the corresponding projection of the mating wheel of a wheel set to keep the wheel set on the track. Frequency: The number of times that a periodically occurring quality repeats itself in a specified period. With reference to noise a vibration signals, the number of cycles per second. Frequency Spectrum: Distribution of frequency components of a noise or vibration signal. Detroit Transportation Corporation: Noise Abatement and Ride Quality Study 9 Radius of Curvature: A measure of severity of a curve in a track structure based on the length of the radius of a circle that would be formed if the curves were continued. Root Mean Square (RMS): The square root of a mean‐square value of an oscillating waveform is obtained by squaring the value of amplitude and each instant of time and then averaging the values. Sound Exposure Level: The level of sound accumulated over a given time interval or event. Technically, the sound exposure level is the level of the time integrated mean square a weighted sound for a stated time interval or event with a reference time of one (1) second. Detroit Transportation Corporation: Noise Abatement and Ride Quality Study 10
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