Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior PDF
Preview Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior
Drugs, Society & Human Behavior Sixteenth Edition Carl L. Hart Columbia University Charles Ksir University of Wyoming hhaarr2288664477__ffmm__ii--xxvviiiiii..iinndddd ii 0033//1111//1144 22::4422 PPMM DRUGS, SOCIETY AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR, SIXTEENTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2013, 2011, and 2009. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 ISBN 978-0-07-802864-9 MHID 0-07-802864-7 Senior Vice President, Products & Director, Content Design & Delivery: Terri Schiesl Markets: Kurt L. S trand Full-Service Manager: Faye Schilling Vice President, General Manager, Products & Content Project Managers: Melissa M. Leick, Markets: Michael R yan Danielle Clement, and Karen Jozefowicz Vice President, Content Design & Buyer: Jennifer Pickel Delivery: Kimberly Meriwether David Cover Image: © Rayhart ( www.worksofrayhoart.com) Managing Director: G ina B oedeker Compositor: L umina Datamatics, Inc. Director, Product Development: Meghan Campbell Typeface: 9.5/12 Melior Product Developer: Lisa P into Printer: R. R. Donnelley Marketing Manager: A lexandra Schultz All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hart, Carl L. Drugs, society & human behavior / Carl L. Hart, Columbia University, Charles Ksir, University of Wyoming.— Sixteenth edition. pages cm title: Drugs, society and human behavior Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-07-802864-9 (alk. paper)—ISBN 0-07-802864-7 1. Drugs of abuse. 2. Drugs—Social aspects. 3. Neuropsychopharmacology. I. Ksir, Charles. II. Title. III. Title: Drugs, society and human behavior. RM316.H37 2014 362.29—dc23 2014035634 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. www.mhhe.com hhaarr2288664477__ffmm__ii--xxvviiiiii..iinndddd iiii 0055//1111//1144 33::1144 PPMM Brief Contents Section One Drug Use in Modern Society 1 Chapter 1 Drug Use: An Overview 2 Chapter 2 Drug Use as a Social Problem 23 Chapter 3 Drug Policy 47 Section Two How Drugs Work 75 Chapter 4 The Nervous System 76 Chapter 5 The Actions of Drugs 99 Section Three Uppers and Downers 121 Chapter 6 Stimulants 122 Chapter 7 Depressants and Inhalants 147 Chapter 8 Medication for Mental Disorders 165 Section Four Alcohol 185 Chapter 9 Alcohol 186 Section Five Familiar Drugs 225 Chapter 10 Tobacco 226 Chapter 11 Caffeine 249 Chapter 12 Dietary Supplements and Over-the-Counter Drugs 269 Section Six Restricted Drugs 295 Chapter 13 O pioids 296 Chapter 14 H allucinogens 321 Chapter 15 Marijuana 349 Chapter 16 Performance-Enhancing Drugs 373 Section Seven Prevention and Treatment 391 Chapter 17 Preventing Substance Abuse 392 Chapter 18 Treating Substance Use Disorders 411 Appendix A Drug Names 429 Appendix B Resources for Information and Assistance 435 Glossary 437 Photo Credits 451 Index 453 iii hhaarr2288664477__ffmm__ii--xxvviiiiii..iinndddd iiiiii 0033//1111//1144 22::4422 PPMM Contents Section One Is There an “Addictive Personality”? 3 6 Drug Use in Modern Society Is Dependence a Family Disorder? 37 1 Is Substance Dependence a Disease? 38 1 Drug Use: An Overview 2 Crime and Violence: Does Drug Use Cause “The Drug Problem” 2 Crime? 38 Talking about Drug Use 2 Why We Try to Regulate Drugs 41 How Did We Get Here? 6 Summary 42 Have Things Really Changed? 6 Review Questions 42 Drugs and Drug Use Today 7 References 43 Extent of Drug Use 7 Check Yourself: Are You Hooked on an Populations of Users 8 Activity? 44 Trends in Drug Use 9 Check Yourself: What’s Your Risk of Drug Correlates of Drug Use 13 Toxicity? 45 Risk and Protective Factors 1 3 Race, Gender, and Level of Education 1 4 3 Drug Policy 47 Personality Variables 1 5 The Beginnings 48 Genetics 1 6 Reformism 48 Antecedents of Drug Use 16 Issues Leading to Legislation 48 Motives for Drug Use 18 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act 51 Summary 20 Harrison Act of 1914 52 Review Questions 21 Two Bureaus, Two Types of Regulation 52 References 21 Regulation of Pharmaceuticals 53 Check Yourself: Do Your Goals and Behaviors Purity 53 Match? 2 2 Safety 54 Effectiveness 54 2 Drug Use as a Social Problem 23 Marketing a New Drug 55 Laissez-Faire 23 Dietary Supplements 57 Toxicity 24 Controlled Substances 57 Categories of Toxicity 24 After the Harrison Act 58 Drug Abuse Warning Network 25 Narcotic Control Act of 1956 60 How Dangerous Is the Drug? 27 Drug Abuse Control Amendments Blood-Borne Diseases 27 of 1965 60 Substance Dependence: What Is It? 3 0 Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention Three Basic Processes 30 and Control Act of 1970 60 Changing Views of Addiction 3 2 Anti-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 Which Is More Important, Physical Dependence and 1988 63 or Psychological Dependence? 33 State and Local Regulations 65 Broad Views of Substance Dependence 34 Federal Support for Drug Screening 66 Is Dependence Caused by the Substance? 34 Military and Federal Employees 66 Is Dependence Biological? 36 Transportation Workers 67 iv hhaarr2288664477__ffmm__ii--xxvviiiiii..iinndddd iivv 0033//1111//1144 22::4422 PPMM www.mhhe.com/hart16e Contents v Private Employers 67 5 The Actions of Drugs 99 Public Schools 68 Sources and Names of Drugs 99 Testing Methods 68 Sources of Drugs 99 The Impact of Drug Enforcement 69 Names of Drugs 100 Budget 69 Categories of Drugs 100 International Programs 70 Drug Effects 103 Other Federal Agencies 70 Nonspecific (Placebo) Effects 103 Other Costs 70 Dose-Response Relationships 104 Effectiveness of Control 72 Potency 106 Summary 72 Time-Dependent Factors in Drug Actions 106 Review Questions 73 Getting the Drug to the Brain 108 References 73 A Little “Chemistry” 108 Check Yourself: Consider the Consequences 74 Routes of Administration 109 Transport in the Blood 114 Section Two More about the Blood-Brain Barrier 114 How Drugs Work Mechanisms of Drug Actions 115 75 Effects on All Neurons 115 4 The Nervous System 76 Effects on Specific Neurotransmitter Homeostasis 76 Systems 115 Components of the Nervous System 77 Drug Deactivation 116 Neurons 77 Mechanisms of Tolerance and Withdrawal Glia 78 Symptoms 117 Neurotransmission 78 Summary 118 Action Potential 79 Review Questions 119 The Nervous System(s) 80 References 119 Somatic Nervous System 80 Check Yourself: How Do Drugs Work? 120 Autonomic Nervous System 81 Central Nervous System 82 Section Three The Brain 8 2 Uppers and Downers 121 Chemical Pathways Implicated in Reward 82 Structures 85 6 Stimulants 122 Drugs and the Brain 86 Cocaine 122 Life Cycle of a Neurotransmitter 87 History 122 Examples of Drug Actions 90 Coca Wine 123 Chemical Theories of Behavior 90 Local Anesthesia 123 Brain Imaging Techniques 91 Early Psychiatric Uses 124 Structural Imaging 92 Early Legal Controls on Cocaine 126 Functional Imaging 92 Forms of Cocaine 127 Word of Caution 94 Contemporary Legal Controls on Summary 95 Cocaine 127 Review Questions 95 Mechanism of Action 129 References 96 Absorption and Elimination 130 Check Yourself: What’s Your Body’s Natural Beneficial Uses 130 Cycle? 97 Causes for Concern 131 hhaarr2288664477__ffmm__ii--xxvviiiiii..iinndddd vv 0033//1111//1144 22::4422 PPMM vi Contents Supplies of Illicit Cocaine 132 Treatment of Mental Disorders 169 Current Patterns of Cocaine Use 132 Before 1950 169 Cocaine’s Future 133 Antipsychotics 170 Amphetamines 133 Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs 171 History 133 Antidepressants 174 Basic Pharmacology 136 Electroconvulsive Therapy 178 Beneficial Uses 138 Mood Stabilizers 178 Causes for Concern 142 Consequences of Drug Treatments for Mental Summary 144 Illness 180 Review Questions 144 Summary 181 References 144 Review Questions 182 References 182 Check Yourself: Track Your Daily Mood 7 Depressants and Inhalants 147 Changes 183 History and Pharmacology 148 Before Barbiturates 148 Section Four Barbiturates 148 Meprobamate 150 Alcohol 185 Methaqualone 150 9 Alcohol 186 Benzodiazepines 150 Alcoholic Beverages 186 Nonbenzodiazepine Hypnotics 152 Fermentation and Fermentation Products 186 Mechanism of Action 153 Distilled Products 187 Beneficial Uses 153 Beer 188 Anxiolytics 153 Wine 190 Sleeping Pills 155 Distilled Spirits 191 Anticonvulsants 156 Alcohol Use and “The Alcohol Problem” 192 Causes for Concern 157 The Temperance Movement in America 193 Dependence Liability 157 Prohibition 193 Toxicity 158 Prohibition Worked! 195 Patterns of Abuse 158 Prohibition Is Repealed 195 Inhalants 159 Regulation after 1933 196 Gaseous Anesthetics 160 Taxation 196 Nitrites 161 Who Drinks? And Why? 197 Volatile Solvents 161 Cultural Influences on Drinking 197 Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid 162 Trends in U.S. Alcohol Consumption 197 Summary 164 Regional Differences in the United States 197 Review Questions 164 Gender Differences 198 References 164 Drinking among College Students 199 Alcohol Pharmacology 200 8 Medication for Mental Disorders 165 Absorption 200 Mental Disorders 165 Distribution 2 00 The Medical Model 165 Metabolism 202 Classification of Mental Disorders 166 Mechanism(s) of Action 203 hhaarr2288664477__ffmm__ii--xxvviiiiii..iinndddd vvii 0033//1111//1144 22::4422 PPMM www.mhhe.com/hart16e Contents vii Behavioral Effects 203 Are Cigars Back? 237 Time-out 205 Hookahs 238 Driving under the Influence 206 Causes for Concern 238 Sexual Behavior 207 Adverse Health Effects 2 38 Blackouts 209 Secondhand Smoke 239 Crime and Violence 209 Smoking and Health in Other Countries 240 Physiological Effects 210 Smoking and Pregnancy 240 Alcohol Toxicity 210 Pharmacology of Nicotine 241 Hangover 211 Absorption and Metabolism 242 Chronic Disease States 212 Physiological Effects 242 Brain Damage 212 Behavioral Effects 243 Liver Disorders 213 Nicotine Dependence 244 Heart Disease 214 How to Stop Smoking 245 Cancer 214 Summary 246 The Immune System 214 Review Questions 247 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 215 References 247 Alcohol Dependence 216 Check Yourself: Test Your Tobacco Awareness 248 Withdrawal Syndrome 216 Dependent Behaviors 218 11 Caffeine 249 Summary 220 Caffeine: The World’s Most Common Review Questions 221 Psychostimulant 249 References 222 Coffee 249 Check Yourself: Do You Have a Drinking Tea 253 Problem? 223 Chocolate 255 Other Sources of Caffeine 258 Section Five Soft Drinks 258 “Energy” Drinks 259 Familiar Drugs 225 Over-the-Counter Drugs 260 10 Tobacco 226 Caffeine Pharmacology 261 Tobacco History 226 Time Course 261 Early Medical Uses 2 27 Mechanism of Action 262 The Spread of Tobacco Use 228 Physiological Effects 262 Snuff 229 Behavioral Effects 264 Tobacco in Early America 229 Causes for Concern 265 Chewing Tobacco 229 Cancer 265 Cigars 230 Reproductive Effects 265 Cigarettes 230 Heart Disease 265 Tobacco under Attack 231 Caffeinism 2 66 The Quest for “Safer” Cigarettes 233 Summary 266 Electronic Cigarettes 233 Review Questions 267 Cigarettes and the FDA 234 References 267 Current Cigarette Use 235 Check Yourself: How Much Caffeine Do You Smokeless Tobacco 235 Consume? 268 hhaarr2288664477__ffmm__ii--xxvviiiiii..iinndddd vviiii 0033//1111//1144 22::4422 PPMM viii Contents 12 Dietary Supplements and Abuse after the Harrison Act 303 Over-the- Counter Drugs 269 Abuse of Prescription Opioids 308 Dietary Supplements 269 Pharmacology of Opioids 309 Some Psychoactive Dietary Supplements 274 Chemical Characteristics 309 Saint John’s Wort 274 Mechanism of Action 310 SAMe 274 Beneficial Uses 312 Ginkgo biloba 275 Pain Relief 312 Weight-Control Products 276 Intestinal Disorders 312 Over-the-Counter Drugs 276 Cough Suppressants 312 FDA Regulation of OTC Products 277 Causes for Concern 312 Simplifying Labels 2 78 Dependence Potential 312 Over-the-Counter versus Prescription Toxicity Potential 314 Drugs 278 Patterns of Abuse 315 Behind-the-Counter Drugs? 279 Summary 317 Some Psychoactive OTC Products 279 Review Questions 317 Stimulants 279 References 317 Weight-Control Products 280 Check Yourself: Street Slang 319 Sedatives and Sleep Aids 280 Analgesics 281 14 Hallucinogens 321 People and Pain 281 Animism and Religion 3 21 Aspirin 281 Terminology and Types 322 Acetaminophen 285 Phantastica 322 Ibuprofen and Other NSAIDs 286 Indole Hallucinogens 323 Cold and Allergy Products 286 Catechol Hallucinogens 333 The All-Too-Common Cold 286 Deliriants 338 Treatment of Cold Symptoms 288 PCP 338 Allergy and Sinus Medications 290 Anticholinergic Hallucinogens 340 Choosing an OTC Product 290 Amanita Muscaria 343 Summary 291 Salvia Divinorum 344 Review Questions 291 Summary 345 References 292 Review Questions 345 Check Yourself: Can You Guess References 346 What These OTC Products Check Yourself: Hallucinogens from Plants 347 Are Used For? 293 15 Marijuana 349 Section Six Cannabis , the Plant 349 Preparations from C annabis 350 Restricted Drugs 295 History 352 13 Opioids 296 Early History 352 History of Opioids 297 Building the Case against Marijuana 352 Opium 297 The Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 354 Morphine 301 After the Marijuana Tax Act 3 54 Heroin 301 Pharmacology 355 Opioid Abuse before the Harrison Act 302 Cannabinoid Chemicals 355 hhaarr2288664477__ffmm__ii--xxvviiiiii..iinndddd vviiiiii 0033//1111//1144 22::4422 PPMM www.mhhe.com/hart16e Contents ix Absorption, Distribution, and Elimination 355 Prevention Programs in the Schools 395 Mechanism of Action 356 The Knowledge-Attitudes-Behavior Model 395 Physiological Effects 357 Affective Education 396 Behavioral Effects 358 Antidrug Norms 397 Medical Uses of C annabis 360 Development of the Social Influence Model 3 99 Causes for Concern 363 DARE 401 Abuse and Dependence 363 Programs That Work 402 Toxicity Potential 3 64 Peers, Parents, and the Community 403 Marijuana and American Society 367 Peer Programs 403 Summary 369 Parent and Family Programs 404 Review Questions 369 Community Programs 405 References 370 Prevention in the Workplace 407 Check Yourself: Short-term Memory 372 What Should We Be Doing? 407 Summary 408 16 Performance-Enhancing Drugs 373 Review Questions 408 Historical Use of Drugs in Athletics 374 References 408 Check Yourself: Do Your Goals and Behaviors Ancient Times 374 Early Use of Stimulants 374 Match? 410 Amphetamines 375 18 Treating Substance Use Disorders 411 International Drug Testing 376 Behavioral/Psychosocial Treatments 412 American Football 376 Defining Treatment Goals 4 12 Steroids 377 Alcoholics Anonymous and Others 412 The BALCO Scandal 377 Motivational Enhancement Therapy 414 The Battle over Testing 378 Stimulants as Performance Enhancers 3 79 Contingency Management 415 Steroids 382 Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy 416 Pharmacotherapies (Medication Treatments) 416 Psychological Effects of Steroids 383 Detoxification and Maintenance Phase 416 Adverse Effects on the Body 383 Alcohol 417 Regulation 385 Other Hormonal Manipulations 385 Nicotine 419 Beta-2 Agonists 386 Opioids 421 Creatine 386 Cocaine 422 Getting “Cut” 386 Cannabis 422 Treatment: The Big Picture in the United States 424 Summary 387 Is Treatment Effective? 424 Review Questions 387 Summary 425 References 388 Review Questions 426 Check Yourself: How Would You Run the Race? 389 References 426 Section Seven Appendix A Drug Names 429 Appendix B Resources for Information and Prevention and Treatment 391 Assistance 435 17 Preventing Substance Abuse 392 Glossary 437 Defining Goals and Evaluating Outcomes 393 Photo Credits 451 Types of Prevention 393 Index 453 hhaarr2288664477__ffmm__ii--xxvviiiiii..iinndddd iixx 0033//1111//1144 22::4422 PPMM
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