Drugs in South Asia: From the Opium Trade to the Present Day PDF
Preview Drugs in South Asia: From the Opium Trade to the Present Day
Drugs in South Asia Also by M. Emdad-ul Haq COMPARATIVE POLITICAL ANALYSIS DRUG ADDICTION: National and World Perspectives Drugs in South Asia From the Opium Trade to the Present Day M. Emdad-ul Haq Professor Department of Political Science University of Chittagong Bangladesh * © M. Emdad-ul Haq 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Published by PALGRAVE Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-1-349-41345-4 ISBN 978-0-333-98143-6 (eBook) DOl 10.1057/9780333981436 PALGRAVE is the new global academic imprint of St. Martin's Press LLC Scholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd). Outside North America ISBN 978-0-333-75465-4 In North America ISBN 0-312-22379-X This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 99-059428 Transferred to digital printing 2003 To Dolly, my wife, who endured many hardships for this work Contents List of Tables, Figures and Maps ix Preface xi List ofA bbreviations xiii Prelude 1 1 The Colonial Drug Trade 11 Bengal Opium Traffic 1773-1856 12 Pro-revenue Actions 25 2 Anti-opium Pressures 36 US Concerns on Opium Traffic 36 Struggle in South Asia 49 The Battle in British Democracy 60 3 British Narco-diplomacy, 1909-46 69 The Shanghai Opium Conference 70 The Hague Opium Conference 77 The Geneva Opium Summit 93 4 Indian Resurgence, 1947-97 106 Multiple Drug Policies 107 'Sandwiched' between Opium Regions 119 The Indo-Australia Opium Trade War 130 Anti-drug Legislation 150 5 Pakistani Dilemmas, 1947-97 163 Colonial Legacies 164 Islamic Prohibition, 1977-85 177 Geo-strategic Changes in Southwest Asia 184 The Growth of Narco-democracy, 1985-97 205 vii viii Contents 6 The Bangladeshi Panorama, 1972-97 226 Colonial Excise Policy 227 A Crossroads for Drugs 233 The Market for Indian Phensedyl 237 The Weak Crusade against Drugs 246 Epilogue 257 Notes 265 Glossary 305 Index 310 List of Tables, Figures and Maps Tables 1.1 Bengal government opium monopoly 28 3.1 Provincial opium laws in India 102 Figures 1.1 Gradual increase in excise revenue and decrease in opium exports in India, 1880-94 35 3.1 Distribution of excise opium in India, 1909-14 75 3.2 The total receipts of excise revenue in seven provinces in India, 1921-2 84 3.3 Cessation of India's opium export, 1926-36 97 4.1 Stocks of medicinal opium in India, 1978-94 133 4.2 Production of medicinal opium in India and Australia in morphine equivalent, 1980-94 135 4.3 Reduction in the area of poppy cultivation and the number of poppy farmers in India, 1978-89 138 5.1 Opium production estimated by the US State Department, 1983-5 195 5.2 Growth of heroin addiction in Pakistan, 1980-5 196 5.3 Changing patterns of drug addiction in Pakistan, 1982-6 197 6.1 Revenue from intoxicating drugs in four districts in East Bengal, 1900-11 229 6.2 Revenue from opium in four districts in East Bengal during the 1920s 230 6.3 Revenue from cannabis in four districts in East Bengal during the 1920s 232 ix x List of Tables, Figures and Maps Maps 1 India: traditional poppy growing areas (1997 boundary) 23 2 India: direction of traffic for drugs and narcotic chemicals 144 3 Pakistan: drug culture and trafficking channels 170 4 Bangladesh: cross-border trafficking routes 241
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