Drugs in American Society [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture, and the Law

1295 Pages·2014·8.76 MB·English

Drugs in American Society
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Drugs in American Society
An encyclopeDiA of hiStory, politicS,
culture, AnD the lAw
Volume 1: A–D
nancy e. Marion and willard M. oliver, editors
Copyright © 2015 by ABC-CLIO, LLC
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,
or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in
writing from the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Drugs in American society : an encyclopedia of history, politics, culture, and the law / Nancy
E. Marion and Willard M. Oliver, editors.
volumes ; cm
ISBN 978-1-61069-595-4 (alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-61069-596-1 (ebook) 1. Drug abuse—
United States. 2. Drugs—United States. 3. Drug utilization—United States. I. Marion, Nancy E.,
editor. II. Oliver, Willard M., editor.
HV5825.D848 2015
363.290973—dc23 2014017383
ISBN: 978-1-61069-595-4
EISBN: 978-1-61069-596-1
19 18 17 16 15 1 2 3 4 5
This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook.
Visit www.abc-clio.com for details.
ABC-CLIO, LLC
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Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911
This book is printed on acid-free paper
Manufactured in the United States of America
contents
Guide to Related Topics, xv Alcohol Use, 32
Preface, xxiii Alcohol-Facilitated Sexual Assault, 37
Introduction, xxv Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 39
Chronology: Significant Events in Drug and Alcoholism, 42
Alcohol Use through History, xxxvii
Alpert, Richard, 47
Alternative Addiction Treatment, 49
VOLUME 1
American Association for the Study and
Addiction, 1 Cure of Inebriety (AASCI), 51
Addiction Liability, 7 American Society of Addiction Medicine
(ASAM), 53
Addiction Medications, 7
American Temperance Society (ATS), 56
Addictive Personality, 11
Amphetamines, 58
Adolescent Tobacco Use, 13
Analgesics, 60
Advisory Commission on Narcotic and
Drug Abuse, 16 Andean Trade Preference Act (1991), 63
African Americans and Drug Use, 17 Anslinger, Harry J., 65
Al-Anon, 20 Antidepressants, 68
Alateen, 22 Anti–Drug Abuse Acts, 71
Anti-Saloon League (ASL), 73
Alcohol Bootlegging and Smuggling, 24
Anxiety Disorders, 76
Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental
Health Reorganization Act (ADAMHA) Armstrong, Lance, 77
(1992), 27
Asset Forfeiture, 80
Alcohol Mutual Aid Societies, 28
Association Against the Prohibition
Alcohol to Subdue Victims, 30 Amendment (AAPA), 82
v
vi Contents
Authors and Drug Use, 84 Bush, George W., 140
Aviation Drug-Trafficking Control Act Cabinet Committee on International
(1984), 86 Narcotics Control, 145
Bad Boys, 89 Caffeine, 146
Barbiturates, 91 Cali Drug Cartel, 148
Barnes, Nicky, 93 Califano, Joseph, Jr., 153
Barry, Marion S., 95 Camarena Salazar, Enrique, 154
Bath Salts and Synthetic Cannabis (“K2” or Campaign against Marijuana Planting
“Spice”), 97 (CAMP), 156
Beatniks, 99 Cannabis, 157
Behavioral Addictions, 100 Carter, Jimmy, 159
Belushi, John, 103 Center for Substance Abuse Prevention
(CSAP), 161
Bennett, William, 106
Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse
Betty Ford Center, 107
(CASA), 163
Bias, Len, 109
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Binge Drinking, 110 (CDC), 164
Biological and Psychological Reasons for Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), United
Substance Abuse, 114 States, 166
Black Tar Heroin, 115 Child Sexual Abuse and Substance
Abuse, 168
Blanco, Griselda, 117
Children of Alcoholics, 170
Blood-Alcohol Content (BAC), 119
China and the Chinese and Drugs, 173
Blow, 122
Cigarettes, 175
Boggs Act (1951), 124
Cigars, 178
Boylan Act (1914), 126
Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc. et al., 182
Brown, Bobby, 129
Clinton, Bill, 185
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and
Explosives (ATF), 130 Cobain, Kurt, 188
Bureau of Drug Abuse Control, 134 Coca, 190
Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Coca-Cola, 193
Enforcement Affairs, 135
Cocaine and Crack, 194
Bush, George H. W., 136
Cocaine Anonymous (CA), 197
Contents vii
Cocaine Cowboys, 198 Date Rape Drugs, 242
Codeine, 200 Decriminalization, 244
Codependency, 201 Demand Reduction, 245
Colombian Cartels, 202 Dependence, 248
Combat Methamphetamine Act Depressants, 250
(2005), 204
Designer Drugs, 252
Commission on Marihuana and Drug
Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 255
Abuse, 206
Disease Model of Addiction, 256
Committee on Drug Addiction
(1928–1938), 210 Dole, Vincent, 257
Committee on Drug Addictions Domestic Abuse and Alcohol, 259
(1921–1928), 211
Domestic Abuse and Drugs, 262
Common Sense for Drug Policy, 213
Drug Abuse, 264
Compassionate Use Act (1996), 214
Drug Abuse and Treatment Act (1972), 267
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and
Drug Abuse Control Amendments
Control Act (1970), 216
(1965), 269
Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control
Drug Abuse Resistance Education
Act (1996), 218
(DARE), 271
Compulsions and Impulses, 219
Drug Abuse Warning Network, 273
Conant v. Walters, 220
Drug Addiction and Public Policy, 275
Controlled Substances Act (CSA)
Drug Cartels, 279
(1970), 222
Drug Classes, 285
Council for Tobacco Research, 224
Drug Courts, 288
The Counterculture and Drugs, 226
Drug Czar, 290
Crack Epidemic, 228
Drug Enforcement Administration
Crime Control Act (1990), 230
(DEA), 292
Crime Victims and Drugs, 232
Drug Interdiction and International
Crop Eradication, 234 Cooperation Act (1986), 295
Cross-Addiction and Cross-Tolerance, 236 Drug Intervention Programs, 296
Dadeland Massacre (Miami, Florida) Drug Kingpin Death Penalty Act (1988,
(1979), 239 1994), 298
Dai, Bingham, 240 Drug Nomenclature, 299
viii Contents
Drug Paraphernalia, 300 Eighteenth Amendment, 357
Drug Policy Alliance Network, 303 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 359
Drug Possession, 304 Elders, Joycelyn, 360
Drug Purity, 305 Electronic Dance Music (EDM/House
Music), 361
Drug Reform Act (1986), 308
Employment Division, Department of
Drug Screening and Testing, 309
Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith, 363
Drug Sentencing, 311
Energy Drinks, 365
Drug Smuggling, 314
Engle v. R.J. Reynolds, 367
Drug Tolerance, 316
Entertainers and Drug Use, 369
Drug Trade, 317
Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine, 372
Drug Trafficking, 318
Escobar, Pablo, 373
Drug Trafficking and Organized
European Committee to Combat
Crime, 321
Drugs, 375
Drug Trafficking Networks, 324
Extradition, 376
Drug Typologies, 326
Fair Sentencing Act (2010), 379
Drug Use Forecasting, 330
Families Against Mandatory Minimums
Drug Watch International, 332 (FAMM), 381
Drug-Facilitated Rape, 334 Farley, Chris, 383
Drug-Free America Act (1986), 336 Fast and Furious, 386
Drug-Free America Foundation, 338 Federal Alcohol Administration Act
(1935), 389
Drug-Free Federal Workplace, 340
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 391
Drug-Free School Zones, 341
Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN), 394
Drug-Free Schools and Community Act
(1988–1989), 343 Female Alcohol Use, 396
Drugged Driving, 345 Female Tobacco Use, 399
Drug-Related Asset Seizures, 349 Ferguson v. City of Charleston, 401
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), 403
VOLUME 2 Fisher, Guy, 408
E-Cigarettes, 353 Flashbacks, 409
Ecstasy (MDMA), 355 Florida v. Jardines, 411
Contents ix
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 413 Hemp, 476
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938), 415 Hendrix, Jimi, 478
Ford, Betty, 417 Heroin, 480
Ford, Gerald R., 419 High-Intensity Drug-Trafficking Areas
(HIDTAs), 483
Four Loko, 421
Hip-Hop and Drugs, 486
French Connection, 423
Hippies, 488
Freud, Sigmund, 424
HIV/AIDS and Drug Use, 489
Gateway Drugs, 429
Hoffman, Philip Seymour, 491
Gateway Hypothesis, 433
Ginsberg, Allen, 434 Hofmann, Albert, 493
Global Commission on Drug Policy Hookah, 495
(2011), 436
Hoover, J. Edgar, 496
Golden Crescent, 437
Ibogaine, 499
Golden Triangle, 440
Inhalants, 500
Grateful Dead, 443
International Narcotics Control Act
Green Rush, 446 (1989), 503
Guadalajara Cartel, 447 International Narcotics Research
Conference (INRC), 504
Guillot-Lara, Jaime, 449
Intervention, 505
Gulf Cartel, 450
Intoxication, 507
Gutka, 454
Investigational New Drug Program, 509
Hague Convention, 457
Jackson, Michael, 511
Haight-Ashbury, 460
Jazz Culture, 513
Hallucinogens, 462
Jellinek, E. Morton, 515
Hangovers, 464
Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 517
Hard Drugs vs. Soft Drugs, 465
Harm Reduction Programs, 467 Jones, Marion, 519
Harrison, Francis, 469 Joplin, Janis, 521
Harrison Narcotics Act (1914), 470 Juárez Cartel, 523
Hashish (Hash), 473 Jung, George, 525
Hazelden Foundation, 474 Kennedy, John F., 527