Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation (Schaefer, Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation), 2nd Edition

907 Pages·2007·3.1 MB·English

by  Christof Schaefer

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Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation
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Drugs During Pregnancy
and Lactation
Treatment options and
risk assessment
Second edition
Edited by
Christof Schaefer,Paul Peters,and Richard K.Miller
AMSTERDAM (cid:129) BOSTON (cid:129) HEIDELBERG (cid:129) LONDON (cid:129) NEW YORK (cid:129) OXFORD
PARIS (cid:129) SAN DIEGO (cid:129) SAN FRANCISCO (cid:129) SINGAPORE (cid:129) SYDNEY (cid:129) TOKYO
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
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Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
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First edition 2001
Second edition 2007
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ISBN:978-0-444-52072-2
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Contents
List of contributors xxii
Preface xxiv
Notice xxvii
General commentary on drug therapy and drug risks in
1
pregnancy
Richard K. Miller, Paul W. Peters, and Christof E. Schaefer
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Development and health 3
1.3 Reproductive stages 3
1.4 Reproductive and developmental toxicology 6
1.5 Basic principles of drug-induced reproductive and developmental
toxicology 9
1.6 Effects and manifestations 10
1.7 Pharmacokinetics in pregnancy 12
1.8 Passage of drugs to the unborn and fetal kinetics 13
1.9 Causes of developmental disorders 14
1.10 Embryo/fetotoxic risk assessment 15
1.11 Classification of drugs used in pregnancy 19
1.12 Paternal use of medicinal products 20
1.13 Communicating the risk of drug use in pregnancy 21
1.14 Risk communication prior to pharmacotherapeutic choice 22
1.15 Risk communication regarding the safety (or otherwise) of drugs
already used in pregnancy 23
1.16 Teratology information centers 24
2 Specific drug therapies during pregnancy
2.1 Analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs 28
Minke Reuvers and Christof Schaefer
2.1.1 Paracetamol (acetaminophen) 28
2.1.2 Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) 29
2.1.3 Pyrazolone derivatives 32
2.1.4 Combination analgesic preparations 32
2.1.5 Opioid analgesics in general 33
2.1.6 Morphine 33
2.1.7 Codeine 34
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2.1.8 Pethidine (meperidine) 34
2.1.9 Fentanyl,alfentanil,remifentanil,and sufentanil 36
2.1.10 Other narco-analgesics and centrally acting analgesics 37
2.1.11 Naloxone 38
2.1.12 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) 38
2.1.13 Selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors 41
2.1.14 Migraine medications 42
2.1.15 Additional analgesics 44
2.1.16 Additional antiphlogistics and antirheumatics 44
2.1.17 Myotonolytics 47
2.1.18 Gout interval therapy 48
2.1.19 Gout attack therapy 49
2.2 Antiallergic drugs and desensitization 57
Margreet Rost van Tonningen
2.2.1 Antihistamines (H-blocker) 57
1
2.2.2 Glucocorticosteroids 60
2.2.3 Mast cell stabilizers 61
2.2.4 Immunotherapy 61
2.3 Antiasthmatic and cough medication 63
Hanneke Garbis
2.3.1 Asthma and pregnancy 63
2.3.2 Selective β-adrenergic agonists 64
2
2.3.3 Corticosteroids 65
2.3.4 Anticholinergic drugs 67
2.3.5 Theophylline 68
2.3.6 Cromoglycate,nedocromil,and lodoxamide 69
2.3.7 Other mast cell inhibitors 70
2.3.8 Antileukotrienes 70
2.3.9 Monoclonal antibodies and other asthma medications 71
2.3.10 Expectorants and mucolytic agents 71
2.3.11 Antitussives 72
2.3.12 Non-selective β-adrenergic agonists 73
2.4 Antiemetics 78
Lee H. Goldstein and Matitiahu Berkovitch
2.4.1 Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy 78
2.4.2 Diet manipulations and treatment 79
2.4.3 Complementary treatment options 80
2.4.4 Acupuncture and acupressure 81
2.4.5 Hypnosis 82
2.4.6 Ginger 82
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2.4.7 Antihistamines (H-blockers) 83
1
2.4.8 Dopamine antagonists 85
2.4.9 Pyridoxine (vitamin B) 86
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2.4.10 Thiamine (vitamin B) 87
1
2.4.11 Serotonin antagonists 87
2.4.12 Glucocorticoids 88
2.4.13 Other agents with antiemetic properties 89
2.5 Gastrointestinal and antilipidemic agents and spasmolytics 94
Margreet Rost van Tonningen
2.5.1 Gastritis and peptic ulcer during pregnancy 94
2.5.2 Antacids and sucralfate 95
2.5.3 H-receptor antagonists 97
2
2.5.4 Proton-pump inhibitors 98
2.5.5 Bismuth salts 99
2.5.6 Additional ulcer therapeutics 99
2.5.7 Helicobacter pyloritherapy 101
2.5.8 Acids 102
2.5.9 Atropine and other anticholinergic spasmolytics 102
2.5.10 Cholinergics 103
2.5.11 Other prokinetic agents 104
2.5.12 Constipation during pregnancy 105
2.5.13 Stool-bulking agents 105
2.5.14 Hyperosmotic and saline laxatives 105
2.5.15 Diphenylmethanes 106
2.5.16 Anthraquinone derivatives 107
2.5.17 Castor oil 107
2.5.18 Lubricants and emollient laxatives 108
2.5.19 Antidiarrheals 108
2.5.20 Drugs for chronic inflammatory bowel disease 109
2.5.21 Dimeticon and plant-based carminatives 112
2.5.22 Chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid 112
2.5.23 Clofibrine acid derivatives and analogs 113
2.5.24 Cholesterol synthesis-enzyme inhibitors 114
2.5.25 Cholestyramine and other lipid reducers 115
2.5.26 Appetite suppressants,obesity and weight loss 116
2.6 Anti-infective agents 123
Hanneke Garbis, Margreet Rost van Tonningen, and Minke Reuvers
2.6.1 Penicillins 124
2.6.2 Cephalosporins 125
2.6.3 Other β-lactam antibiotics and β-lactamase inhibitors 126
2.6.4 Macrolide antibiotics 126
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2.6.5 Lincomycin and clindamycin 128
2.6.6 Tetracyclines 128
2.6.7 Sulfonamides,trimethoprim,atovaquone,and pentamidine 129
2.6.8 Quinolones 131
2.6.9 Nitrofurantoin and other drugs for urinary tract infections 132
2.6.10 Aminoglycosides 133
2.6.11 Chloramphenicol 134
2.6.12 Metronidazole and other nitroimidazole antibiotics 135
2.6.13 Polypeptide antibiotics 136
2.6.14 Antimycotics in general 136
2.6.15 Nystatin 137
2.6.16 Clotrimazole and miconazole for topical use 137
2.6.17 Other local “conazole”antimycotics 138
2.6.18 Other local antimycotics 138
2.6.19 “Conazole”antimycotics for systemic use 139
2.6.20 Amphotericin B 140
2.6.21 Flucytosine 141
2.6.22 Griseofulvin 142
2.6.23 Terbinafine 142
2.6.24 Malaria prophylaxis and therapy in pregnancy 143
2.6.25 Chloroquine 144
2.6.26 Proguanil 144
2.6.27 Mefloquine 145
2.6.28 Pyrimethamine,sulfadoxine and dapsone 146
2.6.29 Quinine 147
2.6.30 Halofantrine 148
2.6.31 Primaquine 148
2.6.32 Artemisinin derivatives 149
2.6.33 Other malarial agents 150
2.6.34 Tuberculosis and pregnancy 151
2.6.35 Isoniazid (INH) 152
2.6.36 Rifampicin 153
2.6.37 Ethambutol 153
2.6.38 Pyrazinamide (PZA) 154
2.6.39 Aminoglycosides in tuberculosis 154
2.6.40 Para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) 154
2.6.41 Quinolones in tuberculosis 155
2.6.42 Other second-line antituberculous drugs 155
2.6.43 Dapsone 156
2.6.44 Aciclovir and other herpes antivirals 156
2.6.45 Antiviral drugs for influenza 158
2.6.46 Ribavirin 158
2.6.47 Other antiviral drugs 159
2.6.48 HIV prophylaxis and therapy 159
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2.6.49 Mebendazole and flubendazole 162
2.6.50 Pyrviniumembonate 163
2.6.51 Albendazole and thiabendazole 164
2.6.52 Niclosamide 164
2.6.53 Praziquantel 165
2.6.54 Pyrantel 165
2.6.55 Ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine 166
2.6.56 Hyperthermia 166
2.6.57 Traveling 168
2.7 Vaccines and immunoglobulins 178
Paul Peters
2.7.1 Vaccination and pregnancy 179
2.7.2 Cholera vaccine 180
2.7.3 Hemophilus influenza b (HIB) vaccine 180
2.7.4 Hepatitis A vaccine 180
2.7.5 Hepatitis B vaccine 181
2.7.6 Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccine 182
2.7.7 Influenza vaccine 182
2.7.8 Measles and mumps vaccines 183
2.7.9 Meningococcal meningitis vaccine 184
2.7.10 Pneumococcal vaccination 184
2.7.11 Poliomyelitis vaccine 184
2.7.12 Rabies vaccine 185
2.7.13 Rubella vaccine 186
2.7.14 Tetanus and diphtheria vaccines 187
2.7.15 Typhoid vaccine 187
2.7.16 Varicella vaccine 188
2.7.17 Yellow fever vaccine 189
2.7.18 Immunoglobulins 189
2.8 Heart and circulatory system drugs and diuretics 193
Corinna Weber-Schöndorfer
2.8.1 Arterial hypertension and pregnancy 194
2.8.2 α-methyldopa 195
2.8.3 β-adrenergic receptor blockers 196
2.8.4 Hydralazine and dihydralazine 198
2.8.5 Nifedipine and other calcium antagonists 200
2.8.6 ACE inhibitors 203
2.8.7 Angiotensin-II receptor antagonists 205
2.8.8 Clonidine 207
2.8.9 Diazoxide 208
2.8.10 Magnesium sulfate 208
2.8.11 Nitroprusside 209