Drugs and the Future: Brain Science, Addiction and Society PDF
Preview Drugs and the Future: Brain Science, Addiction and Society
DRUGS AND THE FUTURE: BRAIN SCIENCE, ADDICTION AND SOCIETY Drugs and the Future: Brain Science, Addiction and Society Scientific Coordinators D N AVID UTT PsychopharmacologyUnit,UniversityofBristol,UK T W. R REVOR OBBINS DepartmentofExperimentalPsychologyandMRC CentreforBehaviouralandClinicalNeuroscience,UniversityofCambridge,UK G V. S ERALD TIMSON InternationalHarmReductionAssociation,Melbourne,Australia M I ARTIN NCE ScienceWriter,London,UK and A J NDREW ACKSON DepartmentofTradeandIndustry,UK AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEWYORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier WhiletheOfficeofScienceandInnovationcommissionedaportionofthesereviews,the viewsarethoseoftheauthors,areindependentofGovernmentanddonotconstitute governmentpolicy. AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 30CorporateDrive,Suite400,Burlington,MA01803,USA 525BStreet,Suite1900,SanDiego,California92101-4495,USA 84Theobald’sRoad,LondonWC1X8RR,UK Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper. Copyright©Queen’sPrinterandControllerofHMSO,2007. PublishedbyElsevierLtd. Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyany means,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopy,recording,oranyinformation storageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher. PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRights DepartmentinOxford,UK:phone: (+44)1865843830,fax: (+44)1865853333, E-mail:[email protected]. Youmayalsocompleteyourrequeston-line viatheElsevierhomepage(http://elsevier.com),byselecting‘Support&Contact’ then‘CopyrightandPermission’andthen‘ObtainingPermissions.’ LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Applicationsubmitted BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN13: 978-0-12-370624-9 ISBN10: 0-12-370624-6 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourWebsiteatwww.books.elsevier.com PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 06 07 08 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Contributors vii 10 DrugTesting 315 DavidCowan,DavidOsseltonandStevenRobinson Foreword ix 11 SocialPolicyandPsychoactive CharlesR.Schuster Substances 337 RobinRoom Introduction xi SirDavidKing 12 SociologyandSubstanceUse 359 NeilMcKeganey,JoanneNeale,CharlieLloyd Acknowledgements xiii andGordonHay 1 DrugsFutures2025 1 13 EconomicsofAddictionandDrugs 389 DavidNutt,TrevorRobbinsandGerryStimson JonathanCaveandChristineGodfrey 2 Foresight 7 14 ProblemGamblingandOtherBehavioural AndrewJackson Addictions 417 JimOrford 3 NeuroscienceofDrugs andAddiction 11 15 EthicalAspectsofDevelopmentsin TrevorRobbins,RudolphCardinal,Patricia NeuroscienceandDrugAddiction 439 DiCiano,PeterHalligan,KimHellemans, RichardAshcroft,AlastairV.Campbelland JonathanLeeandBarryEveritt BenCapps 4 Genomics 89 16 HistoryandtheFutureofPsychoactive DavidBall,MarcusPembreyandDavidN.Stephens Substances 467 VirginiaBerridgeandTimHickman 5 ExperimentalPsychologyandResearchinto BrainScience,AddictionandDrugs 133 17 LifeHistoriesandNarratives TheodoraDuka,BarbaraSahakianand ofAddiction 485 DanielleTurner Brian Hurwitz, Caroline Tapping and Neil Vickers 6 PharmacologyandTreatments 169 18 DrugsFutures2025? Perspectiveofthe LeslieIversen,KellyMorrisandDavidNutt PharmaceuticalIndustry 507 IanRagan 7 PsychologicalTreatmentsofSubstance MisuseandDependence 209 19 TheScenarios 535 ValCurranandColinDrummond OfficeofScienceandInnovation 8 CognitionEnhancers 241 AuthorIndex 567 RoyJones,KellyMorrisandDavidNutt SubjectIndex 597 9 Neuroimaging 285 HughGaravan,AnneLingford-Hughes,TerryJones, PeterMorris,JohnRothwellandSteveWilliams v Contributors RichardAshcroft ColinDrummond ImperialCollege,London,UK StGeorge’sHospitalMedicalSchool, London,UK DavidBall King’sCollege,UniversityofLondon,UK TheodoraDuka UniversityofSussex,UK VirginiaBerridge LondonSchoolofHygieneandTropical BarryJEveritt Medicine DepartmentofExperimentalPsychology London,UK andMRCCentreforBehaviouraland ClinicalNeuroscience AlastairVCampbell UniversityofCambridge,UK CentreforEthicsinMedicine UniversityofBristol,UK HughGaravan TrinityCollege,Dublin,Eire BenCapps UniversityofBristol,UK ChristineGodfrey UniversityofYork,UK RudolfNCardinal DepartmentofExperimentalPsychology PeterWHalligan andMRCCentreforBehaviouraland SchoolofPsychology ClinicalNeuroscience CardiffUniversity,UK UniversityofCambridge,UK GordonHay JonathanCave CentreforDrugMisuseResearch UniversityofWarwick,UK UniversityofGlasgow,UK DavidCowan KimGCHellemans UniversityofLondon,UK DepartmentofExperimentalPsychology andMRCCentreforBehaviouraland ValCurran ClinicalNeuroscience UniversityCollege,London,UK UniversityofCambridge,UK PatriciaDiCiano TimHickman DepartmentofExperimentalPsychology UniversityofLancaster,UK andMRCCentreforBehaviouraland ClinicalNeuroscience BrianHurwitz UniversityofCambridge,UK King’sCollege,UniversityofLondon,UK vii viii CONTRIBUTORS LeslieIversen MarcusPembrey UniversityofOxford,UK UniversityofBristol,UK AndrewJackson IanRagan OfficeofScienceandInnovation, CIRConsultingLtd, DepartmentofTradeandIndustry,UK London,UK RoyJones TrevorW.Robbins TheResearchInstituteforthe DepartmentofExperimentalPsychology CareoftheElderly,Bath,UK andMRCCentreforBehaviouraland ClinicalNeuroscience TerryJones UniversityofCambridge,UK UniversityofManchester,UK StevenRobinson JonathanLCLee ForensicScienceService,UK DepartmentofExperimentalPsychology andMRCCentreforBehaviouraland RobinRoom ClinicalNeuroscience SchoolofPopulationHealth,Melbourne UniversityofCambridge,UK University,andAERAlcoholPolicy ResearchCentre,TurningPoint AnneLingford-Hughes Alcohol&DrugCentre,Melbourne, UniversityofBristol,UK Australia CharlieLloyd JohnRothwell York,UK UniversityCollege,London,UK NeilMcKeganey BarbaraSahakian CentreforDrugMisuseResearch UniversityofCambridge,UK UniversityofGlasgow,UK DavidN.Stephens KellyMorris UniversityofSussex,UK UniversityofBristol,UK GeraldV.Stimson PeterMorris InternationalHarmReductionAssociation, UniversityofNottingham,UK Australia JoanneNeale CarolineTapping SchoolofHealthandSocialCare King’sCollege,UniversityofLondon,UK OxfordBrookesUniversity,UK DanielleTurner DavidNutt UniversityofCambridge,UK UniversityofBristol,UK NeilVickers JimOrford King’sCollege,UniversityofLondon,UK Alcohol,Drugs,GamblingandAddiction ResearchGroup,SchoolofPsychology, SteveWilliams UniversityofBirmingham,UK InstituteofPsychiatry,UK DavidOsselton ForensicScienceService,UK Foreword Drugs and the Future CharlesR.Schuster,PhD DistinguishedProfessorofPsychiatryandBehavioralNeurosciences WayneStateUniversitySchoolofMedicine The use of psychotropic drugs to modify agents might be useful for improving nor- sensation, perception, mood, and behaviour mal performance. Extensive research has hasbeenubiquitousinhumansocietiessince demonstrated that certain medications can time immemorial. Alcohol, caffeine, coca, enhance cognitive and motor task perfor- nicotine, opium, peyote, marijuana, mesca- mance that has been degraded by fatigue or line and many other substances have been boredom. The United Sates Department usedinavarietyofculturesintheworldfor of Defense, for example, sanctions the use religious ceremonies, healing by shamans, ofsuchdrugsforpilotswhomustremainon or as a brief escape from the rigours of duty for extended periods of time. Now, a difficult existence. The scientific devel- however, we are faced with the likelihood opment of safe and effective psychotropic ofdiscoveringnewpsychotropicagentsthat drugs for the treatment of psychiatric and will augment the optimal performance of neurological disorders is, however, a rel- non-disordered individuals, allowing them atively recent phenomenon. Only in the to work not only longer, but also more effi- past50yearshavewedevelopedhighlyspe- ciently and productively. It is also likely cific and effective drugs for the treatment that we will develop – through rational of neurological and psychiatric disorders. design or serendipity – psychotropic agents Progress is being made in our understand- that can enhance such human qualities as ing of the pathophysiology of neurodegen- empathy, sympathy, spirituality, and com- erative and psychiatric disorders including passion. Psychotropicdrugshavebeenused substance abuse and dependence. Coinci- by many to enhance creativity, with mixed dentwiththesesignificanttherapeuticgains, results. Undoubtedly, as we continue main- we are learning more about the fundamen- stream development of psychotherapeutic talneuralmechanismsunderlyingcognition, agents, new ‘psychedelic’ agents will also motor function, perception, motivation, and be discovered. This will force us to give mood states. Unquestionably, we will see serious reconsideration to the manner in continued progress in our understanding of whichweviewtheuseofcurrentlyavailable the etiology of neurological and psychiatric ‘psychedelic’ agents that in most countries diseasestatesand,hopefully,inthedevelop- are banned as illegal drugs. Could these mentofwaystopreventandmoreeffectively compounds and ones yet to be discovered treat these problems. In so doing we will lead to more creative thinking in the arts inexorably discover new means to alter our and sciences? Could they increase spiritu- mood,perceptionsandcognition. ality and feelings of compassion for the less We have in the past generally dis- fortunate? If they do, how will or should counted the possibility that psychotropic theseagentsbesanctionedandregulated? ix
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