Drugs and society

717 Pages·2018·170.81 MB·English

by  Glen R. Hanson, Peter J. Venturelli, Annette E. Fleckenstein

DRUGS
AND
SOCIETY
T H I R T E E N T H E D I T I O N
GLEN R. HANSON, PhD, DDS PETER J. VENTURELLI, PhD ANNETTE E. FLECKENSTEIN, PhD
Associate Dean Professor Emeritus  Professor
Director, Utah Addiction Center Department of Sociology and School of Dentistry
Professor Criminology University of Utah
School of Dentistry Valparaiso University Salt Lake City, Utah
University of Utah Valparaiso, Indiana
Salt Lake City, Utah
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Hanson, Glen (Glen R.), author. | Venturelli, Peter J., author.
| Fleckenstein, Annette E., author.
Title: Drugs and society / Dr. Glen R. Hanson, Peter J. Venturelli, Annette
E. Fleckenstein.
Description: 13e. | Burlington, MA : Jones & Bartlett Learning, [2018]
| Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016043260 | ISBN 9781284110876 (pbk.: alk. paper)
Subjects: | MESH: Substance-Related Disorders
Classification: LCC RM301 | NLM WM 270 | DDC 362.29—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016043260
6048
Printed in the United States of America
21 20 19 18 17 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
brief contents
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 11
Introduction to Drugs and Society 1 Tobacco 366
CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 12
Explaining Drug Use and Abuse 65 Hallucinogens (Psychedelics) 383
CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 13
Drug Use, Regulation, Marijuana 416
and the Law 112
CHAPTER 14
CHAPTER 4 Inhalants 467
Homeostatic Systems
and Drugs 135 CHAPTER 15
Over-the-Counter, Prescription,
CHAPTER 5 and Herbal Drugs 476
How and Why Drugs Work 157
CHAPTER 16
CHAPTER 6 Drug Use in Subcultures
CNS Depressants: of Special Populations 519
Sedative-Hypnotics 184
CHAPTER 17
CHAPTER 7 Drug Abuse Prevention 603
Alcohol:
Pharmacological Effects 206 CHAPTER 18
Treating Drug Dependence 645
CHAPTER 8
Alcohol: Behavioral Effects 233 APPENDIX A
Federal Agencies with
CHAPTER 9 Drug Abuse Missions 659
Narcotics (Opioids) 287
APPENDIX B
CHAPTER 10 Drugs of Use and Abuse 661
Stimulants 320
❚ iii
contents
Features xi Employee Assistance Programs 53
Preface xiii Venturing to a Higher Form of
Consciousness: The Holistic
How to Use This Book xvi
Self-Awareness Approach to Drug Use 55
Acknowledgments xxi
About the Authors xxii
CHAPTER 2
Explaining Drug Use and Abuse 65
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Drugs and Society 1
Introduction 66
Drug Use: A Timeless Affliction 68
Introduction 2
The Origin and Nature of Addiction 70
Drug Use 3
Defining Addiction 71
Dimensions of Drug Use 3
Models of Addiction 72
Major Types of Commonly Abused Drugs 10 Factors Contributing to Addiction 73
Prescription and Performance- The Vicious Cycle of Drug Addiction 75
Enhancing Drugs 10 Other Nondrug Addictions 75
Stimulants 12
Major Theoretical Explanations: Biological 76
Bath Salts 12
Abused Drugs as Positive Reinforcers 77
Hallucinogens/Psychedelics
Drug Abuse and Psychiatric Disorders 77
and Other Similar Drugs 12
Genetic Explanations 77
Depressants 13
Alcohol 13 Major Theoretical Explanations:
Nicotine 13 Psychological 81
Cannabis (Marijuana and Hashish) 13 Distinguishing Between Substance
Designer Drugs/Synthetic Abuse and Mental Disorders 81
Drugs or Synthetic Opioids 13 The Relationship Between
Anabolic Steroids 16 Personality and Drug Use 82
Inhalants/Organic Solvents 16 Theories Based on Learning Processes 83
Narcotics/Opiates 17 Social Psychological Learning Theories 85
An Overview of Drugs in Society 17 Major Theoretical Explanations:
How Widespread Is Drug Abuse? 17 Sociological 85
Extent and Frequency of Drug Use in Society 19 Social Influence Theories 86
Drug Use: Statistics, Structural Influence Theories 97
Trends, and Demographics 24
Danger Signals of Drug Abuse 102
Current Patterns of Licit and Illicit Drug Use 29
Low-Risk and High-Risk Drug Choices 103
Types of Drug Users 35
Drug Use: Mass and Electronic
Media and Family Influences 37
CHAPTER 3
Drug Use and Drug Dependence 40
When Does Use Lead to Abuse? 41 Drug Use, Regulation, and the Law 112
Drug Dependence 42
The Costs of Drug Use to Society 43 Introduction 113
Drugs, Crime, and Violence 45
Cultural Attitudes About Drug Use 113
Drugs in the Workplace:
A Persistent Affliction 50 The Road to Regulation and the FDA 113
iv ❚
Contents ❚ v
The Rising Demand for The Dose–Response Relationship
Effectiveness in Medicinal Drugs 116 of Therapeutics and Toxicity 159
Regulating the Margin of Safety 160
Development of New Drugs 116 Potency Versus Toxicity 160
The Effects of the OTC Review
Drug Interaction 161
on Today’s Medications 119
Additive Effects 161
The Regulation of Drug Advertising 120
Antagonistic (Inhibitory) Effects 161
Federal Regulation and Quality Assurance 121 Potentiative (Synergistic) Effects 161
Drug Abuse and the Law 121 Dealing with Drug Interactions 162
Drug Laws and Deterrence 125 Pharmacokinetic Factors
Factors in Controlling Drug Abuse 125 That Influence Drug Effects 163
Strategies for Preventing Drug Abuse 126 Forms and Methods of Taking Drugs 164
Supply Reduction Strategy 126 Distribution of Drugs in the Body
Demand Reduction Strategy 127 and Time–Response Relationships 166
Inoculation Strategy 127 Inactivation and Elimination
Drug Courts 128 of Drugs from the Body 169
Physiological Variables That
Current and Future Drug Use 128
Modify Drug Effects 170
Drug Legalization Debate 128
Pathological Variables
Drug Testing 130
That Modify Drug Effects 171
Pragmatic Drug Policies 131
Pharmacokinetics and Drug Testing 171
Adaptive Processes and Drug Abuse 171
Tolerance to Drugs 172
CHAPTER 4
Drug Dependence 175
Homeostatic Systems and Drugs 135
Psychological Factors 176
The Placebo Effect 176
Introduction 136
Addiction (Substance Use Disorder)
Overview of Homeostasis and Abuse: The Significance
and Drug Actions 136 of Dependence 177
Section 1: Introduction to Hereditary Factors 177
Nervous Systems 136 Drug Craving 177
Other Factors 178
Section 2: Comprehensive
Explanation of Homeostatic Systems 138
The Building Blocks of
the Nervous System 139 CHAPTER 6
Major Divisions of the Nervous System 147 CNS Depressants:
The Autonomic Nervous System 149
Sedative-Hypnotics 184
The Endocrine System 150
Conclusion 153
Introduction 185
An Introduction to CNS Depressants 185
CHAPTER 5 The History of CNS Depressants 186
The Effects of CNS Depressants:
How and Why Drugs Work 157
Benefits and Risks 186
Types of CNS Depressants 188
Introduction 158
Benzodiazepines: Valium-Type Drugs 188
The Intended and Barbiturates 192
Unintended Effects of Drugs 158 Other CNS Depressants 194
vi ❚ Contents
Patterns of Abuse with Alcohol Consumption
CNS Depressants 198 in the United States 235
Treatment for Withdrawal 200 Current Statistics and
Trends in Alcohol Consumption 237
Natural Depressants 201
Percentages of the Drinking
Population: A Pyramid Model 238
Dual Problems: Underage
CHAPTER 7 and Adult Drinking 239
Alcohol: Pharmacological Effects 206 Economic Costs of Alcohol Abuse 247
History of Alcohol in America 250
Introduction 207 Drinking Patterns 250
Historical Considerations 251
The Nature and History of Alcohol 207
Defining Alcoholics 254
Alcohol as a Drug 209
Cultural Differences 255
Alcohol as a Social Drug 209 Alcohol Abuse and
Impact of Alcohol 210 Alcoholism Disorders 256
Alcohol and Crime 210 Types of Alcoholics 256
Alcohol and Cancer 211 Major Traditional Distinctions
Alcopops 211 Between “Wet” and “Dry” Cultures 258
Drinking and College Students 211
Cultural Influences 259
Underage Drinking 212
Culture and Drinking Behavior 259
The Properties of Alcohol 213
Culture and Disinhibited Behavior 260
The Physical Effects of Alcohol 215 Culture Provides Rules
Alcohol and Tolerance 217 for Drinking Behavior 261
Alcohol Metabolism 218 Culture Provides Ceremonial
Polydrug Use 218 Meaning for Alcohol Use 261
Short-Term Effects 218 Culture Provides Models of Alcoholism 262
Dependence 220 Cultural Stereotypes of Drinking
Alcohol and Genetics 221 May Be Misleading 262
Culture Provides Attitudes
The Effects of Alcohol on
Regarding Alcohol Consumption 263
Organ Systems and Bodily Functions 221
Culture Determines What Is Considered
Brain and Nervous System 222
Acceptable Amounts of Drinking 263
Liver 223
College and University
Digestive System 224
Students and Alcohol Use 264
Blood 224
Cardiovascular System 224 Binge Drinking 266
Sexual Organs 225 Gender and Collegiate Alcohol Use 267
Endocrine System 225 Alcohol Consumption
Kidneys 226 Patterns of Women 268
Mental Disorders and
The Role of Alcohol in Domestic Violence 270
Damage to the Brain 226
Alcohol and Sex 271
The Fetus 226
Alcohol and the Family: Destructive
Gender Differences 227
Types of Social Support and Organizations
Malnutrition 227
for Victims of Alcoholics 272
Codependency and Enabling 272
Children of Alcoholics (COAs) and
CHAPTER 8
Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACOAs) 272
Alcohol: Behavioral Effects 233
Treatment of Alcoholism 273
Getting Through Withdrawal 274
Introduction 234 Helping the Alcoholic Family Recover 275
Contents ❚ vii
Caffeine-Like Drugs (Xanthines) 348
CHAPTER 9 OTC Sympathomimetics 354
Herbal Stimulants 355
Narcotics (Opioids) 287
Global Stimulant Abuse 356
Stimulant Production 356
Introduction 288
Global Stimulant Consumption 356
What Are Narcotics? 288 Global Drug Policy 356
The History of Narcotics 289
Opium in China 289
CHAPTER 11
American Opium Use 290
Tobacco 366
Pharmacological Effects 292
Narcotic Analgesics 292
Other Therapeutic Uses 293 Tobacco Use: Scope of the Problem 367
Abuse of Prescription Opioid Painkillers 294 Current Tobacco Use in the United States 367
Mechanisms of Action 295 Cigarette Smoking: A Costly Addiction 367
Side Effects 295
The History of Tobacco Use 368
Abuse, Tolerance, Popularity in the Western World 369
Dependence, and Withdrawal 296 History of Tobacco Use in America 369
Heroin Abuse 296 Tobacco Production 370
Treatment of Heroin and Government Regulation 371
Other Narcotic Dependence 303
Pharmacology of Nicotine 372
Other Narcotics 305 Effects of Nicotine on the
Morphine 305 Central Nervous System 373
Methadone 306 Other Effects of Nicotine 373
Fentanyls 307
Cigarette Smoking 373
Hydromorphone 308
Cardiovascular Disease 373
Oxycodone 308
Cancer 373
Meperidine 308
Bronchopulmonary Disease 373
Hydrocodone 308
Effects on Pregnancy 373
Buprenorphine 308
MPTP: A “Designer” Tragedy 309 “Light” Cigarettes 374
Codeine 309 Electronic Cigarettes 375
Pentazocine 310
Tobacco Use and Exposure
Tramadol 310
Without Smoking 375
Narcotic-Related Drugs 310
Smokeless Tobacco 375
Dextromethorphan 310
Secondhand Smoke 375
Clonidine 311
Reasons for Smoking
Naloxone/Naltrexone 312
and the Motivation to Quit 376
Natural Narcotic Substances 312
Reasons for Smoking 376
Benefits of Cessation 377
The Motivation to Quit 377
CHAPTER 10
Smoking Prohibition
Stimulants 320
Versus Smokers’ Rights 378
Introduction 321
CHAPTER 12
Major Stimulants 321
Amphetamines 321 Hallucinogens (Psychedelics) 383
Cocaine 337
Minor Stimulants 348 Introduction 384
viii ❚ Contents
The History of Hallucinogen Use 384 Therapeutic Uses and the Controversy
The Native American Church 385 over Medical Marijuana Use 444
Timothy Leary and the League Reduction in Intraocular (Eye)
of Spiritual Discovery 386 Pressure 446
Hallucinogen Use Today 386 Cancer 446
Antiasthmatic Effect 448
The Nature of Hallucinogens 386
Muscle-Relaxant Effect 448
Sensory and Psychological Effects 387 Antiseizure Effect 448
Mechanisms of Action 389 Antidepressant Effect 448
Types of Hallucinogenic Agents 389 Analgesic Effect 448
Traditional Hallucinogens: LSD Types 390 Antinauseant 448
Phenylethylamine Hallucinogens 398 Appetite Stimulant 449
Anticholinergic Hallucinogens 401 Short-Term Consequences
Other Hallucinogens 403 of Smoking Marijuana 449
Natural Substances 407
Long-Term Consequences
Naturally Occurring Hallucinogens 407
of Smoking Marijuana 449
Salvia divinorum 408
The Physiological Effects
of Marijuana Use 450
Effects on the Brain 450
CHAPTER 13 Effects on the Central Nervous System 451
Effects on the Respiratory System:
Marijuana 416
Smoking Marijuana 451
Effects on the Respiratory System:
Introduction 417 Vaporizing Marijuana 452
Marijuana: History and Effects on the Cardiovascular System 452
Effects on Sexual
Current Trends 421
Performance and Reproduction 453
Historical Roots of Marijuana 421
Tolerance and Dependence 454
Current Use of Marijuana 424
Chronic Use 454
Recent Trends in Use of Marijuana:
8th, 10th, and 12th Graders 425
Marijuana: Is It the
CHAPTER 14
Assassin of Youth? 429
Inhalants 467
Major Factors Affecting Marijuana Use 429
Is Marijuana Really
Introduction 468
a Gateway Drug? 431
History of Inhalants 468
Misperceptions of Marijuana Use 432
Types of Inhalants 469
Characteristics of Cannabis 432
Volatile Substances 469
Synthetic Marijuana 435
Anesthetics 470
Trends in Use 436 Nitrites 471
Perceived Risk 436
Legislation 471
The Behavioral Effects
Current Patterns and Signs of Abuse 471
of Marijuana Use 436
Adolescent and Teenage Usage 472
The “High” 436
Gender, Race, Socioeconomics,
Subjective Euphoric Effects 438
and Abuse 472
Driving Performance 440
Signs of Inhalant Abuse 472
Critical-Thinking Skills 442
Amotivational Syndrome 443 Dangers of Inhalant Abuse 473
Contents ❚ ix
Drug Use Among Adolescents 547
CHAPTER 15 Consequences of Underage Drug Use 549
Why Adolescents Use Drugs 550
Over-the-Counter,
Patterns of Drug Use in
Prescription, and Herbal Drugs 476 Families of Adolescents 551
Noteworthy Findings
Regarding Teen Drug Use 552
Introduction 477
Adolescent Versus Adult Drug Abuse 555
OTC Drugs 477 Consequences and Coincidental Problems 556
Abuse of OTC Drugs 478 Prevention, Intervention, and Treatment
Federal Regulation of OTC Drugs 479 of Adolescent Drug Problems 560
OTC Drugs and Self-Care 479 Summary of Adolescent Drug Abuse 562
Types of OTC Drugs 480
Drug Use Among College Students 562
OTC Herbal (Natural) Products 491
Reasons for College Students’ Drug Use 564
Prescription Drugs 494 Additional Noteworthy Findings Regarding
Prescription Drug Abuse 494 Drug Use by College Students 567
Prescription Abuse and Pregnancy 497 Recommendations for Reducing Drug
Necessary Drug Information Use and Abuse on College Campuses 570
for Healthcare Providers 497
HIV and AIDS 570
Drug Selection: Generic
Major U.S. Statistics and Trends in Specific
Versus Proprietary 500
Populations Living with HIV/AIDS 571
Common Categories
The Nature of HIV Infection
of Prescription Drugs 501
and Related Symptoms 572
Common Principles of Drug Use 508 Diagnosis and Treatment 574
Who Is at Risk for AIDS? 577
Women and Men Acquiring
CHAPTER 16 HIV and Drugs of Abuse 578
Youth and HIV/AIDS 580
Drug Use in Subcultures
What to Do About HIV and AIDS 582
of Special Populations 519
The Entertainment
Industry and Drug Use 582
Introduction 520
Promoter of Drug Use: The Internet 585
Athletes and Drug Abuse 521 Social Networking Motivating Drug Use 586
Laws Intended to Stop the Use of The Dark Web: The Place to Go to
Performance-Enhancing Drugs Anonymously Purchase Illicit Drugs? 586
in Professional Sports 525
Drugs Used by Athletes 525
Prevention of Abuse 537
CHAPTER 17
Drug Use Among Women 538
Drug Abuse Prevention 603
Women Are More Concerned
About Drug Use Than Men 538
Patterns of Drug Use: Comparing Introduction 604
Females with Males 539
How Serious Are the Problems
Female Roles, Seeking
of Substance Use Disorders? 606
Treatment, and Drug Addiction 541
Women’s Responses to Drugs 543 Drug Prevention 609
Treatment of Drug
Risk Factors and Protective Factors 609
Dependence in Women 546
Prevention of Drug Considering the Audience
Dependence in Women 547 and Approach 610