Drugs and drug policy : the control of consciousness alteration

529 Pages·2007·3.98 MB·English

by  Mosher

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DRUGS AND
DRUG POLICY
The Control of Consciousness Alteration
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DRUGS AND
DRUG POLICY
The Control of Consciousness Alteration
Clayton J. Mosher
Washington State University, Vancouver
Scott Akins
Oregon State University
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Copyright © 2007 by Sage Publications, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
For information:
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Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Mosher, Clayton James.
Drugs and drug policy: the control of consciousness alteration /
Clayton J. Mosher, Scott Akins.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.
ISBN 0-7619-3006-X or 978-0-7619-3006-8 (cloth)
ISBN 0-7619-3007-8 or 978-0-7619-3007-5 (pbk.)
1. Drug abuse—United States. 2. Drug control—United States.
3. Substance abuse—United States. I. Akins, Scott. II. Title.
HV5825.M69 2007
362.290973—dc22
2006020695
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
06 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Acquisitions Editor: Jerry Westby
Editorial Assistant: Kim Suarez
Marketing Manager: Jennifer Reed
Production Editor: Catherine M. Chilton
Copy Editor: Diana Breti
Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd.
Proofreader: Theresa Kay
Indexer: Nara Wood
Graphic Designer: Edgar Abarca
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Contents
Preface x
Acknowledgments xxi
1. Drug Controversies and Demonization 1
Demonizing (Illegal) Drugs: The Social
Construction of Drug “Epidemics” 2
Glue-Sniffing 5
Marijuana 6
Crack Cocaine 22
Heroin 22
Ecstasy (MDMA) 23
Methamphetamine 28
Conclusion 34
Review Questions 35
Internet Exercises 35
2. Theories of Drug Use 36
Nature Theories 37
Genetic/Biological Theories 38
Disease Theory 41
Psychological Theories 43
Sociological Theories 46
Social Learning and Subcultural Theory 46
Social Control/Bonding Theory 51
Anomie/Strain Theories 54
Social Conflict Theory 57
Conclusion 59
Review Questions 61
Internet Exercises 61
3. The Effects of Drugs: Part I 62
Stimulants 67
Caffeine 67
Tobacco 71
Cocaine 73
Amphetamines 78
Ritalin 82
Ecstasy 83
Depressants 85
Alcohol 85
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Barbiturates 88
Benzodiazepines 89
GHB 91
Inhalants 91
Opiates 93
Morphine 95
Heroin 95
Codeine 98
Oxycodone 99
Non-Opiate Analgesics 100
Review Questions 101
Internet Exercise 101
4. The Effects of Drugs: Part II 102
Hallucinogens/Psychedelics 102
LSD 103
Psilocybin 106
Peyote and Mescaline 107
DMT and Bufotenine 109
PCP and Ketamine 111
Marijuana 113
Antidepressant Drugs 116
Aphrodisiacs/“Erectile Dysfunction” Drugs 119
Steroids and Other Performance-Enhancing Drugs 123
Conclusion 131
Review Questions 133
5. Patterns of Illegal Drug Use 134
Self-Report Surveys 135
Monitoring the Future 137
Other Surveys on Adolescent Drug Use 139
The National Survey on Drug Use and Health 139
Validity of Survey Findings on Drug Use 140
Other Surveys on Adult Drug Use 141
Data on Substance Use by Adult Offenders—ADAM and I-ADAM 142
Drug Abuse Warning Network Statistics 144
Pulse Check 146
Correlates of Illegal Drug Use 147
Age 147
Gender/Sex 151
Race/Ethnicity 153
Social Class 165
Rural/Urban Location 167
Conclusion 168
Review Questions 169
Internet Exercises 170
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6. Patterns of Legal Drug Use 171
Age 171
Use of Drugs by the Elderly 177
Gender/Sex 179
Race/Ethnicity 182
African Americans 186
Hispanics 188
American Indians 189
Asians and Pacific Islanders 190
Social Class 192
Rural/Urban Location 195
Conclusion 200
Review Questions 201
Internet Exercises 201
7. Policies Regulating Illegal Drugs 202
Trends in Arrests and Incarceration 202
Racial and Class-Based Inequality in the Application of Drug Laws 206
“Crack Babies” 209
“CRACK” 212
Mandatory Minimum Sentences 212
“School Zone” Policies 216
Public Housing Evictions 217
Denial of Welfare 218
Denial of Student Aid 219
Asset Forfeiture 220
“Drug Tax” Laws 224
Ecstasy and the RAVE Act 224
Methamphetamine Legislation 226
Marijuana Laws 227
Hemp 227
Medical Marijuana 228
Recent Changes in State Drug Laws 232
Conclusion 235
Review Questions 236
Internet Exercises 237
8. Drug Prevention Programs 238
Drug Education Programs 238
DARE 239
Alternative Drug Education Programs 245
Anti-Drug Advertising Campaigns 246
Zero Tolerance Policies 252
Drug Testing Policies 254
Schools 254
Drug Testing of Workers 258
Conclusion 263
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Review Questions 265
Internet Exercises 265
9. Drug Treatment 266
Pharmacological Treatment Approaches 268
Drug Agonists 269
Drug Antagonists 274
Residential Drug Treatment Programs 276
Therapeutic Communities 277
Compulsory Treatment Programs 280
Alcoholics Anonymous 285
The 12 Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous 289
Outpatient Drug Treatment 292
Conclusion 293
Review Questions 293
Internet Exercise 294
10. Policies Regulating Legal Drugs, Part I: Alcohol and Tobacco 295
Tobacco 296
A Brief History of Tobacco Regulation 296
Bans on Smoking in Public Places 297
Restrictions on Advertising and Marketing of Tobacco Products 300
Taxes on Tobacco Products 302
The 1998 Tobacco Settlement and Anti-Smoking Programs 304
International Tobacco Legislation 306
The Future of Tobacco Regulation 306
Alcohol 307
Temperance Movements and Prohibition in American History 307
Alcohol Regulation in the Current Era 310
Minimum Legal Drinking Age 312
Regulating Drinking on College Campuses 315
Drunk Driving Laws 317
Conclusion 327
Review Questions 330
Internet Exercise 330
11. Policies Regulating Legal Drugs, Part II:
Prescription and Performance-Enhancing Drugs and Herbal Supplements 331
Regulation of Pharmaceutical Products 332
Early Legislation 332
FDA Approval of Pharmaceutical Products 333
Regulating the Sale and Advertising of Prescription Drugs 340
Restricting the Sale of Canadian Pharmaceutical Products 340
Advertising Pharmaceutical Products 343
The Criminal Practices of Pharmaceutical Companies 347
The Political Economy of the Pharmaceutical Business 348
The Future of Prescription Drug Regulation? 350
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The Regulation of Performance-Enhancing Drugs 353
The Rationale for Regulation 353
National Collegiate Athletic Association 355
International Olympic Committee 356
Professional Sports 362
Federal Government Regulation of Steroids and Dietary Supplements 368
Conclusion 369
Review Questions 372
Internet and Media Exercises 372
12. Drug Policies in Other Countries and United States Influence 373
International Treaties 373
Countries With Severe Drug Policies 375
Russia 375
Asian Countries 376
Drug Policies in Western Countries 376
American Influence and Intervention in Drug-Producing Countries 394
Certification Policies 397
Conclusion 398
Review Questions 400
Internet Exercises 400
Glossary 401
Bibliography 407
Index 461
About the Authors 501