Drugs, Alcohol and Tobacco: Learning About Addictive Behavior

290 Pages·2002·8.57 MB·English

by  Rosalyn Carson-Dewitt

Drugs, Alcohol,
and Tobacco
Learning About Addictive Behavior
Drugs, Alcohol,
and Tobacco
Learning About Addictive Behavior
Volume
1
A to Dri
Index
Rosalyn Carson-DeWitt, M.D.,
Editor in Chief
EDITORIAL BOARD
Editor in Chief
Rosalyn Carson-DeWitt, M.D.
Durham, NC
Advisory Editor
Jan Gottschalk
McDougal Middle School, Chapel Hill, NC
EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION STAFF
Oona Schmid, Gloria Lam, Project Editors
Nicole Watkins, Angela Pilchak, Assistant Editors
Jessica Hornik-Evans, Copyeditor
Jennifer Wahi, Art Director
Wendy Blurton, Buyer
Maria L. Franklin, Permissions Manager
Lori Hines, Permissions Assistant
Barbara J. Yarrow, Manager, Imaging and Multimedia Content
Randy Bassett, Imaging Supervisor
Robyn V. Young, Imaging Project Manager
Macmillan Reference USA
Frank Menchaca, Vice President
Hélène G. Potter, Director, New Product Development
ii
Drugs, Alcohol, and Tobacco: Learning About Addictive Behavior
Rosalyn Carson-DeWitt, M.D.
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Drugs, alcohol, and tobacco: learning about addictive behavior /
Rosalyn Carson-DeWitt, editor in chief.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-02-865756-X (set: hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN
0-02-865757-8 (v. 1) — ISBN 0-02-865758-6 (v. 2) — ISBN 0-02-865759-4
(v. 3)
1. Drug abuse—Encyclopedias, Juvenile. 2. Alcoholism—
Encyclopedias, Juvenile. 3. Tobacco habit—Encyclopedias, Juvenile.
4. Substance abuse—Encyclopedias, Juvenile. 5. Compulsive
behavior—Encyclopedias, Juvenile. 6. Teenagers—Substance use—
Encyclopedias, Juvenile. I.
Carson-DeWitt, Rosalyn.
HV5804 .D78 2003
613.8—dc21
2002009270
Printed in Canada
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Preface
In 1995 Macmillan Reference USA published the outstanding Ency-
clopedia of Drugs and Alcohol, edited by Jerome Jaffe. An extensively re-
vised second edition, entitled Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive
Behavior, was published in 2001. Now Macmillan Reference USA is
drawing from the fine work done for these prior encyclopedias to pub-
lish Drugs, Alcohol, and Tobacco: Learning About Addictive Behavior, a
three-volume set targeted towards general and younger readers.
Alcohol, drugs, and tobacco have myriad ill effects on the lives of
children and teenagers. Babies are born addicted to crack or harmed
by exposure to alcohol while in the womb. Children live in poverty
and chaos, at high risk of neglect, abuse, and homelessness because
of their parents’ drug and/or alcohol problems. Increased school
dropout rates, a high risk of psychiatric problems, and a greater chance
of severe injury or death due to violence, motor vehicle accidents, and
self-injury endanger the worlds of children and teens raised amid sub-
stance abuse. Furthermore, children from substance-abusing homes
are more likely to turn to smoking, drugs, or alcohol. Then comes
the convergence of the genetic propensity for substance abuse, the
availability of alcohol and drugs, and peer pressure, all factors that
increase a child’s risk of engaging in substance abuse or addictive
behaviors.
Drugs, Alcohol, and Tobacco: Learning About Addictive Behavior was
the brainchild of Hélène Potter, director of new product develop-
ment at Macmillan Reference USA. Aware that initiating substance
use prior to the age of fifteen carries a greater risk of severe prob-
lems, and aware that prevention must begin with thorough education,
Ms. Potter conceived of and pushed through this valuable project.
Designed to engage, interest, and educate children and teens, this
work provides information on specific drugs (such as nicotine, alco-
hol, marijuana, and ecstasy), risk and protective factors for addiction,
diagnosis and treatment of addictions, medical and legal consequences
of both casual use and addiction, costs to families and society, drug
v
Preface
production and trafficking, policy issues, and other compulsive dis-
orders (including gambling, cutting, and eating disorders).
Although the Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive Behavior
was used as a structural basis for this present work, the entire table
of contents was revised to focus the new work on the needs and in-
terests of young students. An impressive cadre of experts and acade-
mics was commissioned to review, revise, rewrite, and refocus every
article from the original collection, or to produce new articles perti-
nent to the project’s goals and relevant to children and teenagers.
New ancillaries provide additional resources that will be particularly
helpful to children and teenagers researching topics for school or for
their own personal use.
The result is Drugs, Alcohol, and Tobacco: Learning About Addictive
Behavior, a collection of over 190 alphabetically arranged articles in-
tended to reach out to an audience of children and teenagers with in-
formation that can help them understand issues surrounding addictive
behavior on both an academic and a personal level. The thoughtful,
visually interesting design of the text includes call-out definitions in
the margins of articles (so that young students do not have to flip to
a separate glossary, although that is provided as well); lively margin-
alia that highlights interesting facts or makes reading suggestions
for fiction that deals with topically similar issues; and more than 200
full-color illustrations that help young readers to organize and to
compare and contrast information. Articles are followed by cross-
references. Appendices include a wide-ranging list of organizations
(including their addresses, phone numbers, and web sites) from which
readers can seek more information or obtain contacts for personal
help; a complete glossary of terms; and an annotated bibliography
that will point students toward further research, assist teachers with
class preparation, and guide individuals who are struggling with the
effects of addiction in their personal lives.
Many fine people deserve considerable thanks for contributing to
the birth of this new work, beginning with Hélène Potter, whose vi-
sion and guidance were essential throughout the production process.
Editor Oona Schmid slaved over every aspect of the project and sup-
ported everyone else’s work with competence and good humor. Jan
Gottschalk consulted on the project, sharing her considerable expe-
rience with middle-school students, and providing excellent input re-
garding relevancy of material, fit with middle-school curriculum, and
appropriateness for middle-school readers. Copyeditor Jessica Hornik
Evans put in countless hours to make entries suitable in length, scope,
and reading level for middle-school students. Amy Buttery worked to
ensure that data presented were up-to-date and pertinent to young
vi
Preface
teenagers. And once again, my husband Toby, and our children Anna,
Emma, Isabelle, and Sophie, graciously tolerated the presence of a
fifth child in the guise of an encyclopedia in our home.
In closing, I would like to acknowledge the efforts of clinicians
who are working on the front line to treat families grappling with ad-
diction in their lives; academics who teach about substance abuse and
its effects on individuals, society, and the international community;
researchers who are studying issues that may lead to better ways to
diagnose, treat, and prevent addiction; policymakers who struggle to
find ways to protect society from the crime and violence associated
with addictions; and the many individuals who awaken each day to
face the effects of addiction wreaking havoc on their lives and to try
once again to find their way free of addiction’s stranglehold.
Rosalyn Carson-DeWitt, M.D.
Editor in Chief
July 2002
vii
Contributors
The text of Drugs, Alcohol, and Tobacco: Learning About Addictive Behavior is
based on the second edition of Macmillan’s Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol,
and Addictive Behavior, which was published in 2001. We have updated ma-
terial where necessary and added original entries that are of particular im-
portance to the general public and younger students. Articles have been
condensed and made more accessible for a student audience. Please refer to
the List of Authors at the back of volume three in this set for the authors
and affiliations of all those whose work appears in this reference. Here we
wish to acknowledge the writers who revised entries and wrote new articles
specifically for this set:
Peter Andreas Carl G. Leukefeld
Linda Wasmer Andrews Jill Max
Christopher B. Anthony Thomas S. May
Samuel A. Ball Tom Mieczkowski
Robert Balster Cynthia Robbins
Amy Buttery Heather Roberto
Kate B. Carey Ian Rockett
Jonathan Caulkins Joseph Spillane
Allan Cobb Michele Staton Tindall
Roberta Friedman Marvin Steinberg
Jessica Gerson Michael Walsh
Frederick K. Grittner Michael Winkelman
Angela Guarda Jill Anne Yeagley
Becky Ham
ix
Table of Contents
VOLUME 1 Alcohol Treatment: Medications . . . . . 62
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) . . . . . . . . 66
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Alcoholism: Abstinence versus
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Controlled Drinking . . . . . . . . . . . 71
A Allergies to Alcohol and Drugs . . . . . . 72
Amphetamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Accidents and Injuries from Alcohol . . . 1
Anabolic Steroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Accidents and Injuries from Drugs . . . . 4
Analgesic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Addiction: Concepts and Definitions . . . 7
Anhedonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Addictive Personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Antidepressant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Adolescents, Drug and Alcohol Use . . 13
Antidote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Adult Children of Alcoholics
Antipsychotic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
(ACOA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Antisocial Personality . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Advertising and the Alcohol
Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Anxiety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Advertising and the Tobacco Aphrodisiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Appetite Suppressant . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Al-Anon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Asset Forfeiture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Alateen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Alcohol- and Drug-Free Housing . . . . 34
Ayahuasca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Alcohol: Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Alcohol: Complications of Problem
B
Drinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Alcohol: History of Drinking . . . . . . . 43 Babies, Addicted and
Drug-Exposed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Alcohol: Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Barbiturates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Alcohol: Psychological Consequences
Beers and Brews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
of Chronic Abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Benzodiazepine Withdrawal . . . . . . . 104
Alcohol: Withdrawal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Benzodiazepines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Alcohol Treatment: Behavioral
Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Betel Nut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
xi