Drug Use and Abuse (6th Edition)

510 Pages·2010·17.74 MB·English

by  Stephen A. Maisto

GLOSSARY OF DRUG SLANG
acid head heavy LSD user line a measured amount of cocaine
burned out poor psychological functioning mainline an intravenous drug injection
in someone who has taken drugs
for too long roached under the infl uence of Rohypnol
(roofi es)
buzz, fl ash, rush euphoric reaction to a drug
rolling under the infl uence of MDMA
chasing the dragon inhaling the fumes of heroin and/ (Ecstasy)
or crack that has been melted
over a fl ame speedball combination of heroin and
cocaine or amphetamine
cold turkey abrupt drug withdrawal
spunion someone under the infl uence of
crash the end of a drug experience MDMA or other club drugs
cut to adulterate a drug stoned intoxicated
huffi ng inhaling solvents such as glue tripping hallucinating, usually associated
with LSD or psilocybin
hook up, connect, make a drug purchase
score tweeking prolonged drug use, usually
meth
jones; jonesing experiencing drug withdrawal
works, rig equipment for injecting drugs
junkie heroin addict
k-hole under the infl uence of ketamine,
unable to move
SLANG NAMES FOR DRUGS
amphetamines bennies, crank, crystal, dexies, marijuana (continued) grass, herb, J, joint, kif, Mary
ice, meth, speed, whites, Jane, pot, reefer, rope, spliff,
speckled eggs sinsemilla, smoke, tea, bud,
skunk, nuggets, nugz, green, etc.
amyl/butyl nitrate poppers, snappers, rush
mescaline buttons, mesc, peyote
cocaine base, blow, C, coke, crack,
freebase, girl, lady, rock, snow, MDMA adam, E, Ecstasy, M&Ms, roll, X,
white, scale XTC, jellies, beans
GHB grievous bodily harm, Georgia nitrous oxide balloons, laughing gas, whippets
home boy, liquid X
phencyclidine angel dust, animal tranquilizer,
heroin boy, China white, H, horse, junk, lovely, PCP, sherm
scag, smack
psilocybin shrooms, caps, fungus
LSD acid, blotter, Lucy, sugar,
sunshine, tabs, windowpane salvinorin A salvia, sage, Mexican mint
marijuana 420, Acapulco gold, Colombian,
dagga, dank, doobie, ganja,
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6
T H E D I T I O N
Drug Use
and Abuse
Stephen A. Maisto
Syracuse University
Mark Galizio
University of North Carolina at Wilmington
Gerard J. Connors
Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
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Drug Use and Abuse, Sixth Edition © 2011, 2008 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
Stephen A. Maisto, Mark Galizio, and
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Gerard J. Connors
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To Sam
S.A.M.
To my parents, Joe and Audrienne,
and to my wife, Kate,
and to my daughter, Annie
M.G.
To Lana and Marissa
G.J.C.
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A B O U T T H E A U T H O R S
Stephen A. Maisto Mark Galizio Gerard J. Connors
received a PhD in experi- received his PhD in experi- is director of the Research
mental psychology from the mental psychology in 1976, Institute on Addictions at
University of Wisconsin— from the University of the University at Buffalo. He
Milwaukee and completed a Wisconsin—Milwaukee, earned his doctoral degree
postdoctoral respecialization where he served as a in clinical psychology from
in clinical psychology from research assistant at the Vanderbilt University in
George Peabody College of Midwest Institute on Drug 1980. Dr. Connors’s
Vanderbilt University. He is a Abuse. He is chair and research interests include
professor of psychology at professor of psychology at substance use and abuse,
Syracuse University. He has the University of North relapse prevention, self-help
been engaged in research, Carolina at Wilmington, group involvement, early
teaching, clinical practice, where he has taught and interventions with heavy
and clinical training in the conducted research for over drinkers, and treatment
assessment and treatment 30 years. He has published evaluation. He is a fellow of
of the substance-use extensively in the areas of the American Psychological
disorders for 30 years. Dr. behavioral pharmacology Association (Divisions of
Maisto has published over and behavior analysis and Clinical Psychology and
150 articles, 25 book has served as associate editor Addictions). Dr. Connors
chapters, and several books of the Journal of the Experi- has authored or coauthored
on substance use and the mental Analysis of Behavior. numerous scientific articles,
substance-use disorders. His His research has been books, and book chapters.
current research is sup- supported by grants from the His current research activi-
ported by the National National Institute on Drug ties are funded by grants
Institute on Alcohol Abuse Abuse, the National Institute from the National Institute
and Alcoholism and the of Neurological Disorders and on Alcohol Abuse and
Department of Veterans Stroke, and the National Alcoholism.
Affairs. Dr. Maisto is a Science Foundation. He is a
member of the American fellow of the American
Psychological Association Psychological Association
(Fellow, Divisions of Clinical (Divisions of Psychopharma-
Psychology and Addictive cology and Substance Abuse,
Behaviors), Association for Behavior Analysis, Behavioral
Psychological Science, Neuroscience and Compara-
Research Society on Alcohol- tive Psychology, and Experi-
ism, and the Association for mental Psychology) and is
Behavioral and Cognitive past president of the Division
Therapies. of Behavior Analysis.
iv
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B R I E F C O N T E N T S
PREFACE xi
CHAPTER 1 Drug Use and Abuse 1
CHAPTER 2 Drug Use: Yesterday and Today 24
CHAPTER 3 Drugs and the Nervous System 46
CHAPTER 4 Pharmacology 66
CHAPTER 5 Psychopharmacology and New Drug Development 91
CHAPTER 6 Cocaine, Amphetamines, and Related Stimulants 115
CHAPTER 7 Nicotine 141
CHAPTER 8 Caffeine 170
CHAPTER 9 Alcohol 189
CHAPTER 10 Opiates 232
CHAPTER 11 Marijuana 254
CHAPTER 12 Hallucinogens 283
CHAPTER 13 Psychotherapeutic Medications 308
CHAPTER 14 Other Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drugs 347
CHAPTER 15 Treatment of Substance-Use Disorders 368
CHAPTER 16 Prevention of Substance Abuse 409
GLOSSARY 433
REFERENCES 440
INDEX 474
v
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C O N T E N T S
PREFACE xi CHAPTER 3
Drugs and the
Nervous System 46
CHAPTER 1
The Neuron 47
Drug Use and Abuse 1
Neural Transmission 48
Pharmacology and Drugs 3
Drug Classifi cation 4 Drugs and Neural Transmission 50
The Drug Experience 5
Major Neurotransmitter Systems 52
Alcohol and Drug Use in the Acetylcholine 52
United States 6 Monoamines 53
National Household Survey 7 Endorphins 55
Summary of Survey Data 9 Amino Acid Neurotransmitters 55
Multiple Drug Use 10 Other Transmitters 56
International Comparisons of Drug Use 11
The Nervous System 56
Negative Consequences of Alcohol
and Drug Use 12 The Brain 57
The Hindbrain 58
Defi ning Harmful Drug Use 13
The Midbrain 59
Use of the DSM-IV 14
The Forebrain 59
Drug Tolerance, Withdrawal,
Imaging the Human Brain 62
and Drug-Taking Behavior 17
Summary 63
Overview of the Text 19
Evaluating Websites 20
Summary 21
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 4
Drug Use: Yesterday
Pharmacology 66
and Today 24
Pharmacokinetics 68
Historical Overview 25 Drug Dose 68
Drug Use in the United States 27 Routes of Administration 69
Medical Science and Drug Use 32 Drug Absorption 73
Drug Distribution 73
Development of Drug Laws 32
Drug Elimination 76
The San Francisco Ordinance 33
Pure Food and Drug Act 33 Summary 79
Harrison Narcotics Tax Act 34
Pharmacodynamics 80
Alcohol Prohibition 35
The Dose-Effect Curve 80
Post-Prohibition Legislation 36
Effective and Lethal Doses 84
Current Drug Laws 37 Drug Interactions 86
Summary 42 Summary 88
vi
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Contents vii
CHAPTER 5 Stimulant Drugs and ADHD 135
Psychopharmacology and
Summary 139
New Drug Development 91
Characteristics of Users 92
Biological Characteristics 92
Psychological Characteristics 93
CHAPTER 7
Social and Environmental Factors 96
Nicotine 141
Tolerance 97
History of Tobacco Use 143
Types of Tolerance 97
The West Discovers Tobacco 143
Explanations of Tolerance 98
Tobacco as Panacea 144
Behavioral Pharmacology 101 From Panacea to Panned 144
Reinforcement and Punishment 102
Prevalence of Tobacco Use 145
Operant Principles and Drug Dependence 103
Smoking in the United States 145
Drug Discrimination 104
Initiation of Smoking 147
Confl ict Paradigm 105
Smokeless Tobacco Use 148
Animal Models and Human Drug Use 105
Pharmacology of Nicotine 149
Human Behavioral Pharmacology 106 Sites of Action 149
Ethical Issues 106 Pharmacokinetics 149
Placebo Controls 106
Tolerance and Dependence 151
New Drug Development 108 Tolerance 151
Clinical Trials and FDA Approval 108 Physical Dependence 152
Distribution and Marketing 110
Acute Effects of Nicotine 152
Generic Drugs 111
Nicotine’s Dependence Liability 153
Summary 112
Effects of Chronic Tobacco Use 154
Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide 156
Diseases Linked to Cigarette Smoking 157
CHAPTER 6 Other Tobacco Products and Health 158
Cocaine, Amphetamines, Passive Smoking 158
and Related Stimulants 115 Treatment of Cigarette Smoking 160
The Necessity of Formal Treatment 161
The Coca Leaf 116 Treatment Effectiveness 162
Conclusions about the Treatment of
Early Use of Cocaine 118
Cigarette Smoking 164
The Amphetamines 120
Summary 167
Cocaine Epidemic II 121
The Return of Meth 126
Pharmacokinetics of Stimulants 129
CHAPTER 8
Mechanism of Stimulant Action 130 Caffeine 170
Acute Effects at Low and Moderate Doses 130
Sources of Caffeine 171
Physiological Effects 130
Behavioral Effects 131 History of Caffeine Use 173
Acute Effects at High Doses 133 Prevalence of Caffeine Consumption 174
Effects of Chronic Use 133 Pharmacology of Caffeine 176
Tolerance 133 Sites of Action 176
Dependence 135 Pharmacokinetics 177
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viii Contents
Tolerance and Dependence 177 The Development of Alcohol Abuse and
Caffeine Withdrawal 178 Dependence 225
Tolerance 178 Traditional Approaches to Etiology 225
“Biopsychosocial” Approaches to Etiology 226
Acute Effects of Caffeine 178
Behavioral and Psychological Effects 179 Summary 228
Interactions among Caffeine, Nicotine,
and Alcohol 181
Acute Toxic Effects of Caffeine 182
Chronic Effects of Caffeine Use 183 CHAPTER 10
Opiates 232
Therapeutic Uses of Caffeine 185
Conclusions 186 History of the Opiates 233
Early History 233
Summary 186
Opiate Use in the 19th Century 234
Opiate Use in the 20th Century and Today 236
Prescription Opiate Abuse 241
Pharmacokinetics 243
CHAPTER 9 Absorption 243
Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion 243
Alcohol 189
Mechanisms of Opiate Action 243
Alcoholic Beverages 190
Discovery of Endorphins 243
Fermentation and Distillation 190 What Do Endorphins Do? 244
Expressing the Alcohol Content of a Beverage 192
Medical Use of Opiate Drugs 245
History of Alcohol Use 192
Acute Psychological and Physiological Effects
Consumption of Alcohol and Heavy Drinking in
of Opiates 248
the United States 195
Per Capita Consumption 196 Chronic Effects of Opiates 249
Consumption of Alcohol and Heavy Drinking among Tolerance 249
College Students 198 Withdrawal and Dependence 250
Pharmacology of Alcohol 200 Summary 251
Sites of Action 200
Pharmacokinetics of Alcohol 200
Tolerance and Dependence 205 CHAPTER 11
Tolerance 205 Marijuana 254
Physical Dependence 205
Historical Overview 256
Therapeutic Uses 207
Cannabis in the New World 257
Acute Effects of Alcohol 207 Committee Reports on Marijuana 260
Physiological Effects 208
Epidemiology 261
Sensorimotor Effects 210
Alcohol and Driving Ability 211 Methods of Use 264
Psychological Effects 213
Active Ingredients 265
Alcohol and Behavior 213
Pharmacokinetics 266
Effects of Chronic Heavy Drinking 217
Absorption 266
Alcohol and Brain Functioning 218
Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion 267
Alcohol and the Liver 220
Alcohol and Reproductive Functioning 221 Mechanisms of Action 267
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 221 Research Findings 267
Moderate Drinking and Health 223 Tolerance and Dependence 268
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