Drug Interactions in Infectious Diseases

698 Pages·2011·3.83 MB·English

by  David J. Greenblatt (auth.)

Infectious Disease
Vassil St. Georgiev
For further volumes:
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Stephen C. Piscitelli Keith A. Rodvold
 • 
Manjunath P. Pai
Editors
Drug Interactions
in Infectious Diseases
Third Edition
Editors
Stephen C. Piscitelli Keith A. Rodvold
Clinical Pharmacology College of Pharmacy (M/C 886)
Infectious Diseases University of Illinois at Chicago
GlaxoSmithKline Chicago, IL, USA
Research Triangle Park [email protected]
NC, USA
[email protected]
Manjunath P. Pai
Albany College
of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
Albany, NY, USA
[email protected]
ISBN 978-1-61779-212-0 e-ISBN 978-1-61779-213-7
DOI 10.1007/978-1-61779-213-7
Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011934048
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
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Foreword
Over the past decade, the prognosis for patients with many life threatening infections
has improved dramatically. For patients with HIV infection, systemic fungal diseases,
parasitic diseases, and highly resistant bacteria, we have new drugs and new strate-
gies for eradicating infections even in our patients with the most devastating under-
lying morbidities. Thus, for patients who are receiving immunosuppressive therapy
to combat cancer or transplant rejection or autoimmune disease, and for patients
with multisystem injury due to trauma or cardiovascular disease or other processes,
we can succeed in preventing or treating infections that most often had fatal conse-
quences a decade ago.
Health care providers are well aware that drugs are only effective and safe if
administered with tactical and strategic planning. The right dose, given at the right
time, to the right patient is a foundation for safe, error free care. However, determin-
ing the right dose and the right time is not easy in complex patients who have fluc-
tuating renal and hepatic function, rapidly changing volumes of distribution, and
who are receiving multiple drugs. Safe and effective management of pharmaco-
therapy is also difficult because drugs may change from day to day, week to week,
or month to month, depending on how stable the patient is and how successful the
patient’s regimen is in terms of efficacy and safety.
One of the promises of electronic ordering systems in hospitals and physician
offices is that drug interactions, so complicated to understand and remember, will be
managed by the computer. While computers are able to identify drug interactions
that are programmed into their memory, health care providers who are not pharma-
cology experts are often baffled about how to respond to the warnings. Since these
pharmacokinetic interactions clearly influence patient outcome in terms of efficacy
and safety, providers must understand the bases of interactions. They must also have
a reference source for looking up interactions so that they can understand how to
manage these complex processes.
This 3rd edition of Drug Interaction in Infectious Diseases provides health care
providers with a unique resource for both understanding basic principles, and for
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finding important information. Section 1 on General Concepts, and Section 2 on
Drug Classes are well organized for providers to quickly find practical information.
This book belongs on the shelf of infectious disease practitioners, pharmacists,
and other health care providers who prescribe and manage infections in complex
patients. The authors of this book are the best minds in their field. This book enables
providers to understand how best to maximize safety and efficacy in terms of man-
aging drug interactions successfully. Drs. Piscitelli, Rodvold, and Pai deserve enor-
mous credit for expanding this valuable resource, now in its 3rd edition.
Bethesda, MD Henry Masur, MD
Preface
Drug-drug interactions are an under recognized source of medical errors that have
major health related costs and consequences. Overriding drug interactions as ‘incon-
sequential’ is likely contributing to a silent epidemic. The association of sudden
deaths as a consequence of antimicrobial drug-drug interactions speaks to this
epidemic. The ever increasing foray of therapeutic agents will continue to reduce
our ability as clinicians to predict the risk and implications of drug-drug interac-
tions. Identification of new mechanistic pathways of drug interaction coupled with
pharmacogenomic variation has also added new complexities to our design of pre-
dictive tools. We now recognize that acute infection and inflammation can also alter
drug disposition, which can lead to direct and indirect effects on drug-drug interac-
tions. To date, a comprehensive computer model that can integrate the effects of all
known covariates of drug-drug interaction has not been developed. Hence, clinical
intuition and vigilance remain key defenses against untoward drug-drug interac-
tions. As the editors of the third edition of Drug Interactions in Infectious Diseases
we are delighted to deliver a text that will enhance your clinical knowledge of the
complex mechanisms, risks, and consequences of drug interactions associated with
antimicrobials, infection, and inflammation.
One of the key strengths of this comprehensive textbook is the inclusion of
unique chapters on issues that are difficult to find in the medical literature. Chapters
on drug-cytokine interactions, food effects, and study design/data analysis remain
noteworthy examples. The third edition includes several improvements and changes.
The introductory chapter has been modified to encompass the regulatory guidance
on the evaluation of drug-drug interactions in order to provide a broad but practical
perspective on this topic. The book has been divided into three sections to provide a
better organization and structure. Four new chapters have been added to describe
interactions with a number of drug classes, which include, non-HIV antiviral agents,
antimalarial, antiparasitic, and macrolides, azalides and ketolides. The antiparasitic
and antimalarial chapters address key drug-drug interactions faced primarily by
patients in underdeveloped countries, which was not addressed in previous editions
of this book. There is also a novel chapter on probe cocktail studies, which serve as
important research tools in drug development. We are confident that the information
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viii Preface
provided in the detailed tables and text will provide new insights to the practicing
clinician, the academic instructor and the infectious disease researcher.
As always the quantity and quality of the information provided would not be
possible without the contributions of an excellent number of authors. We are
indebted to our authors for their time and diligence to ensure that this textbook
remains a premier reference for those engaged in the field of Infectious Diseases.
Finally, we thank our families for their continued support and encouragement
throughout this important and meticulous undertaking.
Stephen C. Piscitelli
Keith A. Rodvold
Manjunath P. Pai
Contents
1 Introduction to Drug-Drug Interactions ............................................... 1
David J. Greenblatt
2 Mechanisms of Drug Interactions I:
Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion ............................................... 11
Kevin C. Brown and Angela D.M. Kashuba
3 Mechanisms of Drug Interactions II: Transport Proteins .................. 43
Catia Marzolini, Manuel Battegay, and David Back
4 Drug-Food Interactions .......................................................................... 73
Kelly Sprandel-Harris, Liz Yoo, and Keith A. Rodvold
5 Interactions Between Herbs and Antiinfective Medications ............... 131
Scott R. Penzak
6 Drug-Cytokine Interactions ................................................................... 167
Jenna O. McNeil and Kerry B. Goralski
7 Beta-Lactam Antibiotics ......................................................................... 203
Larry H. Danziger and Melinda Neuhauser
8 Macrolides, Azalides, and Ketolides ...................................................... 243
Manjunath P. Pai
9 Quinolones ............................................................................................... 277
David R.P. Guay
10 Glycopeptides, Lipopeptides, and Lipoglycopeptides.......................... 333
Mary A. Ullman and John C. Rotschafer
11 Miscellaneous Antibiotics ....................................................................... 355
Gregory M. Susla
12 Drugs for Tuberculosis............................................................................ 401
Rocsanna Namdar and Charles A. Peloquin
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