Drug Abuse: Nonmedical Use of Dependence-Producing Drugs

291 Pages·1972·5.4 MB·English

by  Dr. Alfred Gellhorn (auth.)

DRUGABUSE
Nonmedical Use of Dependence-Producing Drugs
ADV ANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
Editorial Board:
Nathan Back Chairman, Department 0/ Biochemical Pharmacology, School 0/ Pharmacy,
State University 0/ New York, Buffalo, New York
N. R. Di Luzio Chairman, Department 0/ Physiology,
Tulane University School 0/ Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
Alfred Gellhorn University 0/ Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Bernard Halpern College de France,
Director 0/ the Institute 0/ Immuno.Biology, Paris, France
Ephraim Katchalski Department 0/ Biophysics, The Weizmann Institute 0/ Science,
Rehovoth, Israel
David Kritchevsky Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Abel Lajtha New Y ork State Research Institute /or Neurochemistry and Drug Addiction,
Ward's Island, New Y ork
Rodolfo Paoletti Institute 0/ Pharmacology, University 0/ Milan, Milan, Italy
Volume 1
THE RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Edited by N. R. Di Luzio and R. Paoletti • 1967
Volume2
PHARMACOLOGY OF HORMONAL POLYPEPTIDES AND PRO TEINS
Edited by N. Back, L. Martini, and R. Paoletti • 1968
Volume 3
GERM·FREE BIOLOGY: Experimental and Clinical Aspects
Edited by E. A. Mirand and N. Back' 1969
Volume 4
DRUGS AFFECTING LIPID METABOLISM
Edited by W. L. Holmes, L. A. Carlson, and R. Paoleui • 1969
Volume 5
LYMPHATIC TISSUE AND GERMINAL CENTERS IN IMMUNE RESPONSE
Edited by L. Fiore.Donati and M. G. Hanna, Jr.· 1969
Volume 6
RED CELL METABOLISM AND FUNCTION
Edited by George J. Brewer • 1970
Volume 7
SURFACE CHEMISTRY OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Edited by Martin Blank' 1970
Volume 8
BRADYKININ AND RELATED KININS: Cardiovascular, Biochemieal, and
Neural Actions
Edited hy F. Sicuteri, M. Rocha e Silva, and N. Back' 1970
Volume9
SHOCK: Biochemieal, Pharmacological, and Clinical Aspects
Edited by A. Bertelli and N. Back' 1970
Volume 10
THE HUMAN TESTIS
Edited by E. Rosemherg and C. A. Paulsen • 1970
Volume 11
MUSCLE METABOLISM DURING EXERCISE
Edited hy B. Pernow and B. Saltin • 1971
Volume 12
MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF IMMUNITY
Edited hy K. Lindahl.Kiessling, G. Alm, and M. G. Hanna, Jr. • 1971
Volume 13
CHEMISTRY AND BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
Edited hy R. Paoletti and A. N. Davison • 1971
Volume 14
MEMBRANE·BOUND ENZYMES
Edited hy G. Porcellati and F. di Jeso • 1971
Volume 15
THE RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM AND IMMUNE PHENOMENA
Edited hy N. R. Di Luzio and K. Flemming • 1971
Volume 16A
THE ARTERY AND THE PROCESS OF ARTERIOSCLEROSIS: Pathogenesis
Edited hy Stewart Wolf· 1971
Volume 16B
THE ARTERY AND THE PROCESS OF ARTERIOSCLEROSIS: Measurement and
Modification
Edited hy Stewart Wolf· 1971
Volume 17
CONTROL OF RENIN SECRETION
Edited hy Tatiana A. Assaykeen • 1972
Volume 18
THE DYNAMICS OF MERISTEM CELL POPULATIONS
Edited hy Morton W. Miller and Charles C. Kuehnert • 1972
Volume 19
SPHINGOLIPIDS, SPHlNGOLIPIDOSES AND ALLIED DISORDERS
Edited by Bruno W. Volk and Stanley M. Aronson • 1972
Volume 20
DRUG ABUSE: Nonmedical Use of Dependence.Producin!( Drugs
Edited by Simon Btesh. 1972
Volume 21
VASOACTIVE POLYPEPTIDES
Edited by N. Back and F. Sicllteri • 1972
DRUGABUSE
Nonmedical Use of Dependence-Producing Drugs
Proeeedings of the Sixth Round Table Conferenee organized by
the Couneil for International Organizations of Medieal Seienees
with the partieipation of the Uni ted Nations Edueational, Seien
tifie, and Cultural Organization and the W orld Health Organ
ization, Geneva, Switzerland, Oetober 20-21, 1971
Edited by
Dr. Simon Btesh
Executive Secretary, CIOMS
<=e
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK - LONDON· 1972
oe
Library Congress Catalog Card Number 76-190227
ISBN 978-1-4684-3212-1 ISBN 978-1-4684-3210-7 (eBook)
00110.1007/978-1-4684-3210-7
© 1972 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1972
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New Y ork, N .Y. 10011
United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London
A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd.
Davis House (4th Floor), 8 Scrubs Lane, Harlesden, London, NWI0 6SE, England
All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without
written permission from the publisher
Chairman: A. GELLHORN
Moderators: J. JACOB
D. X. FREEDMAN
K. EVANG
Speakers: R. ANDREASSON
K. BASH
P. BEEDLE
D. C. CAMERON
T. L. CHRUSCIEL
P. DENIKER
K. C. DUBE
G. EDWARDS
A. HUSAIN
H. ISBELL
P. KIELHOLZ
V. KUSEVIC
H. C. LEONG
J. MABILEAU
J. MENDELSON
J. de MOERLOOSE
B. REXED
S. SHOHAM
R. C. SMITH
L. STEINIG
Secretary: S. BTESH
NOTE ON CIOMS
The Council for International Organizations of Medical
Sciences was established in 1949 under the joint auspices of the
World Health Organization and UNESCO. The Council may be
regarded as a federation of non-governmental organizations
dedicated to the progress in the medical sciences. There are
more than fifty "international members" of the Council covering
not only the basic disciplines of medicine but also the various
clinical disciplines. In 1961 a category of "national members"
was created to enable a single national body such as anational
academy of medicine or sciences or a national research council
to be admitted as a member.
The work of the Council includes the following: the co
ordination of international congresses; the convening of inter
national meetings, especially, round table conferences on the
main problems of modern medicine; the establishment of an
International Nomenclature of Diseases in four languages (English,
French, Russian, Spanish).
The General Assembly of CIOMS, constituted of delegates of
its member organizations, meets every three years and appoints
an Executive Committee, which is in charge of administration
in the interval between meetings of the General Assembly. The
Secretariat is directed by the Executive Secretary.
The statutes of the Council have been altered in 1967, es
pecially in relation to the aims of the organization, which have
been broadened with a view to collaboration with the Uni ted
Nations and its specialized agencies, to encouragement of inter
national activities in the field of medical sciences, and to the
service in general of the scientific interests of the medical com
munity of the world.
RECENT CIOMS PUBLICATIONS
BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE and the DILEMMA of HUMAN EX
PERIMENTA TION. Round Table Conference, 1967, 110
pages, 13x21 crn. Published by Desoer, Liege, Belgiurn.
The PLANNING of INTERNA TIONAL MEDICAL MEETINGS,
1967, 115 pages, 20x25 crn. Published by the Union of
International Associations, 1, rue aux Laines, Brusse1s 1.
PROCEEDINGS of the SYMPOSIUM on SCIENCE POLICY
and BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH. 1968, 76 pages, 21x27 crn.
Published by UNESCO in the Series "Science policy studies
and docurnents" No. 16.
HEAR T TRANSPLANTATION Round Tab1e Conference, 1968
53 pages, 13x21 crn. Published by Desoer, Liege, Belgiurn.
EVALUA TION of DRUGS: WHOSE RESPONSIBILITY? Round
Table Conference, 1969, 101 pages, 13x21 crn. Published
by Desoer, Liege, Belgiurn.
MEDICAL RESEARCH: Priorities and Responsibilities.
Round Tab1e Conference, 1969, 156 pages, 13x21 crn.
Pub1ished by the World Health Organization, Geneva.
The TRAINING of RESEARCH WORKERS. Round Table
Conference, 1970, In Press.
Obtainable at the CIOMS Offices:
1 Rue Miollis (UNESCO), Paris, France.
Avenue Appia, (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
CONTENTS
Introduction - Dr Ao Gellhorn 9
0 0 0 •• 0 0 0 • 0 • 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Putting history on the agenda - Dro Go Edwards 15
000. • •
Factors associated with the use of dependence produc
ing drugs
Non-pharm.acological factors - Dro D. X. Freedm.an 25
00
Pharm.acological factors - Dr. Ho Isbell 35
0 0 •• 0 • 0 • 0 0 •
Cultural factors - Mr. S. Shoham. 48
00 •• 000 •• 0 0 .0. 00.
Psychosocial factors of alcoholism. - Dro J. H.
Mendelson 67
0 0 0 000 •• 000 0 0 0 • 0 0 00 • 0 0 0 0 0 0
Clinical research on dependence producing drugs -
Dr. Po Deniker o ... 70
0 0000 •• 0 • 00.0000.0
Perspectives in pharm.acological research on drug
dependence - Dro T. L. Chrusciel 77
0000
Current patterns of abuse of dependence producing
drugs
Patterns of drug abuse in France - Dr J. Mabileau 104
0 00
Patterns of drug abuse in Sweden - Prof. B. Rexed 111
00
Patterns of drug abuse in the United Kingdom. -
Mro P. Beedle 114
000000. 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 •• 00000
Patterns of drug abuse in Iran - Prof. K. W. Bash 118
000
Patterns of drug abuse in India - Dro K. C. Dubeo 123
0 0'0
Patterns of drug abuse in South East Asia -
Dro H. K Leong 128
00.0000000.00 0000. 0 '.
Dependence producing drugs and the traffic safety -
Dro R. Andreasson .. 138
0 0 00.0000.000000
Same research appraaches and strategies - Dr D C.
o o
Cam.eron 146
000000000000 0000 0 000 .0 •• 00 0
7
8
Preventive approaches to drug dependence
Legal approaches - Dr. J. de Moerloose • • • • • . • . • • • 172
International aspects of drug control - Mr. L.Steinig. 178
Educational approaches - Mr. A. Husain . ••.. .. •. .• 187
Community approaches - Dr. K. Evang .•. .•. ..•.•.• 193
Medical approaches - Prof. P. Kielholz ••.•.....•.• 204
The establishment of a community based treatment
programme - Dr. R. C. Smith ... •.•.. 214
Summary and Conclusion - Dr. A. Gellhorn . •• •.••• 249
Annex
The control of dependence producing drugs -
principles and trends of Nationallegislation - Dr. J.
de Moerloose . . • . • • . . . . . . . • •.. • . • .• .. 254
Drug abuse - the International point of view - Dr. V.
Kusevic ••.•.••....••..••..•....•••. 275
List of participants 281
Index .••••.••••.•.•...............•......•.••.•.• 289