Dressed Photons: Concepts of Light–Matter Fusion Technology

329 Pages·2014·12.85 MB·English

by  Motoichi Ohtsu (auth.)

Nano-Optics and Nanophotonics
Motoichi Ohtsu
Dressed Photons
Concepts of Light–Matter Fusion
Technology
Nano-Optics and Nanophotonics
For further volumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/8765
The Springer Series in Nano-Optics and Nanophotonics provides an expanding
selection of research monographs in the area of nano-optics and nanophotonics,
science- and technology-based on optical interactions of matter in the nanoscale
and related topics of contemporary interest. With this broad coverage of topics, the
series is of use to all research scientists, engineers and graduate students who need
up-to-date reference books. The editors encourage prospective authors to corre-
spond with them in advance of submitting a manuscript. Submission of manu-
scripts should be made to the editor-in-chief, one of the editors or to Springer.
Editor-in-Chief
Motoichi Ohtsu
Department of Electrical Engineering and Informations Systems, School of Engineering
The University of Tokyo
Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku 2-11-16, 113-8656 Tokyo, Japan
Motoichi Ohtsu
Dressed Photons
Concepts of Light–Matter Fusion
Technology
123
Motoichi Ohtsu
Department of Electrical Engineering
and Informations Systems
The University of Tokyo
Tokyo
Japan
ISSN 2192-1970 ISSN 2192-1989 (electronic)
ISBN 978-3-642-39568-0 ISBN 978-3-642-39569-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-39569-7
Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2013945799
Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or
information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief
excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the
purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the
work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of
the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must
always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the
Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt
from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of
publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for
any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with
respect to the material contained herein.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
A dressed photon is a virtual photon that dresses material energy, specifically, the
energy of an electron–hole pair, in nanometric space. A quarter of a century has
passed since the author pioneered basic research on the dressed photon, and even
20 years have passed since he proposed nanophotonics, which is a novel optical
technology exploiting the dressed photon. This technology, which is neither wave-
optical technology nor materials technology but a mixture of the two, should be
named ‘‘Light-Matter Fusion Technology.’’ Although the number of researchers
engaged in this technology was quite small in its early stages, it has been rapidly
increasing in recent years, and a number of related industries have been born.
In view of the rapid growth of this technical field, the purpose of this book is to
disseminate the concepts of the dressed photon. First, Chap. 1 surveys the topics to
be discussed in this book. Chapters 2–4 describe the fundamental concepts and
theories of dressed photons, using a combination of concepts from optical science,
quantum field theory, and condensed matter physics. In Chaps. 5–8, several
applications are reviewed. Since the technologies enabling these applications are
rapidly progressing, it is recommended that readers refer to the original papers or
review articles for details. Finally, Chap. 9 summarizes the topics and presents a
future outlook on the field. As supplementary material, Appendices A–H describe
related topics and give detailed derivations of the equations appearing in this book.
During the course of establishing the fundamentals and developing applications
of dressed photons, the author has gotten a lot of suggestions and comments from
leading scientists in the relevant fields of research. Furthermore, fruitful discus-
sions have been held with many young, active scientists, from whom the author
has been greatly enlightened.
Since the dressed photon is now being applied to establish generic technologies
for constructing infrastructures that will be needed for future society, this book
will provide scientific and technical information about dressed photons to scien-
tists, engineers, and students who are and will be engaged in this field.
The author thanks Drs. T. Kawazoe, T. Yatsui, N. Tate, W. Nomura, K. Kitamura
(The University of Tokyo), Dr. Naruse (National Institute of Information and
Communications Technology), Dr. K. Kobayashi (Yamanashi University),
Dr. S. Sangu (Ricoh, Co. Ltd.), and Dr. Y. Tanaka (JFE Steel Corp.) for their
collaborations in research on dressed photons. He also extends special thanks to
v
vi Preface
Drs. M. Tsukada (Tohoku University), H. Hori, and I. Banno (Yamanashi Univer-
sity) for their encouragement throughout the course of the author’s research work.
Several application technologies of dressed photons, reviewed in Chaps. 5–8,
were developed through academia–industry collaborations under arrangements
made by the Specified Nonprofitt Corporation ‘‘Nanophotonics Engineering
Organization.’’ Finally, the author is grateful to Dr. C. Acheron of Springer–
Verlag for his guidance and suggestions throughout the preparation of this book.
May 2013, Tokyo Motoichi Ohtsu
Abeunt studia in mores.
Publius Ovidius Naso, Heroides, VI, 83
Contents
1 What is a Dressed Photon?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Comparison with Conventional Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Light–Matter Interactions via Dressed Photons . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Energy Transfer Between Nanomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 Novel Phenomena Arising from Further Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5 Symbols for Quantum Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 Physical Picture of Dressed Photons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1 Virtual Photons Dressing Material Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Range of Interaction Mediated by Dressed Photons . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.1 Effective Interaction Between Nanomaterials . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.2 Size-Dependent Resonance and Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . 33
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3 Energy Transfer and Relaxation by Dressed Photons . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.1 Coupled States Originating from Two Energy Levels. . . . . . . . . 37
3.2 Principles of Dressed-Photon Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.2.1 Dressed-Photon Devices Using Two Quantum Dots . . . . 43
3.2.2 Dressed-Photon Devices Using Three Quantum Dots . . . 47
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4 Coupling Dressed Photons and Phonons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.1 Novel Molecular Dissociation and the Need
for a Theoretical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.1.1 Unique Phenomena of Molecular Dissociation
by Dressed Photons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.1.2 Lattice Vibrations in the Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.2 Transformation of the Hamiltonian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.2.1 Diagonalization by Unitary Transformation . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.2.2 Physical Picture of the Quasi-Particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.2.3 The Equilibrium Positions of Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.3 Localization Mechanism of Dressed Photons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.3.1 Conditions for Localization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
vii
viii Contents
4.3.2 Position of Localization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.4 Light Absorption and Emission via Dressed-Photon–Phonons . . . 82
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5 Devices Using Dressed Photons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.1 Structure and Function of Dressed-Photon Devices . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.1.1 Devices Utilizing Energy Dissipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.1.2 Devices in Which Coupling with Propagating
Light is Controlled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.2 Characteristics of Dressed-Photon Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.2.1 Low Energy Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.2.2 Tamper-Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.2.3 Skew Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.2.4 Autonomy in Energy Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
6 Fabrication Using Dressed Photons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
6.1 Molecular Dissociation by Dressed-Photon–Phonons . . . . . . . . . 137
6.1.1 Comparison Between Experiments and Theories . . . . . . . 137
6.1.2 Deposition by Molecular Dissociation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
6.2 Lithography Using Dressed-Photon–Phonons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
6.3 Fabrication by Autonomous Annihilation
of Dressed-Photon–Phonons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6.3.1 Smoothing a Material Surface by Etching . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6.3.2 Repairing Scratches on a Substrate Surface
by Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
6.3.3 Other Related Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
7 Energy Conversion Using Dressed-Photons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
7.1 Conversion From Optical to Optical Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
7.1.1 Multi-Step Excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
7.1.2 Non-Degenerate Excitation and Applications . . . . . . . . . 184
7.2 Conversion From Optical to Electrical Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.2.1 Multi-Step Excitation and Autonomous Fabrication. . . . . 191
7.2.2 Wavelength Selectivity and Light Emission . . . . . . . . . . 195
7.3 Conversion From Electrical to Optical Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
7.3.1 Autonomous Device Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
7.3.2 Device Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
7.3.3 Applications to Other Related Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Contents ix
8 Spatial Features of the Dressed-Photon and its Mathematical
Scientific Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
8.1 Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
8.1.1 Hierarchical Memory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
8.1.2 Hierarchy Based on the Constituents
of Nanomaterials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
8.1.3 Hierarchy and Local Energy Dissipation . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
8.1.4 Applications Exploiting the Differences Between
Propagating Light and Dressed Photons . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
8.2 Conversion From an Electric Quadrupole
to an Eelectric Dipole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
8.3 Probe-Free Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
8.3.1 Magnified Transcription of the Spatial Distribution
of the Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
8.3.2 Spatial Modulation of the Energy Transfer
Between Quantum Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
8.4 Mathematical Scientific Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
8.4.1 Formation of Nanomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
8.4.2 Statistical Modeling of Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
9 Summary and Future Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
9.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
9.2 Future Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Appendix A: Multipolar Hamiltonian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Appendix B: Elementary Excitation and Exciton-Polariton . . . . . . . . . 259
Appendix C: Projection Operator and Effective
Interaction Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Appendix D: Transformation from Photon Base to Polariton Base . . . 275
Appendix E: Derivation of the Equations
for Size-Dependent Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Appendix F: Energy States of a Semiconductor Quantum Dot . . . . . . 283