Drawing the Line: The Origin of the American Containment Policy in East Asia PDF
Preview Drawing the Line: The Origin of the American Containment Policy in East Asia
Drawing the Line The Origin of the American Containment Policy in East Asia DR AWING The Origin of the THE LINE American Containment Policy in East Asia ROBERT M. BLUM W • W • N O R T O N & C O M P A N Y New York • London Copyright © 1982 by Robert M. Blum All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada by George J. McLeod Limited, Toronto. Printed in the United States of America. The text of this book is composed in Baskerville, with display type set in Weiss Bold. Manufacturing by The Haddon Craftsmen, Inc. Book design by A. Christopher Simon. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA Blum, Robert M. Drawing the line. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. East Asia—Foreign relations—United States. 2. United States—Foreign relations—East Asia. I. Title. DS518.8.B58 327.7305 82-2187 AACR2 ISBN 0-3^3-015135-3 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10110 W. W. Norton & Company Ltd. 37 Great Russell Street, London WCiB 3NU 1234567890 This study is dedicated to my parents, MARGARET MORTON and LEON SCHNEIDER BLUM Contents Preface xi 1. CHINA ROOTS 3 Introduction 3 America and the Chinese Civil War 6 Formosa and the Nationalists 8 The Communist Puzzle 10 Truman and the State Department 13 “National Military Establishment” 16 National Security Council 17 The Friends of China 18 2. CHINA POLICY SMORGASBORD, 3 MARCH 1949 Policy Papers 24 Aid to Communists? 25 Military Aid for the Nationalists? 28 Paper Policies 30 American China Policies 34 3. FIRST CHINA BLOC OFFENSIVE 38 Round Robin, 7 February 38 McCarran’s Bill 41 Aid for Formosa 44 House Hearings 44 Muted Candor and Compromise 46 4. PROSPECTS FOR CHINESE TITOISM 50 The Trade Weapon 51 The Recognition Weapon 52 Talks with Huang Hua 54 The Chou Démarché 56 “Almost an Invitation” to Peiping 61 CONTENTS 5. RENEWED CHINA BLOC OFFENSIVE 65 Spring and Summer Noise 66 “Pink Cells” in FE 68 Korean Aid: A Surrogate China Issue 70 MAP and the Chennault Plan 72 The Moderates Attack Bipartisanship 76 6. STATE DEPARTMENT COUNTERATTACK 80 Mid-Summer Chill 80 Small Rays of Hope 84 Public Relations Offensive 87 “U.S. Policy and Action in Asia” 89 The White Paper 92 To the Brink of Reintervention 95 7. SOUTHEAST ASIA POLICY, SPRING-SUMMER 1949 Postwar Background 104 French Indochina 106 American Perception 108 The Troubled Career of PPS-51 112 Indochina Policy and the June Démarché 115 The Unexplored Alternative 118 Postscript 123 8. MONEY FOR THE “GENERAL AREA OF CHINA” The Origins of MAP 125 A Giant Contingency Fund 127 False Start 129 Disaster in the House 131 The First Knowland Offensive 133 The Department Counterattacks 135 A “Sop” for Knowland 138 9. DIVIDING THE PIE 143 Peking Seeks Recognition 144 Bleak Southeast Asian Prospects 147 Foreign Requests for 303 Funds 148 The Administration’s Plans 150 Acheson Remains Hard Line 153 October Policy Review 154 Policy Review Payoff 158 CONTENTS 10. POLICY SHOWDOWN: NSC-48 160 Pulling Back the President 161 Formosa Review 165 Louis Johnson and NSC-48 168 The 1 December Meeting 170 The Military Blitz 172 Policy Climax 175 11. CONTAINMENT OF COMMUNIST CHINA 178 Formosa Weeks 178 Aid for Korea and Formosa 184 McCarthy and the Bipartisan Counteroffensive 187 Slippage of the Tito Policy 191 Rusk Takes FE 193 12. CONTAINMENT IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 198 Extension of the 303 Formula 200 Military Aid Authorized 202 Muffled Doubts 204 303 Fund Dispersement and Renewal 210 13. CONCLUSION 214 Abbreviations and Acronyms 221 Bibliography 222 Notes 231 Index 263 IX
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