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DRAUGHTSMAN CIVIL THEORY VOCATIONAL EDUCATION Higher Secondary - Second Year ‘A Publication under Goverament of Tamilnadu Disuibution of Free ‘Textbook Programme (SOT FOR SALF) Untouchability is a sin ‘Untouchability is a crime Untouchebility is inhuman Ak "2, TAMLLNADU Ig) TEXTBOOK CORPORATION ‘S) COLLEGE ROAD, CITENNAT-600 006, © Government of Tanita inst Kaition - 2011 CHAIRPERSON Dr. P, PERUMAL Professor and Head Deparunent of Civil Lagineering, Government College of Fngineering Salem - 636.011 AUTHORS Prof. V. RAJKUMAR. Frof. M. ANBARASU, ‘Associate Professor Assistant Professor Department of Civil Enginccring Department of Civil Lngineeting Govemment College of Engineering Government College of Enginecring Salem - 636 01 Salem - 636 011 Mr R. RAVI Mr VV. BALAJL ‘Vocational Teacher Vocational Teacher ScaguntheMahajana Hr, See. School Government Hr. Soe. School Tharamangalam - 636502 ‘Mettur Dam - 636 401 Salem Dist Salom Dist ‘This bouk hay boon prepared by the Direulorate ef School Educa on behalf of the Government of Tamilnadu This book has been printed on 60 G.S.M Paper Printed by Wed Offset at : Y¥LLABU UNIT -1 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 11 ROOF + INTRODUCTION - REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD ROOK CLASSIFICATION GE ROOFS - SLOPING. / PITCHED ROOF - TECHNICAL ‘TERMS USED JN PITCHED ROOF - TYPES OF PITCHED ROOF- TYPES OF SINGLE ROOF - DOUBLE ROOF OR PURLIN ROOF -"TRUSSED ROOF - FLAT ROOP ADVANTAGES AN D DISADVANTAGES OF FLAT ROOF, 1.2. ROOFING MATERIALS : ROOF COVERING MATERIALS - POINTS TO BE (CONSIDERED DURING THE SELECTION OF ROOFING MATERIALS -TYPES (OF COVERING SIIKETS FOR PITUIED ROOK-MODERN ROOFING SUEETS, 13. PAINTS AND VARNISUBS : INGREDIENTS OF PAINT - CLARACTERISTICS AND LSES OF PAINTS -TYPES OF PAINTS = COMPARISON BETWEEN ENAMEL PAINT AND CEMENT PAINT - METHOD OF PAINTING OLD AND NEW WOOD WORK - METIIOD OF PAINTING OLD AND NEW IRON AND STEEL WORKS - PROCEDURE OF CEMENT PAINTING ON WALL SURFACE - IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE PAINTING - DEFECTS IN PAINTING, CAUSES AND PRECAUTIONS — VARNISLIES - INGREDIENTS OF VARNISHES. - TYPES OF VARNISH - PROPERTIES OF VARNISH - U VARNISHES- VARNISHING ON WOOD WORK. 9 OF 14 ADMIXTURESINCEMENT : TYPES OF ADMIXTURES IN CEMENT. 15. PLASTEROF PARIS: USES OF PLASTEROF PARIS 16 ACOUSTICS: ACOUSTICAL INSULATION MATERIALS. 1 PLASTICS: USES OF PLASTICS-TYPESOF PLASTICS. LB PVC:ADVANTAGES OF PVC DOORS AND WINDOWS. DISADVANTAGES OF PVE BOORS AND WINDOWS - ADVANTAGES OF PVC PIPES - DISADVANTAGESOF PYCPIDES. 19 MODERN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS : CERAMICS GLASS - ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIALS - FLY ASH GYPSUM RUBBER - ‘COMPOSITE MATERIALS UNIT-IT PLANNING OF HOUSE 2.1 INTRODUCTION :IMPORTANCEOF HOUSE ORIENTATION. 22. SITE SELECTION: FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED DURING SITE SELECTION PRINCIPLES OF ORGAN IZINGA HOUSE. 23 HOUSEPLAN:RUOMS IN A HOUSE 24 HOUSING | IOUSING DEMAND -TYPES OF RESIDENTIAL OUSES, UNIT-TI WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING 3.1 INTRODUCTION : MED FOR PROTECTED WATER SLPPLY - OBJBCTIVES OF PLBLIC WATER SUPPLY SCHEME - PLANNING OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEME - WATER DEMAND - TYPES OF DEMANDS- PERCAPITADEMAKD- FACTORS AFFECTING ‘THLE PER.CAPITA DEMAND. 3.2. SOURCESOF WATER :SURFACESULRCES-§ 3.3 QUALITY OF WATER : IMPURITIES IN WATER AND ITS CLASSIFICATION - WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS. 34 TREATMENT OF WATER: A LAYOUT OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT SCREENING SEDIMENTATION - THEORY OF SEDIMENTATION -TYPESOF SEDIMENTATION - CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTATION ‘TANKS. FILTRATION- THEORY OF FILTRATION - TYPESOF FILTERS 3.5 DISINFECTION OF WATER : NECESSITY OF DISINEECTION - METHODS OF DISINFECTION - SOME EASY METLIODS OF DISINFECTION OF WATER - CHLORINATION, 3.6 WATER SOFTENING : PURPOSE OF WATER SOFTENING - HARDNESS OF WATER 37 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OF WATER : REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM-DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF SUPPLYING WATER. UNIT-IV SANITARY ENGINEERING 4.1 INTRODUCTION : PURPOSE OF SANITATION - DEFINITION OF TERMS - COLLECTION AND CONVEYANCE OF REFUSE - SYSTEMS OF SEWERAGE - QUANTITY OF SEWAGE - CONSTRUCTION OF SEWERS - SEWER APPURTENANCES. 42. QUALITY OF SEWAGE : PROPERTIES OF SEWAGE. 43 TREATMENT OF SEWAGE : FLOW DIAGRAM OF SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEM, 44 SEPTIC TANKS : PRINCIPLE AND WORKING OF A SEPTIC TANK - CONSTRUCTION DETALS OF SEPTIC TANK - OPERATION AND MAINTENARCE-SOAKEIT. 43. SLUDGE DISPOSAL : SLUDGE - QUANTITY OF SLUDGE - METHODS OF SLUDGE DISPOSAL. 46 POLLUTION CONTROL : WATER POLLUTION - TYPES OF WATER POLLUTION - EFFECTS OF WATER POLLL TION - PREVENTIVE MEASURES TOCONTROL WATER POLLUTION, 47 AIR POLLUTION | SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION - EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON HUMAN BEINGS - EFFECTS ON ANIMALS - EFFECTS ON PLANTS (VEGETATION) - EFFECTS ON MATERIALS - EFFECT ON TEMPERATURE - EFFECTS ON ECONOMIC CONDITIONS - PREVENTION ANDCONTROLOF AIR POLLUTION. ‘UNIT-V AESTHETICS OF AHOUSE, 5.1 INTRODUCTION : IMPORTANCE OF GOOD TASTE -ELEMENTS OF ART - REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD STRUCTURAL DESIGN - REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD DECORATIVE DESIGN - PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN - COLOUR AND COLOUR BLENDING - CHARACTERISTICS OF COLOURS - PRANG COLOUR WHEEL - COLOUR HARMONIES - SELECTION OF COLOURS FOR HOME - GENERAL - HOME FURNISHING AND DECORATION - POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED ‘WHILE SELECTING FURNITURES - ARRANGEMENT OF FURNITURES- FURNITURES IX VARIOUS ROOMS, UNIT-VI SURVEYING 6.1 INTRODUCTION : DEFINITION OBJECTIVE - USES OF SURVEYTNt PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF SURVEYING - CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING. 62 CHAIN SURVEYING : DEFINITION - OBJECTIVES OF CHAIN SURVEYING - INSTRUMENTS FOR CHAIN SURVEYING RANGING - OBSTACLES INCHAINING-ERRORSIX CHAINING, 63. LEVELLING : DEFINITION - TECHNICAL TERMS - BENCH MARK AND. ITS TYPES - REDUCED LEVEL - LEVELLING INSTRUMENTS - DIFFERENT TYPES OF LEVELS — SETTING UP THE INSTRUMENT - LEVELLING STAFF -REDUCTION OFLEVELS. ‘HYDRAULICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY 7.1 HYDRALLICS + INTRODUCTION FLUIDS - PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS - PRESSURE (P)- PRESSURE JJEAD -IIYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON SURFACE, = TOTAL PRESSURE - CENTRE OF PRESSURE - DEPTII OF CENTRE OF PRESSURE - TLIREE TYPES OF IMMERSED PLANE SURFACE AIREA - FLOW ‘THROUGH ORIFICE - CLASSIFICATION OF ORIFICE - VENA CONTRACTA - HYDRALILICCO-EFFICIENTS- FLOW THROUGH ANORIFICE, 7.2 FLOW THROUGH PIPES : PIPE - TYPES OF FLOW - CRITICAL VELOCITY HYDRAULIC GRADIENT LINE - TOTAL ENERGY LINE - LOSS OF HEAD - WETTED PERIMETER(P) - HYDRAULIC MEAN DEPTHGM) - CURZY'S FORMULA USED FOR ‘HE DETERMINATION OF LOSS OF EAD DUE TO FRICTION - DARCY'S FORMULA FOR FINDING LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO FRICTION- DARCY'S FRMULA FOR FINDING DISCHARGE, 73. FLOW THROUGH CHANKELS : AREA OF CHAXNEL(A) - WETTED PERIMETER(?) - HYDRAULIC MEAN DEPTH(M) - DISCHARGE THROUGH (CHANNELS USING CHBZY'S FORMULA - FORMULAE FOR FINDING AREA, WETTED PERIMETER AND [IYDRAULIC MEAN DEPTIL - MOST ECONOMICAL SECTION FORCUANNELS. 74 IIYDRAULIC MACLINERY : PLMPS - CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS - TYPES. (OF PUMPS - ALR VESSELS - COMPARISON BETWEEN SINGLE ACTING AND DOUBLE ACTING RECIPROCATING PUMPS - CENTRIFUGAL PUMP - COMPARISON OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP AND RECIPROCATING PUMP. UNIT-VaL ‘HIGHWAY ENGINEERING 8.1 INTRODUCTION : DEFINITION - CHARACTERISTICS OF ROAD TRANSPORT = USES OF ROADS - LUSTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF ROADS IN INDIA - NAGPUR PLAN -CLASSIFICATION OF RUADS- CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS ACCORDING TO LOCATION AND FUNCTION - CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TMI MATERIAL USED FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION, 2.2, [IIGIDWAY GEOMETRIC DESIGN : ROAD STRUCTURE -CAMBER OI CROSS SLOPE OR CROSS FALL- IRC RECOMMENDATIONS BOR ROAD CAMBER - USES OF CAMBER - TYPES OF CAMBER - SUPER ELEVATION - ADVANTAGES OF SUPER ELEVATION - ROAD GRADIERT - FACTORS AFFECTING GRADIENT - TYPES OF GRADIENT SIGUT DISTANCE. TYPES OF SIGHT DISTANCE, B3 MATERIALS FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION : TYPES OF ROAD AGGREGATES - REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD AGGREGATE - TESTS FOR AGGREGATES -TESTS FOR BITL MINOUS MATERIAL. 84 STABILISATION AND CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS : OBJECTS OF SOIL STABILIZATION - METHODS OF SOIL STABILIZATION - BARTH ROADS - CONSTRUCTION OF EARTH ROAD - MAINTEKANCE OF EARTH ROAD - GRAVEL ROADS - METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION OF GRAVEL ROAD - CONSTRUCTION OF GRAVEL ROAD - CONSTRUCTION OF WATER BOURD MACADAM ROAD (W.BM. ROAD) - DEFECTS OF WBM ROAD - CONSTRUCTION OF BITCMINOUS ROADS - CONCRETE ROADS - METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION OF CEMENT CONCRETE ROADS - CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE FOR CEMENT CONCRETE ROADS - MERITS OF CONCRETE, ROADS- DEMERITSOF CONCRETE ROADS. £5, ROAD SIGNALS : ROAD SIGNALS - SITUATIONS FOR INSTALLATION OF SIGNALS -TYPES OF SIGNALS, 8.6, ROADSIGNS : PURPOSE OF ROAD SIGNS - TYPES OF ROAD SIGNS. 87. ROAD ACCIDENTS : CAUSES OF RUAD ACCIDENTS - EFFECTS OF ROAD ACCIDENTS - SAFETY MEASURES. 8. ROAD SIDE DEVELOPMENTS : LSES OF ROAD SIDE ARBORICULTURE - SELECTION OF TREES FOR ROAD SIDE ARBORICULTURE. HYDRACLICS FORMULA DENSITY Massof fluid (M) Denies Ol otameaf uid 6) SPECINIC WEIGHI'/ WEIGHT DENSITY w Specific weight(w) =~ Spe ightéw) = RELATIVE DENSITY / SPECIFIC GRAVITY. weight den ‘weight density of water S (for liquids) = ty of Hguid weight density of gas S (for gases) == ; weight density of air SQUARE PLATE ‘Area of plate (A) a Momeut of inertia (1) a Total pressure (P) =wAx o. . Joys Depth of centre of pressure (h) = GE+E RCTANGULAR PLALK Arca of the plate (A) ‘Moment of inertia (a) Tonal pressure (P) Depth of centee of pressure (F) viii CIRCULAR PLATE Area of the plate (A) ate 2 xa! Moment of inedtia Uy) = xe “Total pressure (F) =WAF nyt of cone of pressure () — Depth pressure Ch) — WETTED PERIMETER P= xd HYDRAULIC MEAN DEPTH (m) Area of flaw (A) wetted perimetenP) madd Hycraulic mean depth (mi) — ‘CHEZY’S FORMULA USED FOR DETERMINATIONOF LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO FRICTION Mean velocity of flow , VEC Via? we got Alot = & oss of houd due to friction fy DARCY'S FORMULA FOR FLNDING THE DISCHARGE, FORMULAE FOR FINDING AREA, WETTED PERIMETER AND HYDRAULIC MEAN DEPTH: Parameter Rectangle Teapoasial Azbxd Weited Perimeter Pabt2d Hsdrutie Mean depth | yg At ote Po b+2d Po opt 2dvl-, Quantity of discharge Q =A xV % 10. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1 PLANNING OF HOUSE oy WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING 5 SANITARY ENGINEERING a AESTHETICS 90 SURVEYING 107 HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULIC MACHINERY 134 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING 166 MODEL QUESTION PAPER 194 BLUE PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER 198