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Dedicating to “MISSILE MAN” Dr APJ Abdul Kalam GENETIC ARCHITECTURE OF DUAL PURPOSE PIGEONPEA [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE NAVSARI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY NAVSARI IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy IN GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING BY HAIMILKUMAR KAMLESHKUMAR JOSHI M.Sc. (Agri.) DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING N. M. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE NAVSARI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY NAVSARI – 396 450 GUJARAT, INDIA JULY 2015 (Reg. No.: 04-1242-2012) Abstract GENETIC ARCHITECTURE OF DUAL PURPOSE PIGEONPEA [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] Name of Student Major Advisor HAIMILKUMAR K. JOSHI Dr. D. A. CHAUHAN (Reg. No. 04-01242-2012) DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING N. M. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE NAVSARI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY NAVSARI - 396 450 ABSTRACT The present investigation was undertaken with a view to know the extent of heterosis, combining ability, G x E interactions and stability parameters for dual purpose pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]. The hybrids were developed by adopting complete diallel mating design involving a set of 36 pigeonpea entries including six parents, 30 crosses and two parental inbred-lines viz., vegetable purpose released variety GT-1 and grain purpose released variety Vaishali as checks in randomized block design with three replications at Bharuch, Hansot and Navsari during kharif - 2014. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among parents and hybrids for most of the characters indicating presence of genetic variability. Significant heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis over GT-1 and Vaishali for green pod yield per plant, dry seed yield per plant and majority of the yield components suggested that there is a good scope of exploiting heterosis and also possibilities of isolating desirable segregants. AVPP-1 x Vaishali, Vaisahli x GT-1 and ICPL-87119 x GT-1 recorded highest heterotic values for green pod yield as well as dry seed yield per plant. The combining ability analysis revealed significant general and specific combining ability variances for all the characters across the environments and these variances were largely influenced by the environments. Reciprocal variances were found to be significant for number of characters. The specific combining ability variances were found to be more important compared to general combining ability variances for all the traits indicated preponderance of non-additive gene effects. A fairly close association between per se performance of parents and their GCA effects were observed for green pod yield, dry seed yield and its related traits. Similarly, strong relationship between per se performance hybrids and their SCA effects were also observed for all the traits. Parents, AVPP-1, GT-1 and BP-06-33 were found to be promising due to their high yield potential and significant general combining ability effects for yield and its attributes. The cross combinations AVPP-1 x Vaishali, GT-1 x Vaishali and ICPL- 87119 x Vaishali recorded the highest SCA effects for green pod yield as well as dry seed yield per plant and resulted from good x poor, average x poor and average x poor general combiners, respectively. Stability analysis revealed significant differences among genotypes and among environments for all the characters studied except days to flowering and days to maturity in environments. Parents, AVPP-1 and GT-1 reflected high responsiveness and stable performance across favourable environments, while BP-06-33 reflected better suitability for unfavourable environments. With respect to stability parameters, hybrids AVPP-1 x GT-1, ICPL- 87119 x Vaishali and BP-06-33 x ICPL- 87119 were average responsive and recommended for dual purpose pigeonpea across all the environments. They were also found stable for four to six yield attributing component traits. On the basis of per se performance, heterosis, combining ability estimates and stability involved in the expression of yield and its components, the parent AVPP-1 and the hybrid AVPP-1 x GT-1 (G x A) was identified as superior for future breeding programme. Dr. D. A. Chauhan, Associate Research Scientist (PB), Pulses and Castor Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari-396450. C E R T I F I C A T E This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Genetic architecture of dual purpose pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]” submitted by Shri H. K. Joshi in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Genetics and Plant Breeding of the Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari is a record of bonafide research work carried out by him under my guidance and supervision and the thesis has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma or other similar title. Place: Navsari (D. A. Chauhan) Date: July, 2015. Major Advisor D E C L A R A T I O N This is to declare that the whole of the research work reported in this thesis “Genetic architecture of dual purpose pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]” for the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Genetics and Plant Breeding by the undersigned is the result of investigations carried out by me under direct guidance and supervision of Dr. D. A. Chauhan, Associate Research Scientist (PB), Pulses and Castor Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari and that no part of the work has been submitted for any other degree so far. Place: Navsari (H. K. Joshi) Date: July, 2015. Countersigned by (D. A. Chauhan) Associate Research Scientist (PB), Pulses and Castor Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari-396450. Gujarat State A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T This thesis represents not only my work at the keyboard, but also a milestone in more than two years of research work at Navsari Agricultural University and specifically within the Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding. The doctorate thesis is one such major event with typically a long, solitary and often stressful journey but not so in my case. I have been fortunate enough to have a good mix of supportive, skillful and strenuous guide and friends at various stages of my thesis journey. Some walked and guided along throughout the journey; some joined and helped me whenever they are called and needed; and few appeared out of the blue to keep me walking on right path. Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr. D. A. Chauhan for the continuous support throughout mine doctorate study and research, for his motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. I have been amazingly fortunate to have an advisor who gave me the freedom to explore on my own, and at the same time the guidance to recover when my steps faltered. His patience helped me overcome many crisis situations and finish this thesis. I am deeply grateful to him for the long discussions that helped me sort out the technical details of my work. I am also thankful to him for encouraging the use of correct grammar and consistent notation in my writings and for carefully reading and commenting on countless revisions of this manuscript. I hope that one day I would become as good an advisor to my students as Digu sir has been to me. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my Doctorate study. Besides my advisor, I would like to thank the rest of my thesis committee: Dr A. V. Narwade, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding my “Khaas” teacher and Dr. H. R. Pandya, Professor and Head, Dept. of Agricultural Statistics for their encouragement, insightful comments, and “SPAR 1.0” skills. This acknowledgement will be incomplete without the mention of Dr. M. R. Naik, Professor and Head, Dept. of Genetics & Plant Breeding, N.M. College of Agriculture, Navsari. I would like to thank him for his assistance and guidance in getting my post graduate career started on the right foot and providing me with the foundation for becoming a synthetic breeder. I believe that his actions provided me with the unique opportunity to gain a wider breadth of experience. I also extend my special thanks to Dr. A. I. Patel, Assistant Professor, ASPEE College of Horticulture & Forestry, for providing me with the help as and when necessary. I express similar kind of feeling for Dr. Kaushal Modha, my favourite teacher, I am indebted to him for helping me during the statistical analysis. I would like to thank my fellow batchmates and mine roomies: Gopal, Yagnesh, Rameez and Sahil for the stimulating discussions, for the sleepless nights we were working together before deadlines, and for all the fun we have had in the last three years. It is hard to find right kind of words to articulate my feelings towards them. I also deeply acknowledge unbeatable help rendered by Naveen, to make me master piece in the MS-EXCEL. I am also thankful to NMCA, NAU for providing me platform and DST INSPIRE, Dept. of Science & Technology, Ministry of Science & Technology, Govt. of India for providing me financial support throughout my doctorate curriculum. I thank my parents, DeepKamal, for their faith in me and allowing me to be as ambitious as I wanted. It was under their watchful eye that I gained so much drive and an ability to tackle challenges head on. Their support has been unconditional all these years; they have cherished with me every great moment and supported me whenever I needed it. Also like to thank and dedicating my work to the lunatic ‘Hitler’ didi Chinmayi by lending me her brain and her immense love. She has given up many things for me to be at NAU. Her love fits in no side! I would also like to thank my saltie crunchie mathabharie cousins Vaid and Chunnu for being with me and making my life much more special. Finally, and most importantly, I would like to thank Amee. Her support, encouragement, quiet patience and unwavering love were undeniably the bedrock upon which the past nine years of my life have been built. Last but not the least; will finish in style “#Ta…thaiya thaiya ta thai……#Doctors on the way…… Place: Navsari Date: July, 2015 (Haimil Kamal Joshi)