Fazl Ali College Journal, ISSN:2319-6769, Vol. 7 (2017) 43 - 55 Dr. Ambedkar's Contribution to Federalism Enshrined in the Constitution of India Aniruddha Vithal Babar Seedling School of Law and Governance, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan. Received : 5 June 2017 Abstract The founding fathers of the Constitution of India felt a need for a strong Centre because of prevailing social economic and political conditions. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar said in the Constituent Assembly: "The Indian Constitution is a federal Constitution in as much as it established what may be called a dual polity which will consist of the Union at the Centre and the States at the periphery each endowed with sovereign powers to be exercised in the field assigned to them respectively by the Constitution". However, he asserted that the Indian Constitution avoided the tight mound of federalism in which the American Constitution was trapped, and could be both unitary as well as federal according to the requirements of time and circumstances. Federalism in brief constitutes a complex governmental mechanism in which the powers of the government are divided between a government for the whole country and government for the parts of the country in such a way that each government is legally independent within its own sphere. The draft Constitution prepared by constituent assembly under the wise leadership of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar provided for the division of power between the Union government and the government in the states have been successful for a large and diverse country like India. Key words: Ambedkar, Federalism, India, Constitution Introduction federal constitutions followed by the Canadian and Australian constitution respectively. It may be Federalism isn’t about states’ rights. It’s traced that the Federal principle was adopted in about dividing power to better protect the Government of India Act 19354 and the same individual liberty. was reinserted in the draft constitution by the — Elizabeth Price Foley Constitution Assembly. A Constitution is the legal document in which Dr. B. R. Ambedkar feels it convenient to describe various governing principles are established, Indian constitution as both Federal and Unitary. He functions and procedural aspects of the government opines that it works as a federal constitution under are specified under which different organs of the the normal condition and as Unitary during the war government work. Constitution is the supreme law orcrisis. Federal Principle:The principle may be of the land which is ascertained by Kelsen1 as the understood as ‘the method of dividing powers, “Grund Norm”2 in his Pure Theory of law3. The so that the general and regional governments American Constitution is the pioneer of all the are each within a sphere of co-ordinate and Email: [email protected] 43 Aniruddha Vithal Babar/FAC Journal, ISSN:2319-6769, Vol. 7 (2017) 43 - 55 independent; and not sub-ordinate to each them6. Therefore, Professor A. V. Dicey7 in his other- Professor Wheare. The existence of co- celebrated work described “A federal State is a ordinate authorities independent of each other political contrivance intended to reconcile national is the gift of the federal principal whereas the unity and power with the maintenance of ‘state supreme sovereign power is vested with the only rights’88. AfederalStatecanbebetterunderstood central organ which ultimately controls the state by comparing with the unitary State. “.…federalism in a unitary form of government. Federalism is is a form of distributing power. Power, in a not static but a dynamic concept. It is always in the constitutional sense, may be regarded as the ability process of evolution and constant adjustments. It to make decisions and to see that they are carried is also recognized that federalism is one of the basic out. If, therefore, the component parts of a state features of the Constitution in Kesavananda have no power of policy decision in any field, but Bharathi’s5 case. are confined to carrying out central government activities through the medium of an institutional The Sovereign Democratic Republic of India is a fabric of federal form, it is not a federal but a unitary “Union of States.” The term ‘Union’ instead of a state”9. ‘Federation’ was intended to connote a higher degree of integration. Various federal constitutions Dr. Ambedkar, the Chairman of the Drafting were ransacked. Federation as contemplated under Committee, eulogized the term “Union of the the Government of India Act, 1935, was also in States” on the plea that it indicated two important view. After great deliberations, the foundations of facts: the Indian Federation were laid, as envisaged under (a) Federalism in India had not been the result of the Government of India Act of 1935 the structure an agreement among the units, and (b) The of which was erected after the Canadian pattern. constituent units of the Indian Federation had no It was deemed to be the best suited to the genius right to secede from it. He emphasized further that of the Indian masses. Federalism means division such an arrangement made the federation, a of power and authority between state and centre. permanent and unbreakable union. This form of government also called ‘federation’ According to Prof. Dicey Classic, Federalism is or a federal state. The term ‘federal’ also means incomplete in its nature and spirit if it lacks the ‘contractual’. A federal state is that state which following characteristics: was brought into being through a contractual union of sovereign states. (i) Supremacy of Constitution; Constitutional Federalism: The Masterpiece (ii) The distribution among bodies with limited and of a Master Draftsman: Dr.Ambedkar co-ordinate authority, of different powers of government; When it comes to Indian federalism, it reflects divided authority, but ultimate sovereignty and (iii) The authority of the courts as interpreters of supremacy lies with the federal government i.e., the Constitution; Central Government just like Mauryan (iv) Double citizenship is another characteristic of administration, Mughal administration and British some of the Federation. administration. Federalism is different in its However, no federal Constitution can completely characteristics and nature from confederation, a fulfill all these characteristics. Even the Constitution lose union of states which is neither unitary state of U.S.A. may not be completely federal in nor a confederation but stands somewhere between character. If, however, the Constitution 44 Aniruddha Vithal Babar/FAC Journal, ISSN:2319-6769, Vol. 7 (2017) 43 - 55 predominantly fulfills the federal characteristics, to be exercised in their respective fields. It had overshadowing the unitary features, it may be certain distinctive features differentiating it from categorized as Federal Constitution. other federations. Thus the Draft Constitution made it possible for the proposed Indian Federation to be Among the political scientists as well as scholars converted into a unitary state in times of war or of of constitutional law there has been no agreement grave emergency. Again the proposed Constitution about the model of federal framework. Hence, to provided a number of devices – some taken from some scholars a particular Constitution is federal Australian Constitution while others were new for whereas to others it is not.Though there has been overcoming the rigidity inherent in federalism. difference of opinions among the scholars and These were inter alia, vesting the exclusive powers political scientists over the exact contents of a true of legislation in Parliament over a wide range of federal model, generally the hallmarks of a federal matters; placing fundamental laws, civil as well as Constitution may be summarized as follows: criminal, under current jurisdiction to ensure (i) Federation is a union of autonomous units; uniformity in all basic matters; a comparatively easy (ii) Written and supremacy of Constitution; amending process; and the power given to (iii) Dual polity, dual citizenship and division of Parliament to legislate, subjects even in normal powers; times. Other special features were a single judiciary, certain common All India Civil Services, and a single (iv) Dual set of laws and courts, such as federal Indian citizenship. law, courts and State law and courts; Dr.Ambedkar, in the preface of 1939 Kale (v) Independent judiciary and doctrine of judicial Memorial Lecture, said, “Federalism is a live issue review; and and it is also a very urgent one. Soon the people (vi) Two sets of a government operate upon same of British India will be called upon to decide set of people simultaneously. whether they should accept the Federal Scheme The Assemblydebates and the then milieu set the or they should not. The premier political tone for the need of future federalism. organization in this Country, namely, the Dr.Ambedkar who piloted the Draft Bill dwelt at Congress seems to be willing to accept this length on federal structure of the Indian system, Federation as it has accepted Provincial after discarding the unitary pattern. He Autonomy. The negotiations that are going on acknowledged the dual polity and articulated a with the Muslim League and the maneuvers that caveat: “Constitutional morality is not a natural are being carried on with the Indian States give sentiment. It has to be cultivated. We must realize me at any rate the impression that the Congress that our people have yet to learn it. Democracy is prepared to accept the Federation and that in India is only a top-dressing on an Indian soil, these negotiations and maneuvers are designed which is essentially undemocratic10. Dr. to bring about a working arrangement with Ambedkar in his historic speech further dealt at other parties so that with their help the Congress length with the salient features of the proposed may be in the saddle at the Centre as it has been federation. He said that the Draft Constitution in the Provinces. Mr. Subhas Chandra Bose has embodiedan undoubtedly federal constitution in as even gone to the length of suggesting that the much as it sought to establish adual polity consisting right wing of the Congress has committed itself of the Union at the Centre and the State at its to this Federation so far that it has already periphery, each endowed with its sovereign powers selected its cabinet. It matters not whether all 45 Aniruddha Vithal Babar/FAC Journal, ISSN:2319-6769, Vol. 7 (2017) 43 - 55 this is true or not. I hope all this is untrue. Be appears to be no difference between the two”.15 that as it may, the matter is both grave and He further said, “There is, however, a real urgent, and I think all those who have anything difference between them although it is not to say on the subject should speak it out. Indeed obvious. That difference lies in the nature of I feel that silence at such a time will be the inter-relationship between the Central and criminal”.11 the Local Administrative Units. This difference may be summed up in this way. In the Unitary The constitutional history of India reveals that since Form of Government, the powers of the local Indian Council Act, 190912 there were several bodies are derived from an Act of the Central measures undertaken towards the federal form of Government. That being so the powers of the government although in practice the governmental Local Government can always be withdrawn by machinery continued to work as a unitary State till the Central Government. In the Federal form the enactment of the Government of India Act, 1935. of Government the powers of the Central Till the reforms of 191913 the central government Government as well as of the Local Government remained supreme in the matter of finance. Dr. are derived by the law of the Constitution which Ambedkar being a scholar of Constitutional law neither the Local Government nor the Central was minutely observing India’s journey toward the Government can alter by its own Act. Both derive federal structure. Being a frontline Indian leader their powers from the law of the Constitution he was practically involved in such a process in and each is required by the Constitution to various ways and at different levels. In pre- confine itself to the powersgiven to it. Notonly Constitution period, while examining the scheme does the Constitution fix the powers of each but of Indian federalism in his Kale Memorial Lecture14 the constitution establishes a judiciary to declare delivered on 29th January, 1939 at the Annual any Act whether of the Local or the Central Function of the Gokhale Institute of Politics and Government as void if it transgresses the limits Economics held in the Gokhale Hall, Poona Dr. fixed for it by the Constitution”.16 Ambedkar further said, “Although the Federal form of Government is distinct from the Unitary Refuting the ever growing criticism that the Centre form, it is not easy to see distinction. On the had been made too strong in the proposed federal other hand there is, outwardly at any rate, a structure, Dr. Ambedkar maintained that the Draft great deal of similarity between the two. The Constitution had struck a fair balance between the Government of almost every country in these claims of the Centre and the units. While the Centre days is carried on by an inter-related group of was not given more responsibilities and power than Administrative Units operating in specific areas were strictly necessary, conditions in the modern and discharging specific public functions. This world rendered the centralization of power is true of a country with a Federal Form of inevitable and the trend was bound to operate in Government and also of a country with a India, irrespective of the provisions of the unitary form of Government. In a Federal Constitution.17 Dr. Ambedkar said in his reply to Constitution there is a Central Government and the debate in the Constituent Assembly on states’ there are inter-related to it several Local rights: “The… charge is that the Centre has been Governments. In the same way in a Unitary given the power to override the States. This Constitution there is a Central Government and charge must be admitted. But before condemning there are inter-related to it several Local the Constitution for containing such overriding Governments. On the surface, therefore, there powers, certain considerations must be borne 46 Aniruddha Vithal Babar/FAC Journal, ISSN:2319-6769, Vol. 7 (2017) 43 - 55 in mind. The first is that these overriding 360 contains the provision for emergency situations powers do not form the normal feature of the including provisions for national emergency, Constitution. Their use and operation are emergency for states in case of failure of expressly confined to emergencies only”. constitutional machinery and financial emergency. The founders of the Constitution were very much Further while answering to arguments of the critics concerned about these provisions as it provided of the Constitution he said, “Some critics have for rule by the President over the state (under taken objection to the description of India in Article 356 when situation arises such that the Article I of the Draft Constitution as a Union government of the state cannot be carried on in of States. It is said that the correct phraseology accordance with the Constitution) and thus feared should be a Federation of States. It is true that it would lead to the breakdown the federal South Africa, which is a unitary State, is character of our constitution. They hoped that this described as a Union. But Canada, which is a would never be called into operation. Quoted here Federation, is also called a Union. Thus the is the historical speech of Dr. Ambedkar which he description of India as a Union, though its delivered at the time when many Members of constitution is Federal, does no violence to Constituent Assembly had stoutly opposed this usage. But what is important is that the use of Article. At that time Dr.Ambedkar had said- “I the word Union is deliberate. I do not know share the sentiments that such articles will never why the word ‘Union’ was used in the be called into operation and that they remain a Canadian Constitution. But I can tell you why dead letter. If at all they are brought into the Drafting Committee has used it. The operation, I hope the President who is endowed Drafting Committee wanted to make it clear that with these powers will take proper precaution though India was to be a Federation, the before actually suspending the administration Federation was not the result of an agreement of the Province. I hope the first thing he will do by the States to join in a Federation and that would be to issue a mere warning to a Province the Federation not being the result of an that has erred that things were not happening agreement no State has the right to secede from in the way they were intended to happen in the it. The Federation is a Union because it is Constitution. If that warning fails, the second indestructible. Though the country and the thing for him to do will be to order an election people may be divided into different States for allowing the people of the Province to settle convenience of administration the country is matters by themselves. It is only when these two one integral whole, its people a single people remedies fail that he should resort to this Article” living under a single emporium derived from a 18. single source. The Americans had to wage a civil war to establish that the States have no However, in view of the insinuation of Article 356 right of secession and that their Federation was of the constitution which, if the text be read literally, indestructible. The Drafting Committee thought is a set of provisions calculated to take care of the that it was better to make it clear at the outset failure of the constitutional machinery at the state rather than to leave it to speculation or to level, a situation of emergency designed to salvage dispute”. A student of constitutional law well democracy derailed by unconstitutional understands Ambedkar’s clarification in the light developments. Dr. Ambedkar, a prophetic jurist of several court decisions in USA. suggested that “I may say that I do not altogether deny that there is a possibility of this Article Part XVIII of the Constitution from Article 352 to 47 Aniruddha Vithal Babar/FAC Journal, ISSN:2319-6769, Vol. 7 (2017) 43 - 55 being abused or applied for political purposes. (c) A common All-India Civil Service for important But that objection applies to every part of the posts. It is important to recall that the original constitution which gives power to the centre to design vested substantial legislative powers and override the provinces. In fact, I share the responsibilities in state governments for key sentiments expressed yesterday that the proper developmental activities. thing we ought to expect is that such Article Further, in a historic speech in the Constituent will never be called into operation and that Assembly in November 1949, Dr. Ambedkar listed they would remain a dead letter”.19 Justice several features of the Draft Constitution which Sarkaria, in his Report, cautions: “imposition of mitigated the rigidity and legalism of federalism. president’s rule thus brings to an end, for the time Dr. Ambedkar referred to the following items: being, a government in the state responsible to the 1. The distribution of Legislative Power between State Legislature. Indeed, this is a very drastic the Union and the States, which gives to the power. Exercised correctly, it may operate as a Union, exclusive power to legislate in respect safety mechanism for the system. Abused or of matters contained in List I and a concurrent misused, it can destroy the constitutional power to legislate in respect of matters contained equilibrium between the Union and the States”.20 in List III of Schedule VII (Article 246). Nonetheless, this report does not argue for obliteration in total but recommends severely 2. The Power given to Parliament to legislate on restricted use of power. This emergency power is exclusively State subjects, namely: (a) with abridged to a comedy and a tragedy making respect to a matter in the State List in the constitutional democracy a mockery and a perennial national interest (Article 249); (b) in respect menace to state-level popular government, to of any matter in the State List if a proclamation whichever the party in provincial power. In a country of Emergency is in operation (Article 250); (c) of Mr. Mohandas Gandhi, where decentralized For two or more States by consent of those democracy is a fundamental faith, the reverse States (Article 252) process, ultimately vesting all power in one person, 3. Provisions for proclamation of Emergency and is the reality of the Administration. Isn’t this a the effect of such proclamation (Articles 352 disgrace for the doctrine of Gandhism? Aren’t and 353). Emergency provisions an impediment on the path 4. Provisions included in the Constitution which of federal fairness? Isn’t federal politics with are to be inoperative unless, provision is made democratic cosmetics under damage since to the contrary “by Parliament, by Law” or unwarranted concentration of power at centre words to the same effect. which negates devolution and local self-government? 5. Provisions regarding the amendment of the Our federal Constitution embodies the idea of Constitution (Article 368). modern India, which defines not only India but also modernity. The Cardinal Principles of the Dr.Ambedkar made it clear that the power under newly bornConstitution- a mirror of modern India Articles 250, 352 and 353 of the Constitution can as defined by B.R.Ambedkar, were: only be exercised by the President of India and requires the approval of both Houses of the Indian (a) A single judiciary Parliament. He summed it up precisely when he (b) Uniformity in fundamental laws, civil and said: criminal 48 Aniruddha Vithal Babar/FAC Journal, ISSN:2319-6769, Vol. 7 (2017) 43 - 55 “These provisions make the Indian Constitution normal times, it is framed to work as a federal both, Unitary as well as Federal according to system. But in times of war, it is so designed as the requirements of time and circumstances. In to make it work as though it was a unitary system.” List I List II List III Development area Union’s powers State powers Concurrent Land rights, 1. Land tenures, rents, Forests (17A) transfer (18) Inter-state rivers and Water supplies, river valleys notified storage, power, 2. Water by law in public irrigation and interest (56) canals (17) 3. Electricity, Atomic energy and Natural and Bio- Power related mineral Electricity(38) Gas (25) &Energy resources (6) Agriculture(14); Fishing/Fisheries Livestock (15), 4. Agriculture beyond territorial Fisheries within Wild Animals(17B) &Fisheries waters (57) territorial waters (21) Industries notified by Industries other law for national 5. Industry than those in List Factories(36) defence (7) or to be in I(24) public interest (52) Mineral oil / Petroleum (53), Mines and Mines and minerals 6. Oil, Mines, minerals notified to be other than those in Minerals in the public interest List I(23) (54) Trade &commerce Trade, commerce, Foreign trade and within the state production commerce, (26) Production, 7. Trade &distribution of import/export, customs supply and &Commerce foodstuffs, edible frontiers(41) Inter-state distribution of oils, cotton &jute trade &commerce (42) goods (27) Markets (33) &Fairs (28) il (22), ional Table I: Distribution of Legislative Powers and Executive Responsibilities between the Union Parliament and the State Assemblies in Key Area.21 (Continued overleaf) 49 Aniruddha Vithal Babar/FAC Journal, ISSN:2319-6769, Vol. 7 (2017) 43 - 55 (28) Railways (22), national highways (23), national Minor ports (31), Roads and means 8. Transport waterways (24), shipping of communication &Communicatio maritime shipping (25) &navigation on other than those in ns major ports (27) inland waterways List I(13) airways (29) rail/sea/air (32) transportation (30) Incorporation and Universities Technical, medical, regulation of &Institutions of and university Universities, national importance for education including 9. Education literary and scientific/technical vocational and scientific societies, education and research technical training associations, (63-66) (25) cooperatives (32) Posts/telegraph/telepho ne/ 10. Information wireless/broadcasting Theatre, Cinema, &Broadcasting and Sports (33) communication.(31) Cinema censorship (60) Infectious and contagious diseases (29) Economic Public health and &social planning 11. Public Health sanitation/ hospitals (20) Population and Social Port quarantine (28) &dispensaries (6) control (20A) social Welfare Relief of disabled/ security/insurance unemployable (9) &employment / unemployment (23) Labour welfare (24) Municipal 12. Local corporations &local government, self - government public works (5) Public works &cooperatives (35) Cooperative societies (32) Land Revenue (45), Agricultural Taxes on Personal Income Tax (46), Income (82), Corporate 13. Taxation Lands and Income (85), Capital Powers and Buildings Tax (49), (86), Estates (87), Financial Alcohol (51). Rail/Sea/Air Resource Electricity (53), Transportation (89), Sales of Goods Services (92). (54), Vehicles (57), Cinema (62). Table I : continued from previous page 50 Aniruddha Vithal Babar/FAC Journal, ISSN:2319-6769, Vol. 7 (2017) 43 - 55 The Seventh Schedule of the Constitution indicates Hence, the principles of Federalism were required that distribution is one sided and is heavily in the to be molded to suit the Indian soil. It was an favor of Centre. Union list contains the largest experiment that was successfully conducted By number of most important subjects. For example Drafting Committee under the leadership of Dr. almost all the tax subjects are in the Union list Ambedkar; the fruits of which the nation is enjoying (except the Sales Tax). Another related provision today. is Article 248 which states that any subject that While presenting the Draft Constitution does not belong to the Concurrent and State lists, Dr.Ambedkar also had to deal with the radical belongs to the Residuary List and it belongs to departures made by the Drafting committee from Central Government, in this light let us understand the American model of federalism. He expressed, that the new elements of the division of powers “So far I have drawn attention to the differences and responsibilities between center and state (a key between the American Federation and the factor and characteristic of federalism) have begun proposed Indian Federation. But there are some to assume importance, overshadowing to a certain other special features of the proposed Indian extent the issues which dominated the reform Federation which mark it of not only from the agenda of the earlier period. While the issue of American Federation but also from all other distribution of responsibilities and powers in federal Federations. All federal systems including the political systems is generally contentious, a gross American are placed in a tight mould of mismatch between the two can lead to serious federalism. No matter what the circumstances, tensions. The federal dialogue with the states is it cannot change its form and shape. It can never often pre-empted by central administrative and be unitary. On the other hand the Draft policy decisions. The Centre often decides on a Constitution can be both unitary as well as particular course of action and only thereafter seeks federal according to the requirements of time inputs from the states. Consensus building is after and circumstances. In normal times, it is framed the decision, not before. to work as a federal system. But in times of war When Dr.Ambedkar presented the Draft it is so designed as to make it work as though it Constitution to the Constituent Assembly22, He was a unitary system”.25 emphasized and described the Constitution proposed According to Article 1(1) of the Constitution, India to be federal, even though the word used in Article is a Union of States. In his capacity as Chairman 1 was Union and the word ‘federal’ was never of the Drafting Committee, Dr. Ambedkar saw to mentioned in the Preamble or any other provision. it that the word UNION was substituted for the There was a fair consensus in the Assembly that in word FEDERATION. The Drafting Committee the view of the external conditions as well as the said that there were advantages in describing India vastness of the country and its diverse elements, a as a ‘Union’, although its Constitution was federal unitary system was not only undesirable but also in structure. Amplifying this view in the Constituent unworkable. India therefore was going to have a Assembly, Dr. Ambedkar said that, “the Unitary Federal Constitution. This view was carried by the Government of South Africa was called a Union members till the end, notwithstanding further and so it was not contrary to usage to describe centralizing elements introduced during the India as a Union.” Dr. Ambedkar made it clear proceedings.23 After the Partition, the necessity of that “though India was to be a Federation, the a strong centre was imperative and going back to a Federation was not the result of an agreement unitary system of governance was not an option.24 51 Aniruddha Vithal Babar/FAC Journal, ISSN:2319-6769, Vol. 7 (2017) 43 - 55 (or a contract) by the States to join a Federation, Union Government, but are operating within the and that the Federation, not being the result of territories of the unit-states & various nationwide an agreement, no State had the right to secede agricultural-operations in the matters of improving from it. The Federation was a Union because it technology, seeds etc. Efforts at cooperative was indissoluble. federalism have commenced but need to be strengthened. The acceptance of the 14th Finance Commission’s recommendations, apart from Dynamism of Indian Federalism significantly enhanced devolution, enables states Since the recommendations of the Sarkaria to design and implement programmes better suited Commission’s report26 much water has been to their needs. This ends the persistent critique of flown. There has been emergence of new “one size fits all”. No doubt, the transition is dialectics of federalism in India.27 The gradual contentious. The Central government’s envelope growth of the Panchayati Raj system, working in shrank in respect of important Centrally Sponsored tandem with civil society institutions of the Schemes, particularly health and education. voluntary sector, is a defining development of the States find it difficult to restructure and federal system as envisaged by Dr.Ambedkar. synchronise their financing. More importantly, the With the challenges of globalization and disbandment of the Planning Commission (PC) privatization, Indian Constitution’s macro-finance and its replacement by the NITI Aayog31 is arrangement, calls for a new look. Therefore, specifically designed to promote cooperative although the earlier reports and recommendations federalism. on centre-State relations were not implemented The pressures that are being generated with the fully, the Government of India in 2007 came with passage of time hold the promise of developing one more commission28 under the chairmanship into powerhouses for bringing about further of Justice Madan Mohan Punchii (Former Chief changes in the institutional design. Within the Justice of India) on Centre-State ties. According framework of this multilevel federalism,32 with to its terms of reference, it was to look into the the rise of the Right to Information Act it appears entire gamut of the Centre-State ties that have that a potentially powerful weapon for effective witnessed a sea change ever since the Sarkaria decentralization and democratization of Federal panel gave its report.29 structure of India has finally been developed, The present stage in India can be described as however, the real challenges before the Indian ‘Organic-Federalism, where the federations, the federalism today are the fiscal relations; share units function as a part of one organism to achieve in development processes of both Centre and the common-governmental purposes. The lessons States, and regional autonomy. The existing to be learnt from the recent-developments & the federal mechanism has sustained from such pressure of Circumstances that developed together several shocks. The Constitutional structure, with with the large-scale interdependence of the states little variations has the capacity to sustain the in many matters, had really indicated a case for pressures of these modern developments. organic-federalism. There are strong organic- Because, the basic props, the very foundation of Filaments-constitutional, financial & Indian federation have been ably constructed by administrative, which may be relied upon to uphold an expert architect, great constitutionalist the unit of India.30 For example: Several industrial visionary – Dr.B.R.Ambedkar in the company establishments are financed & managed by the of several other leading intellectuals of India. 52
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