Table Of Content

1001 Inventions el Second Edition Chiet Editar Salim TS i Co-editors $F roundation Elizabeth Woodcock & Rabah Saoud BEBE Tectnatogy snd Cneaton ‘Muh te av in thn bases rc pled on semen entre crs, Nima ric me wen bye beng lar, crags alptecal ender Prfsor Nohamerat abouy (er tncag and Mecha) ERI Press Win ARCA al ri i) alien Ne (Ontrvan see) [Br Sc Al Azz ent Profs Chars Bane (ede Pal nits) De vata an emt Profs St Chuan Mi Spt) Pol Sass TAP Hanging) [Er Paher Mins (sple anda) Profs eee Issogi Misery ofS) [rl Nass Kaa Madi) Be ¥en Aa Cea) [Er akoh Soma arctan Town Manning) Protan N SiO Medi) Pree yn a [rir hah Sur) role Sein Tel gi orig wk agi [ere Wrthir Asa (rel Zaimece (lim Sorc an esa olan Stn TS Aaa Unies o!Vachoaee, Chama of habe We 100 vce ad rasa, Ma Heraye Coraing NC ess Ae 1S wary chang. 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Ac expanded giosaey of Arabi and ether relevant lena Tae uso been added ard she index extended material ‘theresa worldwide dena or che 1901 Inseicns project snd we ze new tasting the book. sin ier languages and developing he exitition to tour the work ‘ve popala and specialist media, the pu the project and trom various surveys conucted on the umpact of Ure 1005 the cucston commustity aun asadeae bave priced Travan proc cers that st has impingcd positively pon the public mind. T:cusands aye 1e-evalated their percep:ion of the so-called ‘Dark Age’ an the roe of Musim civilization in lying the founda tions of moder: science and techrollagy The queation very fequerilyesked s why iis thal none fis uteri is fourd in the LK National Carel? ‘The (004 fimentins project has pred its effectors to simula young peoples sitive Musi: role mecelsforewlsing art nce and techrligy o antl eenfidenos and te Prev ‘Muslim ides, epccilly i the West ¢ atchiecs, engineers, econarss, sccologiss, arts, artisans ad Ielisiosty Unrougl, Ueueliiel contributions 29 society ane humanisy: They did so with open mindednessand, in many ineanecs pesitvely and wnstuctively worked alongside non-Muslims. Tis ack recone of cupcation ener the centres, slogh écepy rocte within vty Nastia society seems to have heen forgotten. The 180 fientons project. icdvcety.s tapping ite thet yea beter understanding herween peeplesand cures cat Mesim men une wounen ofthe past -mthemalisians, astronomers, chemi, physetans, ‘ecusstors - expressed thei ‘radio by seeking to de Some terminology used here cin have a wide meaning. used in spec seats, and should not be takes iealy, For sap an his beck he woed savention can ako mean irnowetlon,embrsc: ing new diseaneries concepts. thes, Cevisse ata mashines hich were hitherto unknown It alot rewight te Finapeby Basis. es es such as chess, the waserahecl and paper. which were kro below Ian bat Lisencouraing fo see Stuslim heritage atthe forcrane af msn everape dca festivals, bok and acaderic project. In sis cmtex, 1 would like te take this oppertunity (express ny deep gratitude to the enless numberof supporters thi project, n particular 19 those wh hie jase the ll anny of Mastin Heritage sire the Iaunc: ofthe first di two For new seaders, I wish them ano iyrhie an sci ig four Chi Balter & Chaurmar of PST Foreword E OME FHES FASCIBATING BOOK asasignificant contribution te wider understanding lof science and technolagy within Mestim calito, ant to this particular tradiion, within amy porte cultre, ch as she Wises ‘nr cer in made socteties ans! Angie wea ti lorget er desnipay the omnples Listy of te developinent lf scent iets and technologies inventions, Science and evancloyy. in seme saps 0 fom teviteanel develops within all iypes Uf seielies a i Ue cnet ofall shades 0 reighous bebe. ‘Uticaejs it aattens aot exactly by whem, or exacl wher, & particular discovery or invention Js book, Loweven ie « weleoe reminder that Muslins have made many important and fe reaching. hope i sil ke an iran with inbulionsto the esclepmenteFour cred scientific novsleégeend our techn pope of hoch Mim an ener feiths, ane fred ws thove relp los Boe, semomstrating,the ways in which science helpe reve the wordt 6 Ue tural world, an! hom wich ecology mbes sch 3 vontibution tothe ways in wick we ra work getter wil eu oles 1 Th Rt: Acocution forthe Advancement of Science Contents Introduction 6 Chapter 1: Home on the Coffee ‘ial 12 Clocks chess leanliness 20 Tick Devices 24 onand Cameras 26 ine Dining, 30 ‘Trvee Course Manu 32 Sound Sysem 44 Fashion and Style 48 Capes 40 ‘Chapter 2: School Howseat Wile 46 Schools 30 Universes Tre Prosi Chale 58 Libraries 60 Malemaics 64 Tigonometry 68 henisty Geometry 7% ‘Art and the Arabesque 80 TeeSenbe 82 Word Power 88 Story Comer 56 ‘Translating Knewledgs 92 Tcepean Universities 96 Chapter 3: Market Agcvelral Rewolion 102 Fetrsing Manuals Ecolepival alunce 108 Mister Manayensent 112 Raising Water 116 Dane 120 Windmills 124 ade 128 Commercial Chemistry 136 “Tent Industry 132 Poper 136 Pantry 138 (Close Indsery 142 Raw Jewels 14 Checkout 146 King Offa ane the Goken Coin Chapter 4: Hospital Hospital Development 184 Teching Honpitls 158 frum Peiction 160 Surpery 164 lox! Crenlatiom 164 Abu inch Bowe Peseta 17 Rulebook u the Ocul Vaccination 17% Herbal Nedicine 190 Phatrsecy 188 Torepean Medhcine 188 60 Chapter 5: Town Chapter 7: Universe fon Panning 196 Astcnoeny 282 Archtectue 198 Observatories 786 aches 200 AsrnoenicalInstramerts, 290 Vite 204 Astle 294 the Deme 208 Ammilery Sphere 298 SirChsinoper Wen 212 Sigoslax Wise Pele 300 “The Spe Tower The Moon 302 slim Aechssctae isthe Word 2 Luna Fornations 308 Bookshops 218 Stars 306 Fle Baths ight eT 204 From Kiosk te Conservatory 226 Reference Gagens 2H Personalities from the Fast 316 Jabuloue fountains 282 rope Leading Mids 322 iveine of lb aed Fimpean Frente 324 Map of Major Kulm Com Authors an Tretines. 332 ‘bution 330 Surveying, 240 Fan Science 242 Farther Reaiog 3 ‘AThwusind Vaso Shotaship 348 Natural Phcswmens 256 Geography 205 Glowary 356 Days 28 Index 362 ‘Travellers sad Explorers 256 linage Credits 4 sivgitia i Thanks and Ackrowledgements 375 Sea Lyploration 268 Code Baraking ond Cryptography 268 Wesponsy 2 Cases and Kes 2 Sola Sicnae amd Eeomomy 274 Poet cad Nal 278 Introduction He DEVELOPMENT OF THs BOON tell sm tereding ory Ke 1575, Load RY Bowen I the Feicipal atthe time ofthe University of Manchester institute Science an fechnology (CMIST).bevaine lacinated by the manera which the Mashmsmangge! adamiain that stretched frors China aetns to, ane including, Spun far so many venues OF pasties interest ‘vasa ty mnroduced the concept of indexation’ combating inflaton, whieh ws rampant ie he Roman F mpi Fe announce! in tke Heusen Leds sa Orde pale the URS ecoromy hen riddle with inflation, we skould learn from the Musine’ experionce and consider the ‘ensomc principles fac down some ene thousand four lurve years ay an te Qua. He set ap an Institute forte History’ of Mastin Science, Technalegy and Commerc, erating nyse anda few prafessos fram UIVAST and the Vicoria Cnivesity of Maaehstes amd we were ues ted Agnitaries. tough ths initiative did not these for eng I1gave me the nyparwrsty tesencoumter bis dnd sone significantly, it revealed to -¥e the fnghtening level of their fgnerance of the telltians and belies of other ser tly passed say ay USA, nl wth Fn went tha stiute 1 gas ot until 1983 when Professor Lionald Cardwell, Hea of the 1 Selencean Technology. aru the Fourder ofthe Nuseu nol Science and lechnogyin Sanches, presente ne with a challenge. Mach in the spit of Ler Rowden hes alin my hist ane] yon oh By none Ken there area Uns yes using eon the history a engineering. a peri we ell the Dack Ages. Most of the missing knowledge castained in Arabic manuscripts filling the cellars of many Famous Nibrries, You ae x Unanguished Professor ef Engineering at a preigions university and you knows the Arabic lage crete, you are nes suid to do umn bu illing thin ga. ans ari scolar nid ray enghacering dip That wake-up call propelled me to fellow s line oF inculey that evertually changed ny Hi. Tha vas hen the sory ofthis ok began Beiove taking this challenge, however, Hacked up various books am! journal papers and consulted ‘numerous rind. Ben alter book, jostle jourtiah all pinted to the incredible gap. Take, fos instance, ths typcs! popular bowie the ple Wik: Made Teco From artist ‘Hewesto Prise’ Bushy Atlin Fldasacan Peer Ford, published by Aldus Books din Lendon 974 The authors explain that the book gives. la chrenolopicl der, uma ‘echnologcal progress frum inal of ewable type 10 he dssoxery of penieill. The noms ‘efthe great invertors, 10 wham they cewte shots chapters low in chnenoleial order Hhe hi “Empl (6. 190-180 BC), Decors (460-370 BCE), ippoerates (260-377 NCE}, Ariel (983-222 BCE), chimedes (247-21 RCP), Johannes Cutenberg (1400-1168 CE) followed Uy Da Vinci, te vss a callers “The remarkable jump ofone tho sane! si hundrsyvars Frm the inca Archimedento Jl nies Getenberg ws amazing bul twubling, Further 2eading of other books revealed that the whole period, 450-1482 CE, sn fc The Dark Ages’ I is sleyeter gored us fac ay sence ar civilization ane converse ered vatcusl aa miele ge an intermediary pera uifoem ble, vulgar centuries and, oa é\cenncertng oa ‘bscuce dni! Sonne books clude abit mre wn the Rama fut sil ea ever oe Hos years, Move dsquisting wer the gaps schoo! textbooks and eter sources fleataing, which form the views ond perepsionsot pupils fom other colts aside fom tit ew Later that same yous the 27 Oxtober 1993, 1 altende ap arspiring lecture by HH Pence (Charles a the Sheldonian Treatee, Onfors ented Isact an dhe Wes. Addressing 4 galay envinent scholars in one af the strongholds Oriani spexuh was ceceived ke ire in dry ‘woods The eye-opening estract Belo reinforce find gs here (soc vsderstanaig inthe Ws abo the rare of an there i also ru gnsrameewbout ii dele our orneutturcandcivtzation ove tothe Bare world tis aide, dnc tee, Cohn, fram the sagi-iekel of hdery, which we have inherit, the metewl are won form este Asaf the sores ofthe Aa sats orld whore chaforind mem offoorng flourished But hecanse we ane tele fo ses Bu the every of the West, aan alien culture, ely, an asten of i se have tend otenor or erase groan eeatice tour eve history. All suadents are tein 1 thin rica: yet when face! with the dakiess Europes they soe told things appeared, as by mirocle ll at once during the Renal. This Aefes kigi. Things. sich as discrseries,Inventlorsand further developers tha ler Oe course bl hua: seats anes do aot appear sy char! Conta far damentl, especially inthe beth and eae ache sconces Ks elnwist so in every other lek! stu ‘A couple of yors lite asus: betore passing avy Pulessor Cardwell arranged forse 1 give a presentation atthe esteemed Liters and Philosophical Society, eid she Must Contribution to Selene and Tesi. The ansount anazenvent ane surprise expressed by the sudiense, fom the Fite 1 ua 6 33, eeinforced the ststement of Ponce Charles From ther on, whenever fectansd om ake opie 1 fel ikea ne eyed mss ann gat be Ula OF special excitement was the facisaion oF young peop inthe subject of knowing where ete present civillaion came om, Ihe ambi fo wea book om the subject tne pushed aside by rhe weary of being. Professor of Mechanical Engineering, ia caiversity world invaded by atket forces with ll the presse vf lecturing, resstehing. publishing fund rastag, adnkuriien. and running co consuhing companies The prctcsl solo wast bine str ians and iiote undergsadvate projects on uct of ancient machines This, toether with the suppor: of Hike minded academies anc pretssionals, cw the emergence ef the Funalabin for Science, Technology dnd Civisatioas The would-be book instead ogan to take shape inthe form or west, wore ‘NaslimHeritge civn, which atracted excellet peer reviewed papers from renuiried weiters and rexscabers, Ue vital 2e vochaite became the frst destination and source of information fer ma earring. schools, mala groups ad young peepe forall ever the Enghsh speaking Very quis, Sst ‘world noysatracts more thn $0440 daly page views “Toe sisect of Mui contriturions 1 scence ana iilizaion sllacted much popular interest imately afer ae (ns hoown a) 9 allack 11 September 2001) or the Werk Trade Center tia loners What vas emmaing was dating speech given, we: weeks Iter, by ame of He me Jus businessmen snd historians a the me, Ms Carleton Fiorina, Chic! Executive Onicer Introduction Intrtasion of tiewlett-Peckard Corpora. Ata riceting ofall he sorporations worked managers, om 26 September 2001, Ms Faezine or nounced share wos ence a cvitzeton thar wos the grate? in the work twas lle eer omincntal sper state tat seth fora ocean Yo sean ad fone northern cies 0 tvepice al deserts Within ts doriion Keane of mls of peopl of dynes creeds ana etic origins ne ite langanges Feces universal huguage of mich of the wart the bridge betes the peoples of fasiced las. Ws armies were mace ap of peopl many tional an ts miliary provcton alowed a gre of pon al prsperay ht ha! mever ben kon The aah of the efeladar’scomuncrse extended jem Fain America to Chimay al everywhere it etwaen nd absetelauion vasdetven mone thas an thong, by osoution earch desgand luaklngs thar de that vou ele he balding of rompers sal he creation of enero. Is doors Tumined the huexam Bol, ana foun nese cuts for disse Is estrnomers inked inte ke Reavenn, nari the sees, ond pave te yay for sper ave ne explortion Inswriers cate rage, rome al magic Is poets root of ones elrsGeore thee were toy seeped i fear to tin sac thins mgr Is thematicians crest te algebra ad abgritons shoes sores. Sores of Wien other nations were afd of tes, das eivlzaic drive on them, nal kept hem ave When censor threatened o wipe on kneeled irom past citations, tis cvisation ep the Arowtedge lie, and passed tom to eters While moder: Wiesteen cvilfaston sheves many of these tril the craliution 14 talking about was tv bicre world fom the year SOD to 1600, sock ined the Onroman tngite an the courts of Bagh -ruders like Suleyar the 1 arsasee and Cir, ort eigen “Altiougl we ur ofen unanere of our indebtenes fo his otker citation, ery muuch a part of ou Krag, ie tehnoogy indvary sontisions of Arab cherie regiteare pul ct exist who the When paca presenter nthe ity of Watford, a ew pears agp the ie guest Lady Mayonese ivesed easy a wy the Maslin dont was ths language. rele ago tr comer Herlage inictencea teh) fr dialogor, instead thelanyege ofl pousard politcal difrences, find why si that we de not find ths in the National Eévestoral Curtxulo? “A sumer of colleagues, well eablished i the subject, began a Teeturing compa in bitin, Turcpeardl abroad Alaigenanberefpecre reall walls if derive pleasure andinsivion from this knculedge. Presentations tothe younger generation, especially the anes I gave a the outs NGO at the Eurpecn Fartiaent in Bruscel sparked cnormans interes in scence ard rechnopjand expecially inthe as. of Musim paancersinchemisicy pss, mec bivly, algebea, engirerng, architect thane ipacie so positively on cur ustries who nt, agricnlare ari aarseres amar fain era iviizaien Young Melis however fin in sh knowledge a nev identity; allowing them so be nha the sae tnt suns They fin’ exciting ule meds, ite wd Female, for innovation 1 begin to recut these pioneers, unblee many tly hal expressed tele teligons commisment and faith through decssusctul to society, be it Muslim er noe-Atushim, tnd tha inept, lok tration. Europes jn and relienece on gorermmenrs ta devrlop socety wes ned tele ony! TV series bey to wneng lke the otost fascinating ese presented by Adar Hart Dos (BEC2}, is Whar the Ancients Did fr Us, devoted a whe episode to Wit the sire Werld Dab far tis showing reconstructed nucle, devices ard products. Cther shows follesed, revealing the sciemifc impact of Muslim Spain on the re of Europe, This sca erceuraging movement but neve public perceptions of Muslin civilization snd tradon are likely toremuinas hugs there no sailble pape digest oe schow ent on Ue stlyea! te fil this wo Ata tine when greater coll understending # parzonount, it Became imperative tae the resounding sucess of the whats to a neo dimension, This evabved info an nferzctne, educs- tional, 1 poical an wr teligios touring extubation «rte theme of Muslim ennarutions tocivlization Fite 1001 mentions: Discover de Mslies Hevitege tm our Word, ts enoyst herefi of being acco ‘nebaite, This bow painstaking completion van achievement ef no seg ind sida, Pus eal thaw Phe contribs, ecknoilecgementsand sper -anved by this book, a teacher peek, posters and a brand wew delicate 1 1001 Inventions eee is ened on hs ne oe ch Lb -cver fut of th ages “This buck idemics, in i enable, casy-onreed fort, aspects of our r-adern lives that re inked w'th Inventions by Sialias of were impircé by Islam. the book as divided into seven chaplers wich riuvor the seven zones of the £001 huensons exhibition: Lean, selook hospital rmorket, town, wild anal universe Hach sone represen a sphere of cur Hives tha has benefit from Mush ventions ‘Amvomgst the sven abjctives we hope i ae ¢ Raie awareness ofthe thousand yeets (174 century) of lus Berita. + Generate uncerstanding and apprscetion of Must contributions towards he developrent of comtemporary science sad technol worldwide + tinpine young pope Eom both Maslin and non-Muslims backgzeunds bo Lad etext sole smealels in eclence ard engircering. + Proont the concept of stent and technclogicslsanecarion ac postive and censteweise channel ef personal expression of lisa an alleative to religious solutcnisin asd fe Tridge themes the history of scence, industry au as wl conemperary developansets ‘We very much hope that with Ue asistannce ofthe readers we car achieve some, ino alle hese reble lyectves, Chie tor & Charen of STC Intrston