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VEHICLE ENGINEERING www.AcademyPublish.org Vehicle Engineering Other access free resources from AcademyPublish.org Journal of Engineering and Technology, academypublish.org/journal/show/title/journal-of-engineering-and-technology The journal covers the latest developments and research in the fields of engineering, technology and applied sciences. The aim is to publish papers that cover wide range of topics promoting theoretical and experimental engineering. Open Journal of Economic Research, academypublish.org/journal/show/title/open-journal-of-economic-research It tends to publishpapers covering all branches of conceptual, theoretical and practical economics and wide range of other fields it coats.This journal aims tosignificantly contribute to progress and understanding of how economical forces allocate scarce resources and services. Journal of Computer Sciences and Information Technology, www.academypublish.org/journal/show/title/journal-of-computer-and-information-technology Journal’s heterogeneous scope reaches extended topics of theoretical approach to computer science that also provide new insights to commercial, social and educational values of software and information technology. Journal of Medical Research and Science, academypublish.org/journal/show/title/journal-of-medical-research-and-science One of the goals is to regularly provide plurality of topics in each issue. By dispersing the focal point, the Journal will be able to publish most recent and most sensational papers, making it a reliable and permanently up-to-date. Vehicle Engineering Vehicle Engineering Published by: AcademyPublish.org (Publishing Services LLC), 2120 CareyAvenue, Cheyenne, WY 82001, USA AcademyPublish.org is an open access publisher that provides all publication at homepage access free to all internet users. For more information please contact us at: [email protected] Cover Design: AP staff Interior: AP staff Printing History: February 2014: First edition. Publishing Services LLC (and logo design) and Academy Publish (and logo design) are trademarks of Publishing Services LLC. Any use of Publishing Services LLC and AcademyPublish.org trademarks without written permission from the company is strictly prohibited. All material (chapters) published in this book are fully open access, meaning they are immediately freely available to read, copy and share to all readers. The rights are not transferred to AcademyPublish, that is, authors retain all rights. AcademyPublish.org’s Open Access articles and publications are available at www.academypublish.org access free. You understand and agree that Publishing Services LLC does not endorse or make any representations as to the reliability or accuracy of any author generated content published in this publication. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and authors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. You are fully responsible for your own use of such content. ISBN: 978-0-9835850-8-4 About the Authors Section 1 - New Technologies and Advances in Automotive Engineering The Current Status of Automotive Coatings and Future Trends Using Nanotechnology, p.21-p.51 Dr. Mohsen Mohseni, H. Yari, B. Ramezanzadeh Dr. Mohsen Mohseni Associate Professor Department of Polymer Eng. and Color Tech. Amirkabir University of Technology 424 Hafez St. P.O.Box 15875-4414 Tehran- Iran Tel: 0098-21-64542441 Fax: 0098-21-66469162 e-mail: [email protected] website: www.aut.ac.ir\mmohseni Automotive Lower Suspension Arm: Experimental and Simulation Durability Assessment, p.53-p.74 Dr. Kadhim obtained the PhD degree in 2011 from the Department of Mechanical and aspiration for success, she joined the university as a Postdoctoral fellow. Her research skills helped to form the foundation and component life prediction philosophy that she applies to fatigue analysis. She has valuable hands on experimental and analytical fatigue assessment. In addition, like academic and applied research, fatigue analysis requires global thinking and a panoramic approach to problem solving. This type of analysis is fundamental research to any industry like automotive, aerospace, marine, etc. Therefore, analysis as thoroughly as possible, then achieve the component life optimization. She seminar proceedings. Contact: [email protected] Professor Nikabdullah obtained the PhD in 1991 from The Technical University of Berlin. with Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) since February 1992, after servicing 5 years at the Technical University of Berlin, Germany as Research Fellow. Among the courses taught at under graduate level include: Applied Mechanics, Mathematical Methods, Control Engineering, Modeling and simulation of dynamic system, Smart Materials Reliability Engineering as well as nanomechanics and nanomaterials. Professor Nikabdullah has authored 4 books and 2 chapters in books as well over than 50 journal papers. He also filed a patent at the Malaysian patent office under the title Anti-Fire Locking System 2002 Malaysian Patent, Status: “Malaysian Patent Application Pending: Application Number PI20022811. Date of Filing: 24th July 2002”. Contact: [email protected] Professor Abdullah is the Head of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Department, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia. He obtained the PhD degree from The University of Sheffield in 2005, and his thesis is associated to the scope of fatigue data processing and life assessment using the wavelet transform. The main research area of Professor Abdullah is related to the structural integrity of metallic materials and automotive components, specifically in the field of fatigue life assessment. He authored more than 200 journals/proceedings papers (indexed by ISI/SCOPUS) in the field of fatigue failure and fatigue data analysis. Contact: [email protected] Professor Ariffin is an academic staff at the Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, UKM. In 1995, he obtained his PhD from University of Wales Swansea under the Mechanical Engineering Department and Institute of Numerical Methods in Engineering. Professor Ariffin teaches Mechanics of Materials, Computational Methods in Engineering and Finite Element Methods. His specialty is in computational method in engineering under the area of powder mechanics, fracture mechanics, friction, corrosion, finite element/discrete element and parallels computations. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Materials Malaysia, founder of Malaysian Association of Computational Mechanics and also member of International Association of Computational Mechanics (IACM). Contact: [email protected] Mechanical Tolerance Synthesis on the Multimedia Oriented Systems Transport Standard Transceiver Module, p.75-p.98 Dr. Michael Vervaeke, Els Moens, Dr. Youri Meuret, Prof. Heidi Ottevaere, Carl Van Buggenhout, Piet De Pauw, Prof. Hugo Thienpont Michael Vervaeke was born in Asse, Belgium, in 1975. He graduated as Industrial Electromechanical Engineer from the Katholieke Hogeschool Sint-Lieven (Gent, Belgium) in 1997. He enrolled subsequently for the Masters in Engineering at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Brussels, Belgium) where he obtained his degree in Electrotechnical Engineer with majors in Photonics in July 2000. That same year he joined the Applied Physics and Photonics department of the VUB where he pursues research on the packaging and integration of micro-optical and electrical devices. He developed a three-dimensional mechanical model of an intra-chip optical interconnect module and is building a demonstrator platform using in-house rapid prototyping technology (Deep Proton Writing). In 2007 he received a Ph.D. on “Photonic Modelling and Packaging of Chip-Level Interconnects) He authored more than 56 publications in international conference proceedings in his research field as well as in education, and authored or co-authored 11 journal publications. As Senior Researcher he is involved in the public procurement and infrastructure buildup for new heavy equipment, including an advanced ultraprecision 5-axis diamond tooling lathe and milling workstation and a 300 mm hot embossing machine. He is B-Phot’s technical project leader for the construction of a new cleanroom and laboratory environment.. Affiliation: Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dept. Applied Physics and Photonics (TONA), Brussels Photonics Team (B-PHOT), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium Contact: [email protected] Els Moens was born in Vilvoorde in 1983. In 2006 she graduated as an Electrotechnical Engineer with majors in Photonics. Her master thesis covered the design, fabrication and characterization of micro-opto-mechanical components to improve the detection efficiency in chromatographic systems. Since Octobre 2006, she is working towards a PhD at the Department of Applied Physics and Photonics (TONA) of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Her research is currently focused on miniaturized multichannel imaging systems with a wide field of view. Els Moens is now working at ADB Airfield Solutions. Affiliation: Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dept. Applied Physics and Photonics (TONA), Brussels Photonics Team (B-PHOT), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium / ADB Airfield Solutions, Leuvensesteenweg 585, 1930 Zaventem, Belgium. Contact: [email protected] Youri Meuret graduated in Physics at Ghent University, Belgium, in 1998. In 2004, he received his Ph.D. degree in Engineering from the same university, investigating the contrast and color properties of digital projection systems in collaboration with BARCO N.V. He then joined the Brussels Photonics Team (B-PHOT) at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium, where he is responsible for a research group which focuses on novel display configurations and illumination systems. His current research interests include 3-D visualization and LED/laser based projection displays. In addition he explores the potential of micro-optical components for novel solar concentrators and imaging systems. Dr. Meuret is author or co-author of 20 SCI rated journal articles and 40 publications at international conferences. Affiliation: Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dept. Applied Physics and Photonics (TONA), Brussels Photonics Team (B-PHOT), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium Contact: [email protected] Heidi Ottevaere obtained in 2003 the PhD degree in applied sciences from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium for her work entitled: “Refractive microlenses and micro-optical structures for multi-parameter sensing: a touch of micro- photonics”. Afterwards she continued her career as a post-doc researcher and from 2009 onwards as full professor at VUB. She made research efforts in a large variety of fundamental and applied research topics, most of them situated in the domain of micro- photonics and micro-optics. In particular she has built up expertise in the following research topics: plastic micro-optics based on Deep Proton Writing, interferometric measurement techniques, microlens characterization and biophotonics. Affiliation: Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dept. Applied Physics and Photonics (TONA), Brussels Photonics Team (B-PHOT), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium Contact: [email protected] Carl Van Buggenhout was born in Aalst, Belgium, in 1983. He graduated as an electrotechnical engineer in 2006 at the Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium. Since 2006, Carl Van Buggenhout is working for Melexis, a company active in the semiconductor industry, as a development engineer. In this position he has been working on the design and development of state-of-the-art IC packages for sensors, mainly in the optics domain and since 2011, he is also focusing on wafer-level packaging of sensors. In 2012, he achieved a PMP-certification. Affiliation: Melexis Ieper N.V., Rozendaalstraat 12, B-8000 Ieper, Belgium. Contact: [email protected] Piet De Pauw. Born in Dendermonde (Belgium) in 1956. He graduated as electronic engineer in 1979 and as Ph.D. in 1984 from the University of Leuven. Subject of Ph.D. thesis: Low Cost Solar Cells. He obtained an MBA from the Handels HogeSchool (now Flanders Business School) in Antwerpen in 1990. After his Ph.D. research, he started as a design engineer and project leader of high voltage circuits in Mietec (Oudenaarde, Belgium) in 1984. In 1986 he joined Alcatel Bell (Antwerpen, Belgium) as head of the reliability laboratory, failure analysis laboratory, IC technology, and Product Engineering. In 1991 he joined Alcatel Microelectronics in Oudenaarde, Belgium, (now part of ON Semiconductor) as Reliability Manager, and later Quality and Reliability Manager. Between 1998 and 2002 he established and expanded the company Sipex Flanders Design Center in Zaventem Belgium, where he introduced new product lines. Starting from 2002 he is a consultant specialized in optoelectronic product development (image sensors, infrared sensors, Optical storage products, Opto datacom products). From 2000 till 2009 he was a member of the board of directors of Q-Star Test N.V. in Brugge. From April 2006 till 2009 he chaired a division of Melexis N.V., and from 2006 till 2011, he was site manager of Melexis Ieper. Affiliation: Melexis Ieper N.V., Rozendaalstraat 12, B-8000 Ieper, Belgium. Contact: [email protected] Hugo Thienpont was born in Ninove, Belgium, in 1961. He graduated as an electrotechnical engineer in 1984 and received the Ph.D. degree in applied sciences in 1990, both at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium. In 1994 he became Professor at the Faculty of Engineering. In 2004 he was elected Chair of the Department of Applied Physics and Photonics. Currently he coordinates several research and networking projects at the European level and manages micro-photonics related industrial projects in collaboration with companies like Barco, Melexis, Best, Tyco, and Umicore. He authored more than 220 SCI-stated journal papers and more than 400 publications in international conference proceedings. Prof. Thienpont received the International Commission for Optics Prize ICO in 1999 and the Ernst Abbe medal from Carl Zeiss. In 2003, he was awarded the title of “IEEE Photonics Distinguished Lecturer.” In 2005 he received the SPIE President’s Award for dedicated services to the European Photonics Community, and in 2007 the international MOC Award for his contributions in the field of micro- optics and the prize “Prof. Roger van Geen” for his scientific achievements during his research career at VUB. In 2008 he obtains the prestigious “Methusalem” status for top-scientist from the Flemish government for his research track-record in photonics. Hugo Thienpont is a member of the Board of Stakeholders of the Technology Platform Photonics21, a high-level advisory board for optics and photonics in Europe. Affiliation: Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dept. Applied Physics and Photonics (TONA), Brussels Photonics Team (B-PHOT), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium Contact: [email protected] Modeling Window Glass Automotive Antennas with EM Solvers. Experimental Validation Using a Full-Sized Car Model, p.99-p.111 Dr. Matteo Cerretelli, Dr. Paolo Facchini, Dr. Andrea Notari, Prof. Guido Biffi Gentili Dr. Matteo Cerretelli was born in Florence, Italy, in 1973. He received the Laurea degree in electronic engineering from the University of Florence, Italy, in 1999 with a degree thesis on the optimization and the synthesis of microwave structures employing neural networks. Since 2000 he is member of the local Engineer Association. In 2000, he joined the Department of Electronic and Telecommunications, University of Florence, Italy, where he works on automotive antenna for ASK Industries S.p.A. His main research interests are in the analysis and design of automotive antennas, microwave sensors and biological applications of microwaves. Affiliations: - University of Florence, via Santa Marta 3 - I-50134 Firenze, Italy. - ASK Industries spa, via P. Togliatti 46/A - I-42020 Montecavolo di Quattro Castella, Reggio Emilia, Italy. Contact: [email protected] Dr. Paolo Facchini was born in Siena, Italy, on 5 Feb 1979, received the Laurea degree in Telecommunication Engineering in July 2005 from University of Siena with a degree thesis about Analysis and Design of Frequency Selective Surfaces. Starting 2006, focused on Automotive antenna design collaborating with the most relevant automotive companies in Italy. Currently works in R&D department of ASK Industries S.p.a. Affiliation: - ASK Industries spa, via P. Togliatti 46/A - I-42020 Montecavolo di Quattro Castella, Reggio Emilia, Italy. Contact: [email protected] Dr. Andrea Notari was born in Scandiano, Italy, in 1974. He received the Laurea Degree (cum Laude) in Electronic Engineering from the University of Parma, Italy, in 2001 with a degree thesis on Optical Integrated Circuits. Since 2001, he has been with ASK Industries S.p.A. working in Automotive Antenna R&D Department first as RF and Microwave circuit designer and then, starting from 2006, as electronic department manager. Since 2006, he has been with IEEE association. His main research interests are in the analysis and design of RF and Microwave antenna and circuit, in particular for automotive applications. Affiliation: - ASK Industries spa, via P. Togliatti 46/A - I-42020 Montecavolo di Quattro Castella, Reggio Emilia, Italy. Contact: [email protected] Prof. Guido Biffi Gentili was born in Lucca, Italy, on August 9th, 1943. He received the Ph.D. degree in Electronic Engineering from the University of Pisa, Italy, in 1970. During his graduate work at the University of Pisa, he held a research assistantship in the fields of radar system modelling, active pulse compression circuits and biological applications of microwaves. In 1976 he joined the School of Engineering, University of Florence, Italy, where he is currently full Professor of Electromagnetic Theory and Techniques and Chair of the Electronic and Telecommunication Department. His recent research activities have focused on the modelling and design of active and passive multilayer planar antennas and near-field sensors, wireless communication systems, millimetre wave imaging techniques, industrial applications of high frequency high power EM fields, microwave

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display configurations and illumination systems. His current research with companies like Barco, Melexis, Best, Tyco, and Umicore. He authored more than . Avionic Engineer as an Official of the Italian Military Air Force. Since 1992 he
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