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FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 34
FLORIDA'S GROUND WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM
BACKGROUND HYDROGf;OCHEMISTRY
• ERRATA·
Page iii, right column, line 17: correct spelling is John Jee.
"-
Page 64, Table 1, line 8 under MAJOR IONS, Sulfate should be indicated as having
been sampled for in the Background, VISA and HRS Networks (B, V,
and H);
Page 64, Table 1, line 2 under ORGANICS AND PESTICIDES, Volatile Organic
Carbon (VOC) should be indicated as having been sampled for in the
M;
VISA Network
Page 77, Table 24, last line: delete footnote ("++ - Reported as Nitrate as NOs,
mg/L."). All SWFWMD Nitrate results are N0 mg/L as N.
,
3
Page 83, Table 33, asterisk (*) should be deleted from "#Exc" headers on all three
tables. Asterisk (*) should be added to the right of "Sand & Gravel"
under "District" header on all three tables;
<'
Page 276, Figure 44d: Figure caption should read: "Distribution of total nitrate (as
N; mglL) in the surficial aquifersystem, SWFWMD."
,
Page 281, Figure 45d: Figure caption should read: "Distribution oftotal nitrate (as
N,' mglL) in the intermediate aquifersystem, SWFWMD."
Page 286, Figure 46d: Figure caption should read: "Distribution oftotal nitrate (as
N; mglL) in the Floridan aquifersystem, SWFWMD."
Page 347: Missing figure caption should read:"Figure 58e. Predominant water
types in the Florid~n aquifersystem, SFWMD."
\
FLORIDA GEOLOGICALSURVEY
STATE OF FLORIDA
DEPARTMENTOF NATURALRESOURCES DEPARTMENTOF ENVIRONMENTALREGULATION
VirginiaB. Wetherell, ExecutiveDirector Carol M. Browner, Secretary
DIVISION OF RESOURCE MANAGEMENT DIVISION OFWATER FACILITIES
JeremyCraft, Director Richard M. Harvey, Director
FLORIDAGEOLOGICALSURVEY BUREAU OFDRINKINGWATERANDGROUNDWATER
WalterSchmidt, StateGeologistand Chief RESOURCES
CharlesC. Aller, Chief
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 34
FLORIDA'S GROUND WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM
BACKGROUND HYDROGEOCHEMISTRY
ISSN 0085-0640
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 34
DEPARTMENT LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
OF
NATURAL RESOURCES
Florida Geological Survey
Tallahassee
October, 1992
Governor Lawton Chiles, Chairman
Florida Department of Natural Resources
LAWTON CHILES Tallahassee, Florida 32301
Governor
Dear GovernorChiles:
JIM SMITH BOB BUTTERWORTH
Secretary of State Attorney General The Florida Geological Survey, Division of Resource Management, Department of
Natural Resources, is publishing, as its Special Publication 34, Florida's Ground Water
Quality Monitoring Program - Background Hydrogeochemistry. This publication is the
TOM GALLAGHER GERALD LEWIS secondin a series which will present the results ofthe ground water quality network pro
StateTreasurer State Comptroller gram established by the 1983 Water Quality Assurance Act (Florida Statutes, Chapter
403.063). It is primarily a series of maps which provide the background hydrogeo
chemical parameters present within the principal aquifer systems of Florida. These
BETTYCASTOR BOB CRAWFORD results can be used by state and local governments, planners, and developers for land
Commissioner of Education Commissioner ofAgriculture use planning, conservation, and protection of Florida's valuable water resources.
Respectfullyyours,
VIRGINIA B. WETHERELL
Executive Director
Walter Schmidt, PhD., P.G.
State Geologist and Chief
Florida Geological Survey
ii
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SUWANNEERIVER WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT:
This publication is the result of contributions by a number of individuals and Nolan Col (Program Administrator)
agencies associated with the Florida's Ground Water Quality Monitoring Program. The Ron Ceryak (Project Manager)
list of contributors below recognizes the many geologists, field technicians, computer Libby Schmidt
specialists, draftsmen, secretaries and student assistants who aided in this effort. Willie Ray Hunter
Ben Barber
Much of the work that resulted in the maps found in this volume was performed Martin Gabriel
by the five water management districts and the county cooperators. These agencies
have primary responsibility for maintaining and sampling the Ground Water Quality ST. JOHNS RIVER WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT:
Monitoring Program well networks. Ground-water sampling of these networks has been
conducted since 1984. Personnel of these agencies also contributed by providing inter Don Boniol (Project Manager)
pretation of the hydrogeologic framework within their respective areas. Administration of Dr. David Toth
the program has been provided by personnel of the Ground Water Quality Monitoring George Robinson
Section of the Department of Environmental Regulation (DER). Several individuals from Scott Edwards
Florida's State University System contributed valuable research, training and technical
advice to the program. The U.S. Geological Survey has provided technical assistance SOUTHWEST FLORIDAWATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT:
from the early days of the program. The Florida Geological Survey (FGS) has con
tributed to the program by providing extensive geotechnical assistance and editing, and Gregg Jones (Project Manager)
by publication ofthis report. Lee Clark
Eric DeHaven
The editors of this volume each provided valuable and necessary expertise. Rick John Gee
Copeland (DER) provided the leadership and central management necessary for the Dave Moore
development and ultimate completion of this large scale project. Gary Maddox (DER) Tom Rauch
served as a central focal point for the interaction between DER, the water management
districts and the FGS and provided computer expertise in the management of the mas SOUTH FLORIDAWATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT:
sive data files generated by this effort. Sam Upchurch (University of South Florida) was
the hydrogeochemical guru advising all the scientists involved in completing this Jeffry W. Herr(Project Manager)
research effort. Jacqueline Lloyd (FGS) and Tom Scott (FGS) edited the maps and text, Roberto L. Sanchez
supervised map digitization and correction, and compiled the volume for publication. Jonathan E. Shaw
Phillip Fairbank
The following individuals and agencies contributed time, data and valuable exper Steven D. Anderson
tise in the development ofthe Background Networkand the preparation ofthis report: Carmen Parada
Alison C. Gray
NORTHWEST FLORIDAWATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT: Milton P. Switanek
Thomas Pratt (Project Manager) ALACHUA COUNTY:
Jeffry R. Wagner
Jay L. Johnson Robin Hallbourg (Project Manager)
Brian E. Caldwell Jim Trifilio
Ross J. Curry John Regan
Libby Schmidt
iii
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 34
UNIVERSITYOF SOUTH FLORIDA: DEPARTMENTOF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION:
Dr. Sam B. Upchurch Rick Copeland (Program Administrator)
Jian Chen Tim Glover
Aida Bahtita Gary Maddox
Jackye Bonds
Paul Hansard
FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY: JaySilvanima
Cindy Cosper
Dr. William C. Burnett Mary Geuin
Dr. James B. Cowart Cynthia Humphreys
Dr. William C. Parker JeffSpicola
Dr. William T. Cooper III Liang Lin
Donna Burmeister
Peter Grasel
UNIVERSITYOF FLORIDA: Felix Rizk
David Ouellette
Dr. Robert Lindquist
FLORIDA GEOLOGICALSURVEY:
U.S. GEOLOGICALSURVEY: Jacqueline M. Lloyd (Program Manager)
Dr. Thomas M. Scott (Program Manager)
Irv Kantrowitz Cindy Collier
Walt Aucott Jim Jones
John Vecchioli Ted Kiper
Brian Katz Elizabeth Doll
Marian Berndt Will Evans
Kent Hartong
iv
FLORIDA GEOLOGICALSURVEY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii
Chapter I - INTRODUCTION, byGaryL. Maddox . 1 Chapter IV - QUALITY OF WATER IN FLORIDA'S AQUIFER SYSTEMS, by ...... 12
Sam B. Upchurch
Historyand Purpose . 1
Organization and Establishment ofthe Ground Water Quality Introduction . 12
Monitoring Network . 1 Scope . 12
Background Network . 2 Chapter Organization . 12
Usefulness of Background Network Data . 2 Comparison of Map and Table Data . 12
References Cited . 2 Variable Description Conventions . 12
Nature of Data Distributions . 12
Chapter 11- DATA COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT METHODS, by . 3 Distribution Descriptors . 12
GaryL. Maddox Aquifer Controls on Ground-waterChemistry . 12
Factors That Control Ground-water Chemistry . 12
Well Selection and Sampling . 3 Precipitation Chemistry . 13
Sampling Protocol . 3 Surface Conditions . 13
Analytical Methods . 4 Soil Type in Recharge Areas .. 13
Data Base Systems . 4 Soil and Aquifer Mineralogy . 13
Availability of Data . 4 Nature ofAquifer System Porosity and Structure . 14
Data Validation Procedures . 4 Intergranular Porosity .. 14
References Cited . 5 Cavernous, Vuggy, and Fracture Porosity . 15
AquiferSystem Flow Path and ResidenceTime .. 15
Chapter 11I- HYDROSTRATIGRAPHY, by Thomas M. Scott . 6 Mixing with OtherWaters in the Aquifer system . 15
Aquifer Microbiology , . 15
Introduction . 6 Definition of Hydrochemical Facies . 16
GeologicStructures in Relation to Hydrostratigraphy .. 6 Previous Works . 16
Aquifer Systems and Confining Units Surficial Aquifer System . 16
Surficial aquifer system . 6 IntermediateAquifer System . 16
Northwest Florida Water Management District .. 6 Floridan Aquifer System . 16
Suwannee River Water Management District.. . 6 General Descriptors . 16
St. Johns River Water Management District . 7 Temperature . 16
Southwest Florida Water Management District. . 7 Importance . 16
South FloridaWater Management District .. 7 Standard or Guidance Criterion .. 17
Intermediate aquifer system and intermediateconfining unit 7 Distribution in Ground Water .. 17
Northwest Florida Water Management District . 8 Surficial Aquifer System . 17
Suwannee River Water Management District.. .. 8 IntermediateAquifer System .. 17
St. Johns River Water Management District . 8 Floridan Aquifer System . 17
Southwest Florida Water Management District.. .. 8 Acid-Base Relationships (pH) . 17
South Florida Water Management District . 9 Importance . 17
Floridan aquifer system .. 9 Standard or Guidance Criterion .. 17
Northwest Florida Water Management District . 9 Distribution in Ground Water . 18
Suwannee River Water Management District.. . 10 Surficial AquiferSystem . 18
St. Johns River Water Management District .. 10 Intermediate AquiferSystem . 18
Southwest FloridaWater Management District. . 10 Floridan AquiferSystem . 18
South Florida Water Management District . 11
References Cited 11
v
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 34
PAGE PAGE
Cations . 19 Distribution in Ground Water . 26
Classification . 19 Surficial Aquifer System . 26
MajorCations . 19 IntermediateAquifer System . 26
MinorCations , . 19 Floridan Aquifer System . 26
Trace Metals . 19 Lead 26
Calcium . 19 Importance and Sources . 26
Importance and Sources . 19 Standard or Guidance Criterion .. 26
Standard or Guidance Criterion . 20 Distribution in Ground Water .. 26
Distribution in Ground Water . 20 Surficial Aquifer System .. 27
Surficial Aquifer System . 20 IntermediateAquifer System . 27
IntermediateAquifer System . 20 Floridan Aquifer System . 27
Floridan Aquifer System . 20 Anions . 27
Magnesium . 21 Classification . 27
Importance and Sources . 21 MajorAnions . 27
Standard or Guidance Criterion . 21 MinorAnions . 27
Distribution in Ground Water .. 21 Trace Anions . 27
Surficial Aquifer System . 21 Bicarbonate, Carbonate and Alkalinity . 27
IntermediateAquifer System . 21 Importance and Controls . 27
Floridan Aquifer System '" '" . 22 Data Interpretation . 27
Sodium . 22 Standard or Guidance Criterion . 28
Importance and Sources '" . 22 Distribution in Ground Water .. 28
Standard or Guidance Criterion . 22 Surficial Aquifer System .. 28
Distribution in Ground Water . 23 IntermediateAquifer System . 28
Surficial Aquifer System . 23 Floridan Aquifer System .. 28
IntermediateAquifer System . 23 Sulfate . 29
Floridan Aquifer System . 23 Importance and Controls . 29
Potassium . 23 Sources and Sinks of Sulfur . 29
Importance and Sources , . 23 Standard or Guidance Criterion . 30 .
Standard or Guidance Criterion , . 24 Distribution in Ground Water . 30
Distribution in Ground Water . 24 Surficial Aquifer System . 30
Surficial Aquifer System .. 24 Intermediate Aquifer System . 30
IntermediateAquifer System . 24 Floridan Aquifer System . 30
Floridan Aquifer System . 24 Chloride . 31
Iron 24 Importance and Controls . 31
Importance and Sources . 24 Standard or Guidance Criterion , . 31
Standard or Guidance Criterion . 24 Distribution in Ground Water . 31
Distribution in Ground Water .. 25 Surficial Aquifer System .. 32
Surficial Aquifer System . 25 IntermediateAquifer System . 32
IntermediateAquifer System . 25 Floridan Aquifer System .. 32
Floridan Aquifer System , . 25 Phosphate . 32
Mercury . 25 Importance and Controls . 32
Importance and Sources . 25 Standard or Guidance Criterion . 33
Standard or Guidance Criterion , .. 25 Distribution in Ground Water . 33
Surficial Aquifer System . 33
Intermediate Aquifer System . 34
Floridan Aquifer System . 34
vi
FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
PAGE PAGE
Fluoride . 34 Chlorobenzene . 44
Importance and Controls . 34 Chloroform . 44
Standard or Guidance Criterion '" . 35 Chloromethane . 44
Distribution in Ground Water . 35 Dibromochloromethane . 44
Surficial Aquifer System . 35 1,2 Dibromoethane , . 44
IntermediateAquifer System , . 35 1,2 Dichlorobenzene . 45
Floridan Aquifer System . 35 1,3 Dichlorobenzene .. 45
Nitrate . 36 1,4 Dichlorobenzene . 45
Importance and Controls . 36 Dichlorodifluoromethane . 45
Standard or Guidance Criterion .. 37 1,1 Dichloroethane , . 45
Distribution in Ground Water .. 37 1,2 Dichloroethane . 45
Surficial Aquifer System . 37 trans-1,2 Dichloroethene . 45
IntermediateAquifer System . 37 1,2 Dichloropropane . 45
Floridan Aquifer System . 37 Ethylbenzene , . 45
Other Constituents . 38 Hexachlorobenzene . 45
Total Dissolved Solids . 38 Methylene chloride . 46
Importance . 38 PCB-1016 . 46
Standard or Guidance Criterion . 38 1,1,2,2 Tetrachloroethane . 46
Distribution in Ground Water , . 38 1,1,1 Trichloroethane . 46
Surficial Aquifer System . 38 Tetrachloroethene . 46
IntermediateAquifer System . 39 Toluene . 46
Floridan Aquifer System . 39 Trichloroethene . 46
Specific Conductance . 39 Trichlorofluoromethane . 46
Importance , '" . 39 Vinyl Chloride . 46
Standard or Guidance Criterion . 39 Pesticides . 47
Distribution in Ground Water . 39 Importance . 47
Surficial Aquifer System . 39 Standard or Guidance Criterion . 47
IntermediateAquifer System . 40 Distribution in Ground Water .. 47
Floridan Aquifer System , . 40 Aldrin . 47
Total Organic Carbon . 40 Arsenic . 47
Importance '" ., , . 40 a-BHC . 48
Standard or Guidance Criterion . 41 B-BHC . 48
Distribution in Ground Water . 41 2,4-0 . 48
Surficial Aquifer System . 41 4,4'-DDE . 48
Intermediate Aquifer System . 42 4,4'-DDT . 48
Floridan Aquifer System . 42 Dieldrin . 48
Synthetic Organics . 42 Endrin . 48
Definition and Analytes . 42 Methoxychlor . 48
Importance and Controls . 42 Mirex . 48
Standard or Guidance Criterion . 43 Hydrochemical Facies and Predominant WaterTypes . 48
Distribution in Ground Water . 44 Introduction . 48
Acrylonitrile '" . 44 Predominant Water Types , . 49
Benzene . 44 Uses of Predominant Water Type and Hydrochemical Facies Maps 49
Bromodichloromethane . 44
Bromoform . 44
vii
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 34
PAGE PAGE
WaterTypes in FloridaAquifer Systems . 50 Total Dissolved Solids . 57
Surficial Aquifer System . 50 Synthetic Organics . 57
IntermediateAquifer System . 50 Pesticides . 57
Floridan Aquifer System . 50 Total Organic Carbon . 57
Endnotes 51 Need for Additional Work . 57
Management Implications . 57
ChapterV - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS, by . 53 Comparison to Background . 57
Sam B. Upchurch Sensitivityto Contamination .. 57
Effects of Consumptive Use : .. 57
Introduction . 53 Long-Term Resource Evaluation . 57
Goals . 53 Need to Continue the Program and the Future . 58
Evaluation of Health and Use Risks . 53 References Cited - Chapters IVand V . 59
Data Interpretation and Use . 53
Recharge Areas . 54
DischargeAreas . 54
Flow Systems . 54
Surface-Water Features . 54
Land Uses ~ ,. 54
General Summary ofthe Quality of Florida Ground Water . 54
General Quality of Florida's Ground Water .. 54
SiliciclasticAquifers . 54
Carbonate-Rich Siliciclastic Aquifers .. 54
Limestone and DolostoneAquifers . 54
Definition of Background Water Quality . 55
Pristine Water . 55
Background Water . 55
High Salinity Water . 55
Coastal Intrusion . 55
Connate Water . 55
Deep-Flow-System Water . 55
InteraquiferTransfer . 55
Nature ofAnthropogenic Contamination .. 55
Point-Source Contamination . 56
Non-Point Source Contamination . 56
Statewide Levels of Contamination . 56
pH . 56
Sodium . 56
Iron . 56
Mercury . 56
Lead . 56
Sulfate . 56
Chloride . 56
Fluoride . 56
Nitrate . 56
iix