Table Of Content

Down to Earth new directions in international studies patrice petro, series editor The New Directions in International Studies series focuses on transc ulturalism, technology, media, and representation, and features the innovative work of schol- ars who explore various components and consequences of globalization, such as the increasing flow of peoples, ideas, images, information, and capital across borders. Under the direction of Patrice Petro, the series is sponsored by the Center for International Education at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. The Center seeks to foster interdisciplinary and collaborative research that probes the politi- cal, economic, artistic, and social processes and practices of our time. a. aneesh, lane hall, and patrice petro, eds. Beyond Globalization: Making New Worlds in Media, Art, and Social Practices mark philip bradley and patrice petro, eds. Truth Claims: Representation and Human Rights melissa a. fitch Side Dishes: Latin/o American Women, Sex, and Cultural Production elizabeth swanson goldberg Beyond Terror: Gender, Narrative, Human Rights linda krause and patrice petro, eds. Global Cities: Cinema, Architecture, and Urbanism in a Digital Age andrew martin and patrice petro, eds. Rethinking Global Security: Media, Popular Culture, and the “War on Terror” tasha g. oren and patrice petro, eds. Global Currents: Media and Technology Now peter paik and marcus bullock, eds. Aftermaths: Exile, Migration, and Diaspora Reconsidered Lisa Parks and James Schwoch, eds. Down to Earth: Satellite Technologies, Industries, and Cultures freya schiwy Indianizing Film: Decolonization, the Andes, and the Question of Technology cristina venegas Digital Dilemmas: The State, the Individual, and Digital Media in Cuba @ Down to Earth Satellite Technologies, Industries, and Cultures edited by lisa parks and james schwoch Rutgers University Press New Brunswick, New Jersey, and London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Down to Earth : satellite technologies, industries, and cultures / edited by Lisa Parks and James Schwoch. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-8135-5273-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8135-5274-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8135-5333-7 (e-book) 1. Artificial satellites in telecommunication—Popular works. 2. Artificial satellites— Popular works. 3. Telecommunication—Social aspects—Popular works. 4. Mass media— Popular works. I. Parks, Lisa. II. Schwoch, James, 1955– TK5104.D686 2012 354.5'1 54.5'1—dc23 2011028838 A British Cataloging-in-Publication record for this book is available from the British Library. This collection copyright © 2012by Rutgers, The State University Individual chapters copyright © 2012in the names of their authors All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. Please contact Rutgers University Press, 100Joyce Kilmer Avenue, Piscataway, NJ 08854–8099. The only exception to this prohibition is “fair use” as defined by U.S. copyright law. Visit our website: http://rutgerspress.rutgers.edu Manufactured in the United States of America To our Sputniks: John and Mimi contents @ Acknowledgments — ix Introduction — 1 Lisa Parks and James Schwoch I Concepts and Cartographies 1 The Invention of Air Space, Outer Space, — and Cyberspace 19 James Hay 2 Dethroning the View from Above: Toward a Critical — Social Analysis of Satellite Ocularcentrism 42 Barney Warf 3 The Geostationary Orbit: A Critical Legal Geography — of Space’s Most Valuable Real Estate 61 Christy Collis 4 “Freedom to Communicate”: Ideology and the Global — in the Iridium Satellite Venture 82 Martin Collins 5 The NAVSTAR Global Positioning System: — From Military Tool to Global Utility 99 Rick W. Sturdevant 6 Satellites, Oil, and Footprints: Eutelsat, Kazsat, and — Post-Communist Territories in Central Asia 122 Lisa Parks viii contents II Satellite Mediascapes 7 From Satellite to Screen: How Arab TV Is — Shaped in Space 143 Naomi Sakr 8 Beyond the Terrestrial?: Networked Distribution, Multimodal Media, and the Place of the Local — in Satellite Radio 156 Alexander Russo and Bill Kirkpatrick 9 Crossing Borders: The Introduction and Legislation — of Satellite Radio in Canada 177 Brian O’Neill and Michael Murphy 10 WorldSpace Satellite Radio and the South African — Footprint 194 Ben Aslinger 11 Content vs. Delivery: The Global Battle for German — Satellite Television 204 Paul Torre III Orbital Matters 12 When Satellites Fall: On the Trails of Cosmos 954 — and USA 193 221 Lisa Parks — 13 AFP-731 or The Other Night Sky: An Allegory 238 Trevor Paglen 14 Microsatellites: A Bellwether of Chinese — Aerospace Progress? 254 Andrew S. Erickson 15 Disjecta Membra, the Kármán Line, and the — 38th Parallel 280 James Schwoch Contributors — 293 Index — 297 acknowledgments @ The editors of this book gratefully acknowledge the support of the Qatar Foun- dation and of Northwestern University in Qatar, who generously coprovided a subvention to Rutgers University Press in support of the publication of this volume. We are also thankful for the advice and leadership of Leslie Mitch- ner, Anne Hegeman, Lisa Boyajian, Katie Keeran, Suzanne Kellam, and Rutgers University Press. The guidance and wisdom of Patrice Petro was inspirational. Special thanks also to John Durham Peters for a sympathetic, critical, and effective reading of the manuscript in draft form, to Robert Burchfield for his careful copyediting, and to Betsy Lane of Lane Editorial, whose brilliant and timely assistance rescued this project from a series of late-mission wobbly orbits and took on the needed function of mission control. We also thank the contributors to this volume and are extraordinarily pleased to publish their work. Lisa Parks would like to thank her wonderful colleagues in the Department of Film and Media Studies at the University of California at Santa Barbara for supporting her research interests in satellite technologies and media over the years. Her thinking about satellites also has been touched and inf ormed by provocative exchanges with a number of researchers and artists, especially Jody Berland, Ursula Biemann, Charlotte Brunsdon, Amelie Hastie, James Hay, Francis Hunger, John Fiske, Joanna Griffin, Lisa Jevbratt, Geert Lovink, Patrick McCray, Angela Melitopoulos, David Morley, Marko Peljhan, Trevor Paglen, Nicole Starosielski, Jonathan Sterne, Ginette Verstraete, and Miha Vipotnik. Parks also has been inspired by the curiosities and questions of students in her Satellite Media courses at UC Santa Barbara and by artists who par - ticipated in the Zemos98 Conference in Seville, Spain and the Satellites/ Footprints/B orders Workshop at HMKV in Dortmund, Germany. Parks is grateful for the generous support of the Wissenschaftskolleg of Berlin, where she worked as a research fellow in 2006/2007while this project was getting off the ground. She would also like to thank those who attended her talks at Central European University, Humboldt University, McGill University, Uni- versity of Southern California, and University of Stockholm, where she received vital feedback on her chapters in this book. Finally, Parks expresses