Donald School Textbook of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology PDF
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Donald School Textbook of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology Donald School Textbook of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology THIRD EDITION Editors Asim Kurjak MD PhD Professor and Chairman Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Medical School University of Zagreb Sveti Duh Hospital Zagreb, Croatia Frank A Chervenak MD PhD Professor and Chairman Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The New York Weill Hospital-Cornell Medical Center New York, USA ® JAYPEE BROTHERS MEDICAL PUBLISHERS (P) LTD New Delhi • Panama City • London Published by Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd Corporate Office 4838/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002, India Phone: +91-11-43574357, Fax: +91-11-43574314 Website: www.jaypeebrothers.com Offices in India • Ahmedabad, e-mail: [email protected] • Bengaluru, e-mail: [email protected] • Chennai, e-mail: [email protected] • Delhi, e-mail: [email protected] • Hyderabad, e-mail: [email protected] • Kochi, e-mail: [email protected] • Kolkata, e-mail: [email protected] • Lucknow, e-mail: [email protected] • Mumbai, e-mail: [email protected] • Nagpur, e-mail: [email protected] Overseas Offices • Central America Office, Panama City, Panama, Ph: 001-507-317-0160 e-mail: [email protected], Website: www.jphmedical.com • Europe Office, UK, Ph: +44 (0) 2031708910 e-mail: [email protected] Donald School Textbook of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology © 2011, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the editors and the publisher. This book has been published in good faith that the material provided by contributors is original. Every effort is made to ensure accuracy of material, but the publisher, printer and editors will not be held responsible for any inadvertent error(s). In case of any dispute, all legal matters are to be settled under Delhi jurisdiction only. First Edition: 2004 Second Edition: 2008 Third Edition: 2011 ISBN 978-93-5025-259-8 Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit Printed in India To Ian Donald (Our Teacher and Friend) CONTRIBUTORS Badreldeen Ahmed María J Barco Romina Castagno Head Gynecologic Centre “Bolonia” Hospital Vall d´ Hebron Feto-Maternal Unit Zaragoza, Spain Barcelona, Spain Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Jill Beithon Gabriele Centini Women’s Hospital Ultrasound Services Sanford Prenatal Diagnosis Unit Hamad Medical Corporation Health University of Siena Doha, State of Qatar Fargo, ND, USA Siena, Italy Juan Luis Alcázar Isaac Blickstein Giovanni Centini Department of Obstetrics and Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Diagnosis Unit Gynecology Gynecology University of Siena University Clinic of Navarra Kaplan Medical Center Siena, Italy School of Medicine Rehovot, and University of Navarra Hadassah-Hebrew University Aleksandar Cetkovic Pamplona, Spain School of Medicine Clinical Center of Serbia Jerusalem, Israel Belgrade, Serbia Cristian Andrei Department of Obstetrics and Tatjana Bozanovic Stephen T Chasen Gynecology School of Medicine Weill Medical College of Cornell Elias University Hospital Belgrade University, and University, New York, USA Carol Davila University of Institute for Obstetrics and Medicine Gynecology Frank A Chervenak Bucharest, Romania Clinical Center of Serbia Chairman Belgrade, Serbia Aris Antsaklis Department of Obstetrics and Head Gynecology Lluis Cabero 1st Department of Obstetrics and Joan and Sanford I Weill Medical Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology College of Cornell University Gynecology “Alexandra” Maternity Hospital The New York Presbyterian Hospital Vall d'Hebron University of Athens Hospital, New York, USA Barcelona Medical School Spain Judith L Chervenak Athens, Greece New York University School of José M Carrera Silvia Arevalo Medicine Senior Member Fetal Medicine Unit New York, USA Department of Obstetric and Hospital Vall d’Hebron Gynaecology Carmina Comas Gabriel Barcelona, Spain University Institute Dexeus Fetal Medicine Unit Guillermo Azumendi Pérez Autonomous University of Department of Obstetrics and Clinica Gutenberg Barcelona Gynecology Malaga, Spain Barcelona, Spain University Institute Dexeus Barcelona, Spain Kazunori Baba Elena Carreras Center for Maternal, Fetal and Fetal Medicine Unit Antonella Cromi Neonatal Medicine Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Obstetrics and Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Department Gynecology Medical University Hospital Vall d’Hebron University Medical School of Saitama, Japan Barcelona, Spain Insubria, Varese, Italy viii Donald School Textbook of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology Vincenzo D’Addario Alessandra Giocolano Sanja Kupesic Plavsic Department of Obstetrics and Department of Obstetrics and Department of Medical Education Gynecology, University of Bari Gynecology Paul L Foster School of Medicine Bari, Italy III Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit Texas Tech University University Medical School of Bari El Paso, Texas, USA Luca Di Cagno Bari, Italy Fetal Medicine Unit Asim Kurjak Department of Obstetrics and Teresa Higueras Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Bari Fetal Medicine Unit Gynecology Bari, Italy Hospital Vall d'Hebron Medical School Barcelona University of Zagreb Edoardo Di Naro Spain Zagreb, Croatia III Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit University Medical School of Bari Ulrich Honemeyer Mario Lituania Bari, Italy Head Centro di Fisiopatologia Department of Obstetrics and Preconcezionale e Prenatale. Marko Dosen Gynecology Ospedali Galliera Genova Department of Reproductive Welcare Hospital Genova, Italy Medicine and Gynecologic Dubai, UAE Endocrinology Aleksandar Ljubic University Clinical Center Maribor School of Medicine Jon Hyett Maribor, Slovenia University of Belgrade, and Head Institute for Obstetrics and High Risk Obstetrics Alaa Ebrashy Gynecology RPA Women and Babies Director Clinical Center of Serbia Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Fetal Medicine Unit Belgrade, Serbia Central Clinical School Kasr El Aini Hospital University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine Kazuo Maeda Sydney, Australia Cairo University Department of Obstetrics and Cairo, Egypt Gynecology (Professor Emeritus) Shigenori Iwagaki Tottori University Medical School Department of Maternal and Fetal A Kubilay Ertan Yonago, Japan Medicine Head National Hospital Organization Department of Obstetrics and Jaideep Malhotra Nagara Medical Center Gynecology Malhotra Nursing and Maternity Nagara Gifu, Japan Hospital of Leverkusen Home (P) Ltd Leverkusen, Agra, India Robin B Kalish Germany Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Narendra Malhotra Department of Obstetrics and Malhotra Nursing and Maternity Francesc Figueras Gynecology Home (P) Ltd Service of Fetal Medicine Weill Medical College of Cornell Agra, India Clinical Institute of Gynecology University, New York, USA Obstetrics and Neonatology Neharika Malhotra University of Barcelona Ichiro Kawabata Malhotra Nursing and Maternity Barcelona, Department of Maternal and Fetal Home (P) Ltd Spain Medicine Agra, India National Hospital Organization Biserka Funduk Kurjak Alexandra Matias Nagara Medical Center Department of Obstetrics and Department of Obstetrics and Nagara Gifu, Japan Gynecology Gynecology Medical School Ashok Khurana Porto Medical Faculty of Medicine University of Zagreb The Ultrasound Lab Hospital of S João Zagreb, Croatia New Delhi, India Porto, Portugal Contributors ix Eva Meler Zehra Nese Kavak Ritsuko K Pooh Department of Obstetrics and Director Director Gynaecology Fetal Medicine Unit CRIFM Clinical Research Institute University Institute Dexeus Department of Obstetrics and of Fetal Medicine PMC Autonomus University of Gynecology Osaka, Japan Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Marmara University Teaching and Research Hospital, Pendik KyongHon Pooh Luis T Mercé Istanbul, Turkey Department of Neurosurgery CENEGO (National Center of Kagawa National Children’s Gynecology and Obstetrics US) Agnieszka Nocun Hospital, Zentsuji, and Assisted Reproduction Unit Gynecology and Oncology Clinic Japan International Ruber Hospital University Hospital in Krakow Madrid, Spain Krakow, Poland Maja Predojevic Department of Physiology Eberhard Merz Aleksandra Novakov Medical School Chairman School of Medicine University of Zagreb Department of Obstetrics and University of Novi Sad Zagreb, Croatia Gynecology Clinical Center of Vojvodina Krankenhaus Nordwest Novi Sad, Serbia Luigi Raio Frankfurt/Main, Germany Department of Obstetrics and Zoltán Papp Srboljub Milicevic Gynecology, University of Bern Maternity Private Clinic Institute for Obstetrics and Bern, Switzerland Semmelweis University Gynecology Budapest, Hungary Jai Prakash Rao Clinical Center of Serbia Malhotra Nursing and Maternity Belgrade, Serbia George A Partsinevelos Home (P) Ltd 1st Department of Obstetrics and Berivoj Miskovic Agra, India Gynaecology Head University of Athens Department of Obstetrics and Medical School Frederico Rocha Gynecology Athens, Greece Division of Maternal Fetal Clinical Hospital Sveti Duh Medicine Zagreb, Croatia Bhargavi Patham Department of OB/GYN and Department of Medical Education Women’s Health Giovanni Monni Paul L Foster School of Medicine John A Burns School of Medicine Head Texas Tech University University of Hawaii Department of Obstetrics and El Paso, Texas, USA Honolulu, Hawaii, Gynecology USA Prenatal and Preimplantation Vincenzo Pinto Genetic Diagnosis Department of Obstetrics and Carlota Rodó Microcitemico Hospital Gynecology Fetal Medicine Unit Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy University of Bari Hospital Vall d'Hebron Bari, Italy Nuno Montenegro Barcelona, Spain Porto Medical Faculty of Medicine Armando Pintucci Department of Obstetrics and Department of Obstetrics and Lucia Rosignoli Gynecology, Hospital of S João Gynecology Prenatal Diagnosis Unit Porto, Portugal University of Bari P Palagi Hospital Bari, Italy Florence, Italy Ajlana Mulic-Lutvica Department of Women’s and Branko M Plavsic Cristina A Rossi Children’s Health Department of Radiology Fetal Medicine Unit Obstetrics and Gynaecology Paul L Foster School of Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Uppsala University Texas Tech University Gynecology, University of Bari Uppsala, Sweden El Paso, Texas, USA Bari, Italy x Donald School Textbook of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology Aida Salihagic Kadic András Tankó Radu Vladareanu Department of Physiology, and Department of Obstetrics and Chairman Croatian Institute for Brain Gynecology Department of Obstetrics and Research Medical School County Hospital Gynecology University of Zagreb Kecskemét, Hungary Elias University Hospital Zagreb, Croatia Carol Davila University of H Alper Tanriverdi Medicine Cihat en Head Bucharest, Romania Chairman Maternal-Fetal Medicine Unit Department of Perinatology Department of Obstetrics and Veljko Vlaisavljevic Cerrahpasa Medical School Gynecology Department of Reproductive University of Istanbul Adnan Menderes University Medicine and Gynecologic Istanbul, Turkey Faculty of Medicine Endocrinology Aydin, Turkey University Clinical Center Maribor Geeta Sharma Maribor, Slovenia Weill Medical College of Cornell Sakshi Tomar University Malhotra Nursing and Maternity Marcin Wiechec New York, USA Home (P) Ltd Obstetrics and Perinatology Clinic Agra, India University Hospital in Krakow Kohei Shiota Krakow, Poland Department of Anatomy and Nuria Toran Developmental Biology and Department of Pediatric Pathology Tevfik Yoldemir Congenital Anomaly Research Hospital Vall d'Hebron Department of Obstetrics and Center Barcelona Gynecology Kyoto University Graduate School Spain Marmara University Teaching and of Medicine Research Hospital, Pendik Kyoto, Japan Zoltán Tóth Istanbul, Turkey Department of Obstetrics and Daniel W Skupski Gynecology Nadah B Zafar Director Debrecen University Department of Medical Education Maternal-Fetal Medicine Debrecen, Hungary Paul L Foster School of Medicine Associate Chairman Texas Tech University Department of Obstetrics and Boris Ujevic El Paso, Texas, USA Gynecology Department of Obstetrics and The New York Hospital of Queens Gynecology Ivica Zalud Flushing, New York, USA Clinical Hospital Sveti Duh Chief, Zagreb, Croatia Division of Maternal Fetal Jiri Sonek Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Martina Ujevic Department of OB/GYN and Gynecology Polyclinic “Vili” Women’s Health Wright State University Zagreb, Croatia John A Burns School of Medicine President University of Hawaii Fetal Medicine Foundation of Gino Varga Honolulu, Hawaii, USA the United States of America Polyclinic “Nemetova” Dayton, Ohio, USA Zagreb, Croatia Mona Zvanca Yuichiro Takahashi Department of Obstetrics and Department of Maternal and Fetal Oliver Vasilj Gynecology Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Elias University Hospital National Hospital Organization Gynecology Carol Davila University of Nagara Medical Center Clinical Hospital Sveti Duh Medicine Nagara Gifu, Japan Zagreb, Croatia Bucharest, Romania PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION The Ian Donald International School of Ultrasound bears testament to globalization in its most successful and worthwhile form. The school was founded in Dubrovnik in 1981; in the preface of the first edition in 2004 we were proud to announce that the School had grown to 8 branches. Since then, the growth has been meteoric and now consists of 55 branches in almost every corner of the globe. The reason for this success has been the tireless and selfless efforts of the world’s leading authorities in ultrasound who are willing to dedicate their valuable time without reimbursement to teach sonologists and sonographers throughout the world. Our teachers put national, religious, political, and other parochial considerations aside as they strive to improve the care of all women and fetal patients. Politicians in the countries represented by our School have much to learn from the purity of spirit that exists throughout our international family. We believe that Ian Donald is smiling down from heaven at the School that bears his name. In the educational efforts of the 55 branches of the Ian Donald School, there is clearly a need for a textbook to complement and supplement lectures and didactic sessions. The first and second textbooks were successful in this endeavor, but with the explosion of knowledge, it was clear that an expanded and updated third edition would be invaluable. For the sake of simplicity, our book is divided into three sections. Section One deals with a variety of topics that lay the foundation for the rest of the book. Section Two addresses the myriad subtopics in obstetric ultrasound that optimize the care of pregnant women and fetal patients. The last section addresses the essential role that ultrasound plays in the many dimensions of clinical gynecology. A special word of thanks to Jadranka, our tireless secretary for her hundreds of dedicated hours of quality work. We are grateful to many course directors and lecturers of the Ian Donald School who have enabled its growth and have selflessly contributed to this volume. In order to maximize the reach of this textbook by minimizing its price, all contributors have waived any honorarium or royalty. Their dedication to the dream of globalized quality ultrasound has enabled its reality. Asim Kurjak Frank A Chervenak
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