Domestic Colonies: The Turn Inward to Colony

300 Pages·2017·1.855 MB·English

by  Arneil, Barbara

DOMESTIC COLONIES

Domestic Colonies
The Turn Inward to Colony
BARBARA ARNEIL
1
3
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Acknowledgements
Most academic books, even single authored ones, are only produced with
contributions from multiple individuals and institutions. I would like to take
thisopportunitytoacknowledgethecontributionstothisvolume.TheSocial
SciencesandHumanitiesResearchCouncilprovidedamultiple-yearresearch
grant that allowed me to hire research assistants, travel to conferences to
present findings, and delve into archives and primary research sources. The
research assistants hired with these funds, Sarah Pemberton, Aylon Cohen,
KatrinaChapelas,andSerbulentTuran,madeimportantcontributionstothis
book with various kinds of research assistance. The Department of Political
Science at UBC and the Dean of Arts office provided a research award that
allowed a term sabbatical from teaching and administration to complete this
project,whichprovedtobeanenormouslyusefulandtimelygiftoftime.This
project began in an embryonic fashion at a conference organized at the
University of Chicago on the legacies of colonialism in 2004 by the late Iris
Marion Young and Jacob Levy, which is when I first discovered ‘domestic’
colonies in Britain. I was intrigued by the idea that the colonial legacy might
notonlybetracedtoasettlercolonylikeAmericabutalsobacktoEurope,and
wanted to develop the idea further. This book isthe ultimate product of that
originalconference.ThebookalsobuildsuponthefirstbookIpublishedwith
OxfordUniversityPressandundertheguidanceofthesameeditor,Dominic
Byatt,towhomIoweenormousgratitudeforhissupportboththenandnow.
I would like to also thank Professors Duncan Bell and Duncan Ivison for
reviewingthemanuscriptandprovidingimportantinsightsintohowitcould
be improved and Olivia Wells at OUP for steering the manuscript through
production. The Canadian and American Political Science Associations pro-
videdtheopportunitytopresentresearchfindingstoscholarlyaudiencesand
respondents, who helped refine arguments and rethink premises. Several
colleagues are worth a specific mention since our conversations and/or their
responseswereofparticularimportance,includingRobNichols,JoyceGreen,
Karuna Mantena, Jeanne Morefield, Sankar Muthu, Jennifer Pitts, Anthony
Pagden,OnurInceUlas,AdamCarmichael,JamesTully,LucasPinheiro,and
Steven Klein. Closer to home, I want to thank Laura Janara and Glen
Coulthard. We have had sessions to discuss ongoing work and these were
instrumental to this book. Glen suggested to me at one point that I use the
term ‘domestic’ rather than internal, allowing me to distinguish what I was
doingnotonlyfromtheliteraturesoninternalcolonizationbutalsofromthe
ideaofan‘internalized’colonialismwhichbothGlenandFrantzFanonwrite
vi Acknowledgements
aboutintermsofthepsycho-affectiveeffectsofracializedsettlercolonization
on the colonized in America and Africa. Laura gave me wonderful advice to
clearly distinguish utopian colonies from labour and farm colonies which
became instrumental to the way I developed the whole book. Finally, I want
to acknowledge and thank my whole family, but in particular, Doug, Katie
Anne, and Denby for supporting this work in so many ways—they are as
happyasanybodythatthebookiscompletesincetheywillnolongerhaveto
endureminilecturesonmylatestfindingondomesticcoloniesoverthephone
or at the dinner table. Finally, in the course of writing this book, my father
passedaway.Hewasaninspirationtomethroughoutmylife,inparticular,his
dedication to uncovering the truth on any question, articulating truth to
power even when difficult to do so, and empathy for people struggling to
find a better way and learning from their mistakes, so as not to repeat them.
I hope this work reflects all of these important lessons that I first learned
fromhim.
FRONTCOVER:Theimageonthefrontcoverisfromthefrontispieceofthe
1890firsteditionofInDarkestEnglandandtheWayOutbyGeneralWilliam
Booth (founder of the Salvation Army). In this widely-read book, Booth
compares the ‘bottom tenth’ of England’s poor to people living in ‘darkest
Africa’. In both cases colonization was the ‘way out’ of the darkness with
the goal to ‘improve’ ‘idle’ or ‘backward’ people and transform them into
industriousandcivilizedcitizenswhetherathomeorabroad.Hisschemefor
the poor of England was organized around three kinds of colonies—the city
colonyorcityshelterstogatherthepoorandhousethemtemporarily(which
iswhatweareleftwithnow),thefarmcolony(theimagedepicted)whichlay
attheheartofhisoriginalschemewithinwhichtheidlepoorwouldtrainedin
agricultural labour and finally the overseas colony (or farms in England) to
whichthenewlytrainedandimprovedlabourerwassentinordertobecomea
productivecitizen.
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,30/8/2017,SPi
Contents
1. Introduction 1
1.1 DomesticColonies,Colonization,andColonialism:
Definitions 3
1.2 TheInternalColonization/ColonialismLiterature 5
1.2.1 InternalColonialism:RacialandEthnicMinorities 6
1.2.1.1 IndigenousPeoplesandInternalColonialism 7
1.2.1.2 AfricanAmericansandInternalColonialism 8
1.2.1.3 WhiteEthnicMinoritiesandInternalColonialism 9
1.2.2 InternalColonization:JürgenHabermas 11
1.2.3 RussianSelf-colonization 11
1.2.4 SettlerColonialism 12
1.3 DomesticColoniesversusInternalColonialism/Colonization 14
1.4 TheChallengetoPostcolonialScholarship 17
1.5 ChapterSummaries 17
2. ‘Western’ColonizationandColonialism:The‘Idle’and
‘Irrational’ 22
2.1 AncientGreece:ApoikiaandEmporion 22
2.2 AncientRome:Colonia 23
2.3 ModernEurope:TheEmergenceoftheIdeologyof
Colonialism 24
2.3.1 Locke’sEconomicandEthicalJustificationsforColonization 25
2.3.2 TransformingtheIdleandIrrationalintothe
‘IndustriousandRational’ 28
2.3.3 The‘Liberal’ThreadofColonialism 29
2.4 TheDomesticDimensionsofExternalColonization 32
2.5 Conclusion 36
3. LabourColoniesinEurope 37
3.1 Holland:VandenBosch’sLiberal‘Benevolent’Transnational
Colonialism 38
3.2 France:PaternalRepublicanRomanticDomesticColonialism 41
3.2.1 ColoniesAgricoles:TocquevilleandBeaumont 41
3.2.2 Mettray:France’sFirstColonieAgricole 44
3.2.3 ColoniesdeVacances 49
3.3 Britain:TwoWavesofSocialistandLiberalDomestic
Colonialism 50
3.3.1. First-WaveBritishHomeColonization(1820–50) 51
3.3.1.1 PauperEmigrationvsSystematicColonization 51
3.3.1.2 HomevsExternalColonization 53
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viii Contents
3.3.2 Second-WaveDomesticLabourColonies(1890–1930) 56
3.3.2.1 SalvationArmy,WilliamBooth,andLabourColonies 57
3.3.2.2 SalvationArmyandTransnationalColonialism 59
3.3.2.3 SocialistDomesticColonialisminBritain 64
3.4 Germany:LiberalandNationalistColonialism 66
3.4.1 Arbeiter-Kolonien:LiberalColonialismandOpen
LabourColonies 66
3.4.2 GermanNationalistColonialism:MaxWeberandMaxSering 68
3.5 Conclusion 70
4. LabourColoniesinNorthAmerica 74
4.1 FarmColoniesforSoldiersAfterWWI:Canada 74
4.2 FarmColoniesforDisabledSoldiersAfterWWI:UnitedStates 77
4.3 ColonizationofFreedBlacks:RacializedRepublican
ColonialisminUS 79
4.3.1 ThomasJeffersonandVirginia:Domestic
andExternalColonies 81
4.3.2 AmericanColonizationSociety 83
4.3.3 ColonizationofFreedSlaves:AbrahamLincoln 88
4.3.3.1 Lincoln’sColonizationPlan:PhaseI 89
4.3.3.2 Lincoln’sColonizationScheme:PhaseII 90
4.3.4 DomesticColoniesforFreedSlavesinthe1860s 93
4.3.5 ColonizationofFreedSlaves:Conclusions 96
4.4 DomesticColoniesfortheMetis/FirstNationsPeoples
inCanada 100
4.4.1 EarlyTwentieth-CenturyCanada:Layingthe
GroundworkforColonies 101
4.4.2 DomesticColoniesforIndigenousPeoples 102
4.4.3 MetisColoniesontheCanadianPrairies 104
4.4.3.1 MetisColoniesinAlberta 104
4.4.3.2 MetisColoniesinSaskatchewan:TommyDouglas 106
4.5 Conclusion 108
5. FarmColoniesfortheMentallyIllandDisabledinEurope
andAmerica 111
5.1 ModernPoliticalTheory:TheRationalCitizenandthe
‘Irrational’Other 113
5.2 IntroductiontoFarmColonies 116
5.2.1 EarlyHorticulturalTherapyinGermanyandAmerica 116
5.2.2 DutchandFrenchFarmColoniesfortheMentallyIll 117
5.3 FarmColoniesinAmerica 121
5.3.1 FirstWaveofFarmColoniesfortheDisabledin
America(1870–90) 122
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Contents ix
5.3.2 SecondWaveofFarmColonies:(1900–30) 124
5.3.2.1 WalterFernaldandEugenicistColonialism 125
5.3.2.2 HenryH.GoddardandEugenicistColonization 127
5.3.2.3 CharlesBernsteinandRehabilitativeColonialism 129
5.3.3 FarmColoniesforAmericanswithEpilepsy 131
5.3.4 FarmColoniesfortheMentallyIll 132
5.4 Conclusion 134
6. FarmColoniesfortheIrrationalinBritainandCanada 135
6.1 FarmColoniesinBritain 135
6.1.1 RoyalCommissionontheCareandControlofthe
Feeble-Minded(1905–8)andWinstonChurchill 136
6.1.2 The1913MentalDeficiencyActandDomesticColonialism 137
6.2 FarmColoniesinCanada 140
6.2.1 FarmColoniesandImmigration:Domestic/Settler
Colonization 140
6.2.2 FarmColoniesinOntario,BC,Saskatchewan,andManitoba 141
6.2.2.1 OntarioFarmColonies:LiberaltoEugenicist
Colonialism 142
6.2.2.2 BCFarmColonies:Settler/DomesticColonialism 146
6.2.2.3 PrairieFarmColonies:Immigration,Eugenics,
andColonialism 148
6.3 Conclusion 150
7. FoucaultandEugenicsversusDomesticColonialism 154
7.1 FoucauldianTheoryversusDomesticColonialism 154
7.1.1 MadnessandCivilization:MoralTreatmentand
FarmColonies 157
7.1.2 DisciplineandPunish:DisciplinaryPowerand
LabourColonies 158
7.1.3 CollègedeFranceLectures:ColonizationandPsychiatricPower 161
7.1.3.1 ColonizationofUnrulyYouth 162
7.1.3.2 ForeignColonizationofNon-Europeans 163
7.1.3.3 ColonizationoftheIdlePoor/PettyCriminals 164
7.1.3.4 ColonizationasEconomicExploitation/Slavery 166
7.1.3.5 Colonizationof‘Idiots’ 167
7.2 EugenicsversusDomesticColonialism 171
7.2.1 EugenicsandChronologyofFarmColonies 172
7.2.2 EugenicsandAgrarianLabour/Improvement 173
7.2.3 EugenicsandCompulsorySterilization 173
7.2.3.1 BuckvBell:EugenicsoverColonialisminAmerica 174
7.2.3.2 SterilizationRejected:Colonialismover
EugenicsintheUK 176
7.3 Conclusion 177