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Domestic Colonies: The Turn Inward to Colony PDF

300 Pages·2017·1.855 MB·English
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DOMESTIC COLONIES Domestic Colonies The Turn Inward to Colony BARBARA ARNEIL 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©BarbaraArneil2017 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2017 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017935535 ISBN 978–0–19–880342–3 Printedandboundby CPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. Acknowledgements Most academic books, even single authored ones, are only produced with contributions from multiple individuals and institutions. I would like to take thisopportunitytoacknowledgethecontributionstothisvolume.TheSocial SciencesandHumanitiesResearchCouncilprovidedamultiple-yearresearch grant that allowed me to hire research assistants, travel to conferences to present findings, and delve into archives and primary research sources. The research assistants hired with these funds, Sarah Pemberton, Aylon Cohen, KatrinaChapelas,andSerbulentTuran,madeimportantcontributionstothis book with various kinds of research assistance. The Department of Political Science at UBC and the Dean of Arts office provided a research award that allowed a term sabbatical from teaching and administration to complete this project,whichprovedtobeanenormouslyusefulandtimelygiftoftime.This project began in an embryonic fashion at a conference organized at the University of Chicago on the legacies of colonialism in 2004 by the late Iris Marion Young and Jacob Levy, which is when I first discovered ‘domestic’ colonies in Britain. I was intrigued by the idea that the colonial legacy might notonlybetracedtoasettlercolonylikeAmericabutalsobacktoEurope,and wanted to develop the idea further. This book isthe ultimate product of that originalconference.ThebookalsobuildsuponthefirstbookIpublishedwith OxfordUniversityPressandundertheguidanceofthesameeditor,Dominic Byatt,towhomIoweenormousgratitudeforhissupportboththenandnow. I would like to also thank Professors Duncan Bell and Duncan Ivison for reviewingthemanuscriptandprovidingimportantinsightsintohowitcould be improved and Olivia Wells at OUP for steering the manuscript through production. The Canadian and American Political Science Associations pro- videdtheopportunitytopresentresearchfindingstoscholarlyaudiencesand respondents, who helped refine arguments and rethink premises. Several colleagues are worth a specific mention since our conversations and/or their responseswereofparticularimportance,includingRobNichols,JoyceGreen, Karuna Mantena, Jeanne Morefield, Sankar Muthu, Jennifer Pitts, Anthony Pagden,OnurInceUlas,AdamCarmichael,JamesTully,LucasPinheiro,and Steven Klein. Closer to home, I want to thank Laura Janara and Glen Coulthard. We have had sessions to discuss ongoing work and these were instrumental to this book. Glen suggested to me at one point that I use the term ‘domestic’ rather than internal, allowing me to distinguish what I was doingnotonlyfromtheliteraturesoninternalcolonizationbutalsofromthe ideaofan‘internalized’colonialismwhichbothGlenandFrantzFanonwrite vi Acknowledgements aboutintermsofthepsycho-affectiveeffectsofracializedsettlercolonization on the colonized in America and Africa. Laura gave me wonderful advice to clearly distinguish utopian colonies from labour and farm colonies which became instrumental to the way I developed the whole book. Finally, I want to acknowledge and thank my whole family, but in particular, Doug, Katie Anne, and Denby for supporting this work in so many ways—they are as happyasanybodythatthebookiscompletesincetheywillnolongerhaveto endureminilecturesonmylatestfindingondomesticcoloniesoverthephone or at the dinner table. Finally, in the course of writing this book, my father passedaway.Hewasaninspirationtomethroughoutmylife,inparticular,his dedication to uncovering the truth on any question, articulating truth to power even when difficult to do so, and empathy for people struggling to find a better way and learning from their mistakes, so as not to repeat them. I hope this work reflects all of these important lessons that I first learned fromhim. FRONTCOVER:Theimageonthefrontcoverisfromthefrontispieceofthe 1890firsteditionofInDarkestEnglandandtheWayOutbyGeneralWilliam Booth (founder of the Salvation Army). In this widely-read book, Booth compares the ‘bottom tenth’ of England’s poor to people living in ‘darkest Africa’. In both cases colonization was the ‘way out’ of the darkness with the goal to ‘improve’ ‘idle’ or ‘backward’ people and transform them into industriousandcivilizedcitizenswhetherathomeorabroad.Hisschemefor the poor of England was organized around three kinds of colonies—the city colonyorcityshelterstogatherthepoorandhousethemtemporarily(which iswhatweareleftwithnow),thefarmcolony(theimagedepicted)whichlay attheheartofhisoriginalschemewithinwhichtheidlepoorwouldtrainedin agricultural labour and finally the overseas colony (or farms in England) to whichthenewlytrainedandimprovedlabourerwassentinordertobecomea productivecitizen. OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,30/8/2017,SPi Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1 DomesticColonies,Colonization,andColonialism: Definitions 3 1.2 TheInternalColonization/ColonialismLiterature 5 1.2.1 InternalColonialism:RacialandEthnicMinorities 6 1.2.1.1 IndigenousPeoplesandInternalColonialism 7 1.2.1.2 AfricanAmericansandInternalColonialism 8 1.2.1.3 WhiteEthnicMinoritiesandInternalColonialism 9 1.2.2 InternalColonization:JürgenHabermas 11 1.2.3 RussianSelf-colonization 11 1.2.4 SettlerColonialism 12 1.3 DomesticColoniesversusInternalColonialism/Colonization 14 1.4 TheChallengetoPostcolonialScholarship 17 1.5 ChapterSummaries 17 2. ‘Western’ColonizationandColonialism:The‘Idle’and ‘Irrational’ 22 2.1 AncientGreece:ApoikiaandEmporion 22 2.2 AncientRome:Colonia 23 2.3 ModernEurope:TheEmergenceoftheIdeologyof Colonialism 24 2.3.1 Locke’sEconomicandEthicalJustificationsforColonization 25 2.3.2 TransformingtheIdleandIrrationalintothe ‘IndustriousandRational’ 28 2.3.3 The‘Liberal’ThreadofColonialism 29 2.4 TheDomesticDimensionsofExternalColonization 32 2.5 Conclusion 36 3. LabourColoniesinEurope 37 3.1 Holland:VandenBosch’sLiberal‘Benevolent’Transnational Colonialism 38 3.2 France:PaternalRepublicanRomanticDomesticColonialism 41 3.2.1 ColoniesAgricoles:TocquevilleandBeaumont 41 3.2.2 Mettray:France’sFirstColonieAgricole 44 3.2.3 ColoniesdeVacances 49 3.3 Britain:TwoWavesofSocialistandLiberalDomestic Colonialism 50 3.3.1. First-WaveBritishHomeColonization(1820–50) 51 3.3.1.1 PauperEmigrationvsSystematicColonization 51 3.3.1.2 HomevsExternalColonization 53 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,30/8/2017,SPi viii Contents 3.3.2 Second-WaveDomesticLabourColonies(1890–1930) 56 3.3.2.1 SalvationArmy,WilliamBooth,andLabourColonies 57 3.3.2.2 SalvationArmyandTransnationalColonialism 59 3.3.2.3 SocialistDomesticColonialisminBritain 64 3.4 Germany:LiberalandNationalistColonialism 66 3.4.1 Arbeiter-Kolonien:LiberalColonialismandOpen LabourColonies 66 3.4.2 GermanNationalistColonialism:MaxWeberandMaxSering 68 3.5 Conclusion 70 4. LabourColoniesinNorthAmerica 74 4.1 FarmColoniesforSoldiersAfterWWI:Canada 74 4.2 FarmColoniesforDisabledSoldiersAfterWWI:UnitedStates 77 4.3 ColonizationofFreedBlacks:RacializedRepublican ColonialisminUS 79 4.3.1 ThomasJeffersonandVirginia:Domestic andExternalColonies 81 4.3.2 AmericanColonizationSociety 83 4.3.3 ColonizationofFreedSlaves:AbrahamLincoln 88 4.3.3.1 Lincoln’sColonizationPlan:PhaseI 89 4.3.3.2 Lincoln’sColonizationScheme:PhaseII 90 4.3.4 DomesticColoniesforFreedSlavesinthe1860s 93 4.3.5 ColonizationofFreedSlaves:Conclusions 96 4.4 DomesticColoniesfortheMetis/FirstNationsPeoples inCanada 100 4.4.1 EarlyTwentieth-CenturyCanada:Layingthe GroundworkforColonies 101 4.4.2 DomesticColoniesforIndigenousPeoples 102 4.4.3 MetisColoniesontheCanadianPrairies 104 4.4.3.1 MetisColoniesinAlberta 104 4.4.3.2 MetisColoniesinSaskatchewan:TommyDouglas 106 4.5 Conclusion 108 5. FarmColoniesfortheMentallyIllandDisabledinEurope andAmerica 111 5.1 ModernPoliticalTheory:TheRationalCitizenandthe ‘Irrational’Other 113 5.2 IntroductiontoFarmColonies 116 5.2.1 EarlyHorticulturalTherapyinGermanyandAmerica 116 5.2.2 DutchandFrenchFarmColoniesfortheMentallyIll 117 5.3 FarmColoniesinAmerica 121 5.3.1 FirstWaveofFarmColoniesfortheDisabledin America(1870–90) 122 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,30/8/2017,SPi Contents ix 5.3.2 SecondWaveofFarmColonies:(1900–30) 124 5.3.2.1 WalterFernaldandEugenicistColonialism 125 5.3.2.2 HenryH.GoddardandEugenicistColonization 127 5.3.2.3 CharlesBernsteinandRehabilitativeColonialism 129 5.3.3 FarmColoniesforAmericanswithEpilepsy 131 5.3.4 FarmColoniesfortheMentallyIll 132 5.4 Conclusion 134 6. FarmColoniesfortheIrrationalinBritainandCanada 135 6.1 FarmColoniesinBritain 135 6.1.1 RoyalCommissionontheCareandControlofthe Feeble-Minded(1905–8)andWinstonChurchill 136 6.1.2 The1913MentalDeficiencyActandDomesticColonialism 137 6.2 FarmColoniesinCanada 140 6.2.1 FarmColoniesandImmigration:Domestic/Settler Colonization 140 6.2.2 FarmColoniesinOntario,BC,Saskatchewan,andManitoba 141 6.2.2.1 OntarioFarmColonies:LiberaltoEugenicist Colonialism 142 6.2.2.2 BCFarmColonies:Settler/DomesticColonialism 146 6.2.2.3 PrairieFarmColonies:Immigration,Eugenics, andColonialism 148 6.3 Conclusion 150 7. FoucaultandEugenicsversusDomesticColonialism 154 7.1 FoucauldianTheoryversusDomesticColonialism 154 7.1.1 MadnessandCivilization:MoralTreatmentand FarmColonies 157 7.1.2 DisciplineandPunish:DisciplinaryPowerand LabourColonies 158 7.1.3 CollègedeFranceLectures:ColonizationandPsychiatricPower 161 7.1.3.1 ColonizationofUnrulyYouth 162 7.1.3.2 ForeignColonizationofNon-Europeans 163 7.1.3.3 ColonizationoftheIdlePoor/PettyCriminals 164 7.1.3.4 ColonizationasEconomicExploitation/Slavery 166 7.1.3.5 Colonizationof‘Idiots’ 167 7.2 EugenicsversusDomesticColonialism 171 7.2.1 EugenicsandChronologyofFarmColonies 172 7.2.2 EugenicsandAgrarianLabour/Improvement 173 7.2.3 EugenicsandCompulsorySterilization 173 7.2.3.1 BuckvBell:EugenicsoverColonialisminAmerica 174 7.2.3.2 SterilizationRejected:Colonialismover EugenicsintheUK 176 7.3 Conclusion 177

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