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DOING NAVAL HISTORY low&rcl Improvement JtLssays Edited by John B. Hattendorf ErnestJ. King Professor ofMaritime History Naval War College DOING NAVAL HISTORY Naval War College Historical Monograph Series No. 13 The Historical Monograph series are book-length studies of the history of naval warfare, edited historical documents, conference proceedings, andbibliographies. They are the products ofthe Naval War College's historical studies and are based, wholly or in part, on source materials in the College's Naval Historical Collection. Financial support for research projects, conference support and printing is provided by the Naval War College Foundation. Other volumes in the series are: No. 1. The Writings ofStephen B. Luce, edited byJohn D. Hayes andJohn B. Hattendorf (1975). No. 2. Charleston Blockade: TheJournals ofJohn B. Marchand, U.S. Navy, 1861-1862, edited by Craig L. Symonds (1976). No. 3. Professors ofWar: The Naval War Collegeandthe Developmentofthe Naval Profession, by Ronald Spector (1977). No. 4. The Blue Sword: The Naval War College and theAmerican Mission, 1919-1941, by Michael Vlahos (1980). No. 5. On His Majesty's Service: Observations of the British Home Fleetfrom the Diary, Reports, and Letters ofJoseph H. Wellings, Assistant Naval Attache", London, 1940-41, edited byJohn B. Hattendorf(1983). No. 6. Angelon the Yardarm: TheBeginningsofFleetRadarDefenseandtheKamikaze Threat, byJohn Monsarrat (1985). A No. 7. Bibliography of the Works of Alfred Thayer Mahan, compiled by John B. Hattendorfand Lynn C. Hattendorf(1986). No. 8. The FraternityoftheBlue Uniform:AdmiralRichard G. Colbert, U.S.Navy, andAllied Naval Cooperation, byJoel Sokolsky (1991). J. No. 9. The Influence ofHistory on Mahan: The Proceedings ofa Conference Marking the Centenary ofAlfred Thayer Mohan's "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783," edited byJohn B. Hattendorf(1991). No. 10. Mahan Is Not Enough: The Proceedings ofa Conference on the Works ofSirJulian Corbett and Admiral Sir Herbert Richmond, edited by James Goldrick and John B. Hattendorf(1993). No. 11. UbiSumus?: The StateofNavalandMaritimeHistory, editedbyJohnB. Hattendorf (1994). No. 12. The Queenstoum Patrol, 1911: TheJournal ofCommanderJoseph Knefler Taussig, U.S. Navy, edited by William N. Still,Jr. (1995). NAVAL DOING HISTORY Improvement itlfssays 1 ©ware. Edited by John B. Hattendorf Ernest King Professor ofMaritime History J. Naval War College NAVAL WAR COLLEGE PRESS Newport, Rhode Island 1995 —— The cover illustration is from the collections ofthe Naval War College Museum, Newport, Rhode Island, and taken from O. Davidson's "The President's — J. Vacation Manoeuvres ofthe North Atlantic Squadron," Hayer's Weekly, vol. XXVIII, no. 1446 (6 September 1884), pp. 582-83, illustrating a report that President Chester A. Arthur visited the Naval Torpedo Station and observed fleet exercises at Newport, RJiode Island, on 28 August 1884. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Doing naval history: essays toward improvement/edited byJohn B. Hattendorf. — p. cm. (Naval War College historical monograph series; no. 13) "This volume had its origins in the papers presented at the Second Yale-Naval War College Conference held at the Paul Mellon British Art Center in New Haven, Connecticut, 2—4June 1994" Acknowledgments. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1-884733-06-9 — — — 1. Naval history, Modern 19th century Historiography Con- — gresses. 2. Naval history, Modern 20th — — century Historiography Congresses. 3. Naval art and science — — Histo—ry Historiography Congresses. I. Hattendorf, John B. II. Yale Naval War College Conference (2nd: 1994 New Haven, : Conn.) III. Series: U.S. Naval War College historical monograph series; no. 13. V51.D65 1995 95-21546 359'.009—dc20 CIP Contents About the Contributors vii Acknowledgements ix Introduction 1 John B. Hattendorf PART Bureaucracy and Technology I: 1. The Problems ofModern Naval History 11 James Goldrick 2. Machines, Men, Manufacturing, Management and Money: The Study ofNavies as Complex Organizations and the Transformation ofTwentieth Century Naval History 25 John Tetsuro Sumida and David Alan Rosenberg 3. Navies, Politics, and Political Science 41 RobertJervis PART II: Domestic Politics 4. Navies and Domestic Factors 53 Volker Berghahn 5. Domestic Factors, Regime Characteristics, and Naval Forces ... 67 Wood Robert S. PART III: Comparative History 6. Comparative Naval History 75 Paul G. Halpern 7. Some Mild and Radical Observations on Desiderata in Comparative Naval History 93 William R. Thompson PART IV: General Naval History 8. Considerations on Writing a General Naval History 117 N.A.M. Rodger Contents vi 9. Toward a New Naval History 129 Dennis E. Showalter PART V: Reflections 10. Context and Approach in Naval History: Admiral Tirpitz and the Origin ofFascism 143 Paul M. Kennedy 11. Hitting the Target: Perspectives on Doing Naval History 151 Mark R. Shulman About the Contributors Volker Berghahn is the J.P. Birkelund Professor of European History at Brown University. While he has also written on business history, his works in the field ofmilitary history include DerStahlhelm (1966); Der Tirpitz Plan (1971); Militarism (1981) and, with Wilhelm Deist, an edition ofdocuments on Wilhel- mian armaments policy (1988). James Goldrick was born in 1958 andjoined the Royal Australian Navy in 1974. A Commander, he is currently Executive Officer ofHMAS Perth. Other sea postings have included command ofHMAS Cessnock and exchange service with the Royal Navy. His publications include The King's Ships Were at Sea: The Warin theNorth Sea, August 1914-February 1915 (1984) and co-editingReflections on the Royal Australian Navy (1991) and Mahan is Not Enough (1993). Paul G. Halpern is Professor ofHistory at Florida State University. He is the author of The Mediterranean Naval Situation, 1908-1914 (1971), The Naval A War in the Mediterranean, 1914-1918 (1987) and Naval History of World War I (1994). He has edited four volumes for the Navy Records Society and has recently completed a biography of the Austrian naval commander, Admiral Anton Haus. John B. Hattendorfis the ErnestJ. King Professor ofMaritime History and Director ofthe AdvancedResearch Department at the U.S. NavalWar College, Newport, Rhode Island. Among his most recentpublications, he has edited Ubi Sumus? The State ofNaval and Maritime History (1994) and Maritime History in the AgeofDiscovery:An Introduction (1995). He co-editedMahan is NotEnough (1993) and British Naval Documents, 1204-1960 (1993). Robert Jervis is Adlai E. Stevenson Professor of International Relations at Columbia University. Among his recentpublications are TheMeaning ofthe Nuclear Revolution (1989), which won the GrawemeyerAward for Ideas ImprovingWorld Order, and The LogicofImages in InternationalRelations (1989). His Systems: Dynamics and Effects will be published by Princeton University Press in 1997. Paul M. Kennedy is Dilworth Professor ofHistory and Director ofInter- national Security Studies atYale University. He is the authoror editorofthirteen works, including The Rise and Fall ofBritish Naval Mastery (1976), Strategy and Diplomacy (1983), The War Plans ofthe Great Powers (1979), The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (1987), Grand Strategies in War and Peace (1991), and Preparing for the Twenty-First Century (1993). N.A.M. Rodger is a former Assistant Keeper in the Public Record Office, and now Anderson Research Fellow ofthe National Maritime Museum, where he is working on a new naval history ofBritain. He has already published The Wooden World, An Anatomy ofthe Georgian Navy (1986) and The Insatiable Earl: A Life ofJohn Montagu, Fourth Earl ofSandwich, 1118-1192 (1993.) David A. Rosenberg is an associate professor of modern military and diplomatic history at Temple University, Philadelphia. He received his B.A. from American University (1970) and his M.A. (1971) and Ph.D. with Honors (1983) from the University ofChicago. The author ofdozens ofessays, articles and short monographs on post-World War II naval and military history and the history ofnuclear strategy, he was awarded a five-yearJohn D. and Catherine T. MacArthur fellowship in 1988. He is an intelligence officerin the U.S. Naval Reserve who served on active duty with the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff in Operation Desert Storm. Dennis E. Showalter is Professor ofHistory at The Colorado College. He has served as Distinguished Visiting Professor at the U.S. Air Force Academy, and is author of numerous books and articles in the field of military history, including Tannenberg: Clash ofEmpires (1991) and The Wars ofFrederick the Great (1995). Mark R. Shulman is author ofNavalism and the Emergence ofAmerican Sea Power, 1882-1893 (1995), editorofAnAdmirals Yam: TheAutobiography ofHarris Laning and co-editor of The Laws of War: Constraints on Warfare in the Western World (1994). Educated at Yale (B.A.), Oxford (M.St.) and the University of California at Berkeley (Ph.D), he taught at Yale University and worked at the National Strategy Information Center, beforejoining the faculty ofthe AirWar College as Associate Professor ofMilitary and Diplomatic History. Jon Tetsuro Sumida received his B.A. (1971) from the University of California, Santa Cruz, and his M.A. (1974) and Ph.D., (1982) from the University ofChicago. His books are The Pollen Papers: The Privately Circulated Printed Works ofArthur Hungerford Pollen, 1901-1916 (1984) and In Defence of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Technology and British Naval Policy, 1889-1914 (1989; paperback edition, 1993). Dr. Sumida is an associate professor ofhistory at the University ofMaryland, College Park. William R. Thompson is Professor ofPolitical Science and Director ofthe Centerforthe Study ofInternational Relations at Indiana University. In addition to serving currently as an editor of International Studies Quarterly, he is also the coauthor of The Great Powers and Global Struggle, 1490-1990 (1994) and Leading Sectors and World Powers: The Coevolution ofGlobal Politics and Economics (1995). Robert S. Wood is the Chester W. Nimitz Professor ofNational Security Affairs and Dean ofthe Center for Naval Warfare Studies at the U.S. Naval War College. He is a Phi Beta Kappa graduate ofStanford University and received his master's degree and his doctorate from Harvard University. He has previously served on the faculties of Harvard and the University of Virginia. He has published widely and has authored, coauthored, edited and contributed to many books, ofwhich his most recent is America the Vincible: U.S. Foreign Policyfor the Twenty-First Century (1994).