Doing Data Analysis with SPSS PDF
Preview Doing Data Analysis with SPSS
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Doing Data Analysis with SPSS® Version 18 Robert H. Carver Stonehill College Jane Gradwohl Nash Stonehill College Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Doing Data Analysis with SPSS® © 2012, 2009, 2006, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning Version 18 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the Robert H. Carver, Jane Gradwohl Nash copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, Publisher: Richard Stratton digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or Senior Sponsoring Editor: Molly Taylor information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, Assistant Editor: Shaylin Walsh without the prior written permission of the publisher. 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May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. In loving memory of my brother and teacher Barry, and for Donna, Sam, and Ben, who teach me daily. RHC For Justin, Hanna and Sara—you are my world. JGN Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Contents Session 1. A First Look at SPSS Statisitcs 18 1 Objectives 1 Launching SPSS/PASW Statistics 18 1 Entering Data into the Data Editor 3 Saving a Data File 6 Creating a Bar Chart 7 Saving an Output File 11 Getting Help 12 Printing in SPSS 12 Quitting SPSS 12 Session 2. Tables and Graphs for One Variable 13 Objectives 13 Opening a Data File 13 Exploring the Data 14 Creating a Histogram 16 Frequency Distributions 20 Another Bar Chart 22 Printing Session Output 22 Moving On… 23 Session 3. Tables and Graphs for Two Variables 27 Objectives 27 Cross-Tabulating Data 27 Editing a Recent Dialog 29 More on Bar Charts 29 Comparing Two Distributions 32 v Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. vi Contents Scatterplots to Detect Relationships 33 Moving On… 34 Session 4. One-Variable Descriptive Statistics 39 Objectives 39 Computing One Summary Measure for a Variable 39 Computing Additional Summary Measures 43 A Box-and-Whiskers Plot 46 Standardizing a Variable 47 Moving On… 48 Session 5. Two-Variable Descriptive Statistics 51 Objectives 51 Comparing Dispersion with the Coefficient of Variation 51 Descriptive Measures for Subsamples 53 Measures of Association: Covariance and Correlation 54 Moving On… 57 Session 6. Elementary Probability 61 Objectives 61 Simulation 61 A Classical Example 61 Observed Relative Frequency as Probability 63 Handling Alphanumeric Data 65 Moving On… 68 Session 7. Discrete Probability Distributions 71 Objectives 71 An Empirical Discrete Distribution 71 Graphing a Distribution 73 A Theoretical Distribution: The Binomial 74 Another Theoretical Distribution: The Poisson 76 Moving On… 77 Session 8. Normal Density Functions 81 Objectives 81 Continuous Random Variables 81 Generating Normal Distributions 82 Finding Areas under a Normal Curve 85 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Contents vii Normal Curves as Models 87 Moving On... 89 Session 9. Sampling Distributions 93 Objectives 93 What Is a Sampling Distribution? 93 Sampling from a Normal Population 94 Central Limit Theorem 97 Sampling Distribution of the Proportion 99 Moving On... 100 Session 10. Confidence Intervals 103 Objectives 103 The Concept of a Confidence Interval 103 Effect of Confidence Coefficient 106 Large Samples from a Non-normal (Known) Population 106 Dealing with Real Data 107 Small Samples from a Normal Population 108 Moving On... 110 Session 11. One-Sample Hypothesis Tests 113 Objectives 113 The Logic of Hypothesis Testing 113 An Artificial Example 114 A More Realistic Case: We Don't Know Mu or Sigma 117 A Small-Sample Example 119 Moving On... 121 Session 12. Two-Sample Hypothesis Tests 125 Objectives 125 Working with Two Samples 125 Paired vs. Independent Samples 130 Moving On... 132 Session 13. Analysis of Variance (I) 137 Objectives 137 Comparing Three or More Means 137 One-Factor Independent Measures ANOVA 138 Where Are the Differences? 142 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. viii Contents One-Factor Repeated Measures ANOVA 144 Where Are the Differences? 149 Moving On… 149 Session 14. Analysis of Variance (II) 153 Objectives 153 Two-Factor Independent Measures ANOVA 153 Another Example 159 One Last Note 161 Moving On… 162 Session 15. Linear Regression (I) 165 Objectives 165 Linear Relationships 165 Another Example 170 Statistical Inferences in Linear Regression 171 An Example of a Questionable Relationship 172 An Estimation Application 173 A Classic Example 174 Moving On... 175 Session 16. Linear Regression (II) 179 Objectives 179 Assumptions for Least Squares Regression 179 Examining Residuals to Check Assumptions 180 A Time Series Example 185 Issues in Forecasting and Prediction 187 A Caveat about "Mindless" Regression 190 Moving On... 191 Session 17. Multiple Regression 195 Objectives 195 Going Beyond a Single Explanatory Variable 195 Significance Testing and Goodness of Fit 201 Residual Analysis 202 Adding More Variables 202 Another Example 203 Working with Qualitative Variables 204 A New Concern 206 Moving On… 207 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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