Does Tai Chi Increase Aerobic Capacity in Adults Without

80 Pages·2010·4.25 MB·English

by  Christopher R. Aloia

DOES TAI CHI INCREASE AEROBIC CAPACITY IN
ADULTS WITHOUT CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE?

A Systematic Review and Implications for Public Health and Tai Chi
Practitioners

by

Christopher Robert Aloia
BA, University of Mississippi 2007

PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF PUBLIC HEALTH

In the
Faculty of Health Sciences

© Christopher Robert Aloia 2010
SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY
Fall 2010

All rights reserved. However, in accordance with the Copyright Act of Canada, this work
may be reproduced, without authorization, under the conditions for Fair Dealing.
Therefore, limited reproduction of this work for the purposes of private study, research,
criticism, review and news reporting is likely to be in accordance with the law,
particularly if cited appropriately.
Approval
Name: Christopher Robert Aloia
Degree: Master of Public Health
Title of Thesis: Does Tai Chi Increase Aerobic Capacity in Adults without
Cardiorespiratory Disease? A Systematic Review and
Implications for Public Health and Tai Chi Practitioners

Examining Committee:
Chair: N.E. van Houten, Ph.D.
[Correct title – Consult your Grad Secretary/Assistant

___________________________________________
Michel Joffres, MD, MSPH, Ph.D.
Senior Supervisor
Correct title – Consult your Grad Secretary/Assistant

___________________________________________
Elizabeth Dean, PT, Ph.D.
Supervisor
Correct title – Consult your Grad Secretary/Assistant

___________________________________________
Scott Lear, Ph.D.
[Internal or External] Examiner
Correct title – Consult your Grad Secretary/Assistant
University or Company (if other than SFU)

Date Defended/Approved: Septemeber 30 2010
ii
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Last revision: Spring 09
Abstract
This systematic review examined data from 19 studies to ascertain whether Tai
Chi provides an acceptable level of aerobic capacity and intensity to be recommended for
cardiovascular disease prevention. Two comparisons were conducted: Tai Chi vs.
walking, and traditional forms of Tai Chi vs. modified versions. Out of five studies using
a modified Tai Chi style, the difference between intervention and control was statistically
significant in two, and of the seven studies using a traditional long form, the difference
between intervention and control was statistically significant in six and favoured the
traditional long form of Tai Chi. The review discussed systemic problems with Tai Chi
research and made recommendations including the need to establish a dose-response
relationship between a particular style of Tai Chi and energy expenditure with VO max,
2
as well as between other parts of the traditional Tai Chi curriculum and energy
expenditure with VO max.
2

Keywords: Tai Chi; aerobic capacity; cardiorespiratory function; oxygen consumption;
energy expenditure; METs; VO max.
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Dedication
This work is dedicated to my grandfather, Louis Robert Aloia, who was a real
“wise-guy” from Brooklyn. His example of curiosity, moderation, and self-restraint
helped him to survive the D-Day invasion and two bullet wounds in World War II, use a
computer to video-call with his grandchildren and great-grandchildren up until his death,
and, at age 93, outlive most of his peers.

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Acknowledgements

To Dr. Michel Joffres, Dr. Elizabeth Dean, and Dr. Scott Lear, who supported me in
choosing this topic and gave me brilliant advice to realize this project
To Dr. Wilson and Dr. Ken Sufka, who inspired in me a passion for science
To Dr. Xue Zhi Wang, Deb Magallanes, and Fong Ha, who shared their art with me and
showed me the way of Tai Chi
To Dr. Joann O’Quinn, Dr. Susan Glisson, Eleanor Mattern, and Angela and Sanjay
Shenoy, without whom I would not have re-entered academia
To my Tai Chi and Qigong students who let me “experiment” on them and encouraged
me to grow in my own practice
To April Grayson, without whom I would not be a normally functioning human being
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Table of Contents
Approval.................................................................................................................................................ii

Abstract.................................................................................................................................................iii

Dedication..............................................................................................................................................iv

Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................v

Table of Contents..................................................................................................................................vi

List of Figures....................................................................................................................................viii

List of Tables.........................................................................................................................................ix

Glossary..................................................................................................................................................x

PREFACE.............................................................................................................................................1

1: INTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE.......................................................................................3

1.1 The Public Health Issue...................................................................................................................3

1.2 Cardiovascular Disease and the Western Healthcare System.......................................................3

1.3 The Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease...............................................................................4

1.4 Physical Activity..............................................................................................................................5

1.5 Current Recommendations..............................................................................................................8

1.6 The Complementary and Alternative Medicine Holistic Approach and Traditional
Chinese Medicine.........................................................................................................................9

1.7 The Roots of Tai Chi.....................................................................................................................10

1.8 Tai Chi’s Proven Health Benefits.................................................................................................12

1.9 Rationale: Tai Chi and Chronic Disease......................................................................................14

1.10 Literature Review........................................................................................................................16

1.11 The Purpose of this Paper...........................................................................................................19

2: METHODS.....................................................................................................................................21

2.1 Data Collection..............................................................................................................................21

2.2 Criteria for Inclusion.....................................................................................................................21

2.3 Criteria for Exclusion....................................................................................................................22

2.4 Assessment of Methodological Quality.......................................................................................22

2.5 Systematic Review of Tai Chi Studies.........................................................................................22

3: RESULTS.......................................................................................................................................24

3.1 Study Characteristics.....................................................................................................................24

3.2 Tai Chi vs. Walking.......................................................................................................................24

3.3 Modified Tai Chi Against Sedentary Controls vs. Traditional Tai Chi Against
Sedentary Controls.....................................................................................................................25

3.3.1 Modified Tai Chi Against Sedentary Controls................................................................25

3.3.2 Traditional Tai Chi Against Sedentary Controls.............................................................27

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4: DISCUSSION.................................................................................................................................32

4.1 Tai Chi vs. Walking.......................................................................................................................32

4.2 Traditional vs. Modified Tai Chi..................................................................................................33

4.3 Metabolic Equivalents (METs).....................................................................................................34

5: Limitations......................................................................................................................................35

5.1 Lack of Uniformity........................................................................................................................35

5.2 Appropriate Measures...................................................................................................................36

5.3 Cultural Bias and the CAM Paradox............................................................................................38

6: RECOMMENDATIONS..............................................................................................................40

6.1 Dose-Response Relationship.........................................................................................................40

6.2 Physical Activity Measures and Guidelines.................................................................................41

6.3 Recommendations to Tai Chi Researchers..................................................................................41

6.4 Recommendations to the Tai Chi Community.............................................................................43

7: CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................44

8: CRITICAL REFLECTIONS.......................................................................................................46

Appendices..........................................................................................................................................47

Appendix A..........................................................................................................................................47

Appendix B...........................................................................................................................................52

Appendix C...........................................................................................................................................54

Appendix D..........................................................................................................................................61

Appendix E...........................................................................................................................................62

Reference List.....................................................................................................................................63


vii
List of Figures
Figure 1. CSEP physical activity guidelines for adults age 20-55......................................................9

Figure 2: Tai Chi page of APTA brochure (APTA, 1999)................................................................61


viii
List of Tables
Table 1. Health Benefits of Tai Chi Practice.....................................................................................14

Table 2. Potential Advantages and Benefits of Tai Chi for Public Health.......................................16

Table 3: Summary of Effects for Tai Chi vs. Being Sedentary for VO max...................................31

2

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